The advance and development of damage measurement technique of rock

The key problem of rock damage mechanics is that determination of the variable of rock damage and the establishment of damage constitutive relation of rock, which is inevitable involved in the measurement problem of rock. In this paper, the measurement technology and method of rock damage are comprehensively narrated, analyzed and studied. On the basis of the narrating the former study, a new method (Computerized Tomography,CT for short) is introduced, which is applied to rock damage measurement. On the other hand, some newest study results and laws in the field are also introduced, which are from some scholars, the author of this paper.

Status and prospects of frozen soil studies using CT technology

This paper introduces the characteristics of Computed Tomography （CT） technology and reviews its history, current situation, representative achievements, and use of using CT technology on frozen soil study, including auxiliary equipment specially de- signed for frozen soil studies. CT numbers are used to analyze frozen soil internal structure change, defining and exploring dam- age evolution, and use of CT images on observing soil mesostructure. Finally, this paper presents existing problems confronted by using CT in frozen soil studies, possible solutions and challenges, among which, we introduce high quality CT image processing for frozen soils, and relations between CT number change and each component change on frozen soil samples within the region of interest. It is shown that present CT technology is one of the most ideal and effective technology to study frozen soil mesostructure using non-desmactive testing. CT technology will play a key role in the study and development in the field of frozen soil by means of auxiliary equipment and the digital imaging processing.

Measurements of elastic properties and their dependencies within a damage mechanics workflow

Experimental rock mechanics testing provides a controlled and effective method for measuring physical properties,their dependencies,and their evolution due to the addition of localized microcracks.To understand the contributions of microcracks to first order changes in compliance,the behavior of initial undamaged properties of a material should be comprehensively investigated as a function of stress,load path,and load history.We perform a comprehensive study of elastic properties and their dependence on a variety of materials exhibiting nonlinearity,and varying levels of anisotropy in elastic stiffnesses.We programmatically perturb the testing environment of the specimens under triaxial stresses.Elastic moduli are measured within each test,and along multiple discrete loading paths for multistage tests as a function of stress,focusing on a set launch point.Four single stage triaxial tests per rock type are performed to calculate Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria,and ultrasonic velocities are captured during compression for establishing the upper bound of elastic behavior.Shear wave velocity for granite experiences a maximum value at a lower differential stress than maximum volumetric strain.Sandstone displays a similar trend at the highest confining pressure,while these two maxima converge under the lowest confining pressure.

Mechanical properties and damage characteristics of solidified body-coal combination in continuous driving and gangue backfilling

Recovery of the coal buried under buildings,railways and water bodies and the residual coal in irregularly arranged fully mechanized mining faces is a common engineering problem facing underground coal mining.In this study,a mining technology of continuous driving and gangue backfilling(CDGB)was proposed.The technology,which can not only alleviate ground subsidence and gangue discharge,but also release the above-mentioned coals,contributes to green and efficient sustainable development of mining.The stability of the system of the solidified body-reserved coal pillar combination(S-C combination)is crucial to the CDGB technology.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the mechanical and damage characteristics of S-C combination in the synergistic bearing process.First,four sets of differentshaped S-C combination specimens were fabricated and a S-C combination bearing structure in CDGB was constructed to explore the differences in mechanical characteristics and damage modes of different-shaped S-C combination specimens during CDGB.Subsequently,their surface strain field evolutions and acoustic emission(AE)response characteristics in the load-bearing process were obtained with the aid of the digital image correlation technique and the AE signal monitoring system.Furthermore,a damage evolution model based on AE parameters and mechanical parameters was established to clarify the damage evolution law.The following results were obtained:(1)The free area of S-C combination can serve as a quantitative index to evaluate the stability of the overburden control system;(2)The concept of critical value k of the free area was first proposed.When the free area exceeds the critical value k(free area ratio greater than 1.13),the deformation resistance and the free area changes becomes negatively correlated;(3)As the free area expands,the failure of the S-C combination specimen evolves from tensile failure to shear failure.The distribution characteristics of the axial strain field also verified such a change in the failure mode;(4)When the free area expands,the peak AE count gradually changes from“double peaks”to“a single peak”.In this process,the expansion of free area shortens the time for accumulating and releasing energy during loading.Micro cracks generated in the specimen change from a phased steep growth to a continuous increase,and the process in which micro cracks develop,converge,intersect and connect to form macro cracks accelerates.The damage evolution law concluded based on AE parameters and mechanical parameters can well characterize the damage evolution process of S-C combination,providing certain reference for the study on the synergistic bearing of S-C combination during CDGB.

Analysis of displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device induced by neutrons at Back-n in the China Spallation Neutron Source

Displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device(CCD)induced by neutrons at the back-streaming white neutron source(Back-n)in the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are analyzed according to an online irradiation experiment.The hot pixels,random telegraph signal(RTS),mean dark signal,dark current and dark signal non-uniformity(DSNU)induced by Back-n are presented.The dark current is calculated according to the mean dark signal at various integration times.The single-particle displacement damage and transient response are also observed based on the online measurement data.The trends of hot pixels,mean dark signal,DSNU and RTS degradation are related to the integration time and irradiation fluence.The mean dark signal,dark current and DSNU2 are nearly linear with neutron irradiation fluence when nearly all the pixels do not reach saturation.In addition,the mechanisms of the displacement damage effects on the CCD are demonstrated by combining the experimental results and technology computer-aided design(TCAD)simulation.Radiation-induced traps in the space charge region of the CCD will act as generation/recombination centers of electron-hole pairs,leading to an increase in the dark signal.

Fracture evolution and localization effect of damage in rock based on wave velocity imaging technology

By utilizing wave velocity imaging technology,the uniaxial multi-stage loading test was conducted on siltstone to attain wave velocity imagings during rock fracture.Based on the time series parameters of acoustic emissions(AE),joint response characteristics of the velocity field and AE during rock fracture were analyzed.Moreover,the localization effect of damage during rock fracture was