ANALYSIS MODEL ON GRADUAL CHANGE PRINCIPLE OF EFFECT ZONES OF LAYER FACE FOR ROLLED CONTROL CONCRETE DAM

The effect zones of layer face for RCC （rolled control concrete） dam have gradual change characteristics. Based on the analysis thought of complex material, a model was built to analyze above principle of RCC dam by use of series-wound and shunt-wound connection. Some methods were proposed to determine the instantaneous Young＇s modulus, delayed Young＇s modulus and viscosity coefficient of effect zones of layer face. Above models and methods were used to mine the principle of gradual change of key calculation parameters which can response the characteristics of effect zones. The principle of gradual change was described. A model was established to analyze the threedimensional viscoelastic problem of RCC dam. Above programs were developed. The examples show that the proposed models and methods to determine the key calculation parameters of effect zones can reflect the status of RCC dam accurately.

Monitoring models for base flow effect and daily variation of dam seepage elements considering time lag effect

Affected by external environmental factors and evolution of dam performance, dam seepage behavior shows nonlinear time-varying characteristics. In this study, to predict and evaluate the long-term development trend and short-term fluctuation of the dam seepage behavior, two monitoring models were developed, one for the base flow effect and one for daily variation of dam seepage elements. In the first model, to avoid the influence of the time lag effect on the evaluation of seepage variation with the time effect component of seepage elements, the base values of the seepage element and the reservoir water level were extracted using the wavelet multi-resolution analysis method, and the time effect component was separated by the established base flow effect monitoring model. For the development of the daily variation monitoring model for dam seepage elements, all the previous factors, of which the measured time series prior to the dam seepage element monitoring time may have certain influence on the monitored results, were considered. Those factors that were positively correlated with the analyzed seepage element were initially considered to be the support vector machine(SVM) model input factors, and then the SVM kernel function-based sensitivity analysis was performed to optimize the input factor set and establish the optimized daily variation SVM model. The efficiency and rationality of the two models were verified by case studies of the water level of two piezometric tubes buried under the slope of a concrete gravity dam.Sensitivity analysis of the optimized SVM model shows that the influences of the daily variation of the upstream reservoir water level and rainfall on the daily variation of piezometric tube water level are processes subject to normal distribution.

The Effects of the Anti-Dam Movement on the Environmental Protection in American West

This paper examines the far-reaching influence of anti-dam movement on the protection of environment in the second half of the 20th century in American West. It first introduces the historical background of dams built along the Colorado River-the most important river in the West, especially the construction of Hoover Dam and Glen Canyon Dam. Then, the criticism of dams on the Colorado is examined with the emphasis on the anti-dam movement resulting from the awareness of the negative ecological impacts on the Colorado. In the conclusion, the author demonstrates the unparallel historical significance of the anti-dam movement in the environmentalism in developing the American West.

基于DAMBRK模型的老鹰岩一级水电站溃坝洪水数值模拟分析

模拟分析水库溃决洪水,预估溃坝洪水对下游沿江居民生命财产安全的影响,对防灾减灾措施研究和完善流域应急管理机制具有重要意义。通过大渡河老鹰岩一级水电站为研究对象,采用DAMBRK溃坝数学模型计算了不同溃决方案并分析其影响,其中整个泄洪冲沙孔闸段瞬间溃决时对下游的危害最大。

基于地质力学模型试验的拱坝坝基地质缺陷处理效果评价

为了分析GX拱坝坝肩混凝土抗剪洞对断层结构面的加固效果,采用地质力学模型试验方法,分别建立天然地基与加固地基条件下,拱坝典型高程2410 m拱圈的二维地质力学模型,对比两次试验结果表明:在左坝肩断层f 124和右坝肩断层F 115设置抗剪洞后,坝体和坝肩变位值明显减小,变位对称性得到改善。正常工况下,坝体拱冠径向变位减少约25%。左坝肩变位减小幅度总体大于右坝肩,尤其是抗剪洞附近的岩体变位减小较明显。坝肩破坏情况改善较显著,坝与地基超载安全系数平均提高约29.1%,拱坝与坝肩的承载能力与变形稳定性得到显著提高。研究成果可为工程设计提供科学依据,可供类似工程参考。

Seepage safety monitoring model for an earth rock dam under influence of high-impact typhoons based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

Extreme hydrological events induced by typhoons in reservoir areas have presented severe challenges to the safe operation of hydraulic structures. Based on analysis of the seepage characteristics of an earth rock dam, a novel seepage safety monitoring model was constructed in this study. The nonlinear influence processes of the antecedent reservoir water level and rainfall were assumed to follow normal distributions. The particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm was used to optimize the model parameters so as to raise the fitting accuracy. In addition, a mutation factor was introduced to simulate the sudden increase in the piezometric level induced by short-duration heavy rainfall and the possible historical extreme reservoir water level during a typhoon. In order to verify the efficacy of this model, the earth rock dam of the Siminghu Reservoir was used as an example. The piezometric level at the SW1-2 measuring point during Typhoon Fitow in 2013 was fitted with the present model, and a corresponding theoretical expression was established. Comparison of fitting results of the piezometric level obtained from the present statistical model and traditional statistical model with monitored values during the typhoon shows that the present model has a higher fitting accuracy and can simulate the uprush feature of the seepage pressure during the typhoon perfectly.

Earthquake safety assessment of concrete arch and gravity dams

Based on research studies currently being carried out at Dalian University of Technology, some important aspects for the earthquake safety assessmcnt of concrete dams are reviewed and discussed. First, the rate-dependent behavior of concrcte subjected to earthquake loading is examined, emphasizing the properties of concrete under cyclic and biaxial loading conditions. Second, a modified four-parameter Hsieh-Ting-Chen viscoplastic consistency model is developed to simulate the rate-dependent behavior of concrete. The earthquake response of a 278m high arch dam is analyzed, and the results show that the strain-rate effects become noticeable in the inelastic range, Third, a more accurate non-smooth Newton algorithm for the solution of three-dimensional frictional contact problems is developed to study the joint opening effects of arch dams during strong earthquakes. Such effects on two nearly 300m high arch dams have been studied. It was found that the canyon shape has great influence on the magnitude and distribution of the joint opening along the dam axis. Fourth, the scaled boundary finite element method presented by Song and Wolf is employed to study the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction effects of concrete dams. Particular emphases were placed on the variation of foundation stiffness and the anisotropic behavior of the foundation material on the dynamic response of concrete dams. Finally, nonlinear modeling of concrete to study the damage evolution of concrete dams during strong earthquakes is discussed. An elastic-damage mechanics approach for damage prediction of concrete gravity dams is described as an example. These findings are helpful in understanding the dynamic behavior of concrete dams and promoting the improvement of seismic safety assessment methods.

沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝心墙拱效应研究

心墙拱效应是影响土石坝安全稳定运行的重要因素,心墙力学特性复杂且受众多因素的影响,复杂地形地质条件对心墙拱效应具有重要影响。首先对比了直心墙、斜心墙、下直上斜式心墙拱效应的差异,在此基础上选取岸坡坡度、河谷宽度、覆盖层厚度以表征坝体所处的地形地质条件。基于数值计算定量研究复杂地质条件对沥青混凝土心墙拱效应的影响规律。结果表明:心墙应力拱效应主要集中在心墙中部3/4坝高附近及靠近岸坡处;斜心墙应力拱效应相对较小,可以很好地改善心墙的整体受力状况;岸坡变陡,斜心墙整体的拱效应强度增加,应力传递的核心区域由心墙中部拓宽至心墙两岸坡;随着河谷宽度的增加,应力传递的重心逐渐由底部转移到心墙两岸及心墙中上部;斜心墙整体的应力拱效应并非随着河谷宽度的增加单调变化,当坝轴线长度与坝高比值增加到3~4时,河谷产生的河谷效应对斜心墙变形及拱效应的影响大幅下降;随着覆盖层厚度的增加,斜心墙底部的拱效应明显增强,底部的拱效应系数分布逐渐集中化、区域化,容易产生局部破坏。

长江上游梯级水电开发的水温累积影响及生态效应

梯级大坝建设阻隔了自然河流水温的连续性,导致明显的水温累积效应,产生系列的生态效应。本文通过分析金沙江下游及三峡库区沿程水温的时空变化特征,揭示了建坝前后不同尺度水温的变化特征及累积效应,并分析了水温变化对鱼类产卵的影响。研究结果表明,金沙江下游在溪洛渡和向家坝建成后沿程年均水温差变小,沿程水文站年最大水温呈下降趋势,而年最小水温显著抬升,其中1月和12月最为明显。建坝后年水温变幅缩小且水温分布天数有“聚拢”趋势,水温分布天数由M型转为V型。累积效应指标发现建坝后时间拥挤效应显著,极值水温出现时间滞后,水温推迟达1~2个月,统计了攀枝花段27种和向家坝下游段46种鱼类产卵习性,发现水温变化导致受高度影响的鱼类分别占比48%和44%。本文丰富了梯级大坝建设的水温累积效应及对鱼类产卵的影响研究,对加强管理大型梯级运行引起的温度变化与保障下游生态恢复具有一定的科学意义。

Downstream effects of reservoirs in areas suffering from water deficiency-the case of Hutuo River, China

The Hutuo River is located in the semi-arid areas in China. Due to fat of water resources in these areas, changes in flow regime, mainly reduction in runoff downstream from the reservoirs, have been tremendous. As a result of decrease in flow power and sediment load, the post-dam river showed a less change in channel morphology and the change varied reach by reach. Comparatively, the channel shrinkage may contribute to the flood disasters in the lower reaches of the river in recent years. An obvious increase of channel's hydraulic roughness, the main cause for reduction of flood transmission capacity of the channel, is attributed to vegetation encroachment in the channel. The effects of reservoir construction on ground water level and other environmental aspects are also discussed in the paper.

DAM10kW中波发射机故障类型及分类检修技巧

DAM系列中波发射机是目前中波发射台普遍使用的一种发射机机型。DAM中波发射机具有完善的故障保护功能,出现故障时,可以按照故障类型做出相应的故障处理,并给出故障指示,避免故障造成更大的损失,为机务人员提供故障原因和查找方向。基于此,以GZ-GS10 kW发射机为例,对DAM中波发射机的故障分类、故障现象及分类检修方法进行详细论述。

基于泥石流危险性的拦挡坝减灾效益评价方法

实现泥石流拦挡坝减灾效益定量评价对于优化工程设计和保护人民生命财产安全具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。采用数值模拟方法获取不同工况下泥石流泥深、流速和范围,建立了基于高危险等级面积和总危险度的2种危险性评价指标体系,提出了拦挡坝减灾效益的定量评价方法,并以锄头沟泥石流为例进行了实证研究。根据拦挡坝减灾效益评价方法可以分析拟建工程和现有工程及其组合的减灾效益,判断其是否达到了减灾目标,并可对比和量化不同工程在减灾方面的重要程度,可为泥石流拦挡坝修建及改良提供依据和参考。单位高度减灾效益能够反映拦挡坝增加单位高度所带来的减灾效果,可应用于泥石流拦挡坝设计、改良和最佳工程组合方案的确定。总危险度与高危险等级面积的减灾效益变化规律一致,说明2种危险性评价方式均可体现拦挡坝组合及其变化的减灾效益。

尾矿库溃坝泥石流多级拦截坝防护效果研究

为了减轻山谷型尾矿库溃坝形成的高流速、强冲击力的尾砂泥石流对下游生命财产造成的损伤,设计以拱型为基础坝型的多级拦截坝,在此基础上构建三维数值模型,对尾矿库多级拦截坝滞留尾砂泥石流效果和对下游敏感目标防护作用开展深入研究。研究结果表明:尾矿库溃坝后形成的尾砂泥石流经多级拦截坝拦挡缓冲后,尾砂在拦截坝处滞留历程分为“爬升、回淤、攀越”3个阶段,最大流动速度减少约8.86 m/s、砂流到达村庄的最大水位高程时间推迟约210 s,下游村庄最大淹没水深降低约3.47 m,平均淤砂深度减小近1.87 m,设计的多级拦截坝滞砂防护效果显著。研究结果可为溃坝泥石流多级拦截坝安全防护问题提供借鉴。

考虑土层界面效应的尾矿坝渗流稳定性分析

为研究渗流作用下尾矿土土层界面处力学行为对尾矿坝稳定性的影响,以河北省秦皇岛市某尾矿坝为研究对象,通过开展渗流直剪试验及FLAC3D数值建模,得出考虑土层界面效应的尾矿坝安全系数。研究结果表明:渗流状态下,随着水头高度上升,尾矿土抗剪强度下降;土层界面黏聚力呈下降趋势,内摩擦角变化幅度平缓;相同水头高度下,土层界面抗剪强度介于2种土层之间,尾细砂和尾粉质黏土界面黏聚力在多因素耦合作用下进一步降低;与Bishop法相比,考虑土层界面效应的尾矿坝在正常水位和洪水位下得到的安全系数分别下降29.0%,12.1%。研究结果可为多层尾矿土堆积而成的尾矿坝稳定性分析提供技术指导。

两级堰塞坝连溃过程数值模拟及溃口流量演化特征研究

在强震作用下,高山峡谷区易发生滑坡堵江形成串联的梯级堰塞坝,其中一级一旦溃决易引发梯级连溃。本文基于三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程、湍流重正化群模型,以及悬移质和推移质冲蚀方程,并考虑溃口边坡的失稳坍塌,采用有限体积法建立了梯级堰塞坝连溃过程数值模拟方法,用于模拟连溃过程中的水动力特征及梯级堰塞坝的溃口形态演化过程。选择典型的两级堰塞坝连溃概化模型试验作为数学模型验证案例,对比实测值和计算结果发现,上下游堰塞坝溃口洪水流量过程和溃口形态演化过程基本一致,上下游堰塞坝溃口峰值流量、区间洪水演进时间等关键参数的相对误差小于±5%;比较上下游堰塞坝溃口洪水流量过程发现,梯级堰塞坝发生连溃时,溃坝洪水存在级联放大效应。选择上下游堰塞坝距离、河道坡度和下游坝坝高等三个关键参数,研究连溃洪水的放大效应及其影响因素,参数敏感性分析结果表明:下游坝溃口峰值流量随两坝间距和下游坝坝高的减小而增大,随河道坡度的增长呈先增大后减小的趋势;上游坝溃决洪水演进至下游坝时可能产生涌浪翻越并冲蚀坝顶,导致坝顶高程降低,并对下游坝发生溃决的时间以及溃口峰值流量产生影响,因此涌浪对下游坝溃决过程的影响与涌浪翻越坝顶的水量以及坝料冲蚀特性相关。选择小岗剑上、下两级堰塞坝连溃案例,通过对比计算和实测的溃口流量以及溃口形态发现,关键溃坝参数的相对误差小于±10%,验证了模型在实际案例中应用的合理性,本文提出的数值模拟方法可为梯级堰塞坝连溃风险评估和应急处置提供重要技术支撑。

三峡大坝巴东地震动力响应分析与强震监测比对研究

在混凝土坝抗震研究中,大坝强震监测与数值模拟的成果相互比对验证分析对于认识大坝抗震特性有着特别重要的意义。本研究采用地震波动反应分析方法,将三峡大坝在2013年巴东5.1级地震的实测自由场强震记录作为输入,开展了不同阻尼比下的大坝地震反应分析,将不同阻尼比下的成果与泄2#坝段坝体不同高程的实际强震监测记录进行比对和分析,一方面证明了考虑辐射阻尼作用的地震波动分析方法能够合理反映大坝的地震响应,另一方面结果也表明对于远小于设计地震水平的较小地震动输入,混凝土坝结构体系的阻尼比应取为5%以下的较小数值。

水利工程软弱层带地质特性分析

依托杭州市山区某混凝土拱坝开挖断层软弱带进行不同空间分布下的物理力学指标发展规律分析,在此基础上构建软弱带ANSYSY有限元模型,并开展深孔固结灌浆加固效果评价。研究结果表明,软弱带含水率、压缩系数随深度增大呈减小趋势;黏聚力随深度增大整体呈线性增大趋势;加固下拱坝最大主拉应力、主压应力均满足技术规范要求。

考虑垂向重力作用的堤坝离心模型渗流特性研究

对堤坝渗流离心模型试验中的垂向重力作用进行分析,推导同时考虑重力场和离心力场下的渗流控制方程.改进变网格有限单元法,求解堤坝模型稳定渗流区域的自由面位置和总单宽流量,并对重力作为渗流驱动力和渗流阻力的情况分别分析.结果表明:当离心机臂长Rb≥2 m且相似比尺N≥60时,堤坝离心模型计算结果与解析解答较为接近;当重力作为渗流阻力时,堤坝模型计算结果与解析解答相差较大,因此需要合理设置上、下游水位位置,使得试验结果更加准确,为堤坝渗流离心模型试验提供参考.

高面膜堆石坝土工膜夹具效应试验方法研究

为了揭示不同锚固结构型式下,土工膜因夹具效应而变形乃至破坏的特性及机理,研制了一种面膜堆石坝夹具效应试验仪。试验仪可以模拟不同法向应力、不同垫层、不同锚固形式下,土工膜因夹具效应而被拉伸至不同距离的工况。试验仪能够在不破坏土工膜试样且不改变土工膜与垫层界面特性的情况下,通过观察窗与内窥镜阵列非接触测量手段,实时观测土工膜受拉状态。试验仪还可以进行多种优化方案的结构模型仿真试验,验证夹具效应优化方案效果。

考虑软岩劣化影响的黏土心墙风化料坝设计

软岩料受外部环境因素影响易造成颗粒劣化,作为筑坝材料,其劣化会使坝料抗剪强度、压缩模量、渗透系数和变形模量降低,湿化变形和流变变形增加,大坝结构设计中应建立坝料劣化模型,计入其劣化作用的影响。董棕堡水库坝型为黏土心墙风化料坝,最大坝高62m,接近高坝,全断面采用砂泥岩风化料筑坝。设计中考虑坝料劣化引起的坝料强度、模量衰减影响,经计算分析得出设计坝坡坡度为1∶2.25;由于坝体变形较大,大坝在设计中提出了更高的填筑标准与级配要求。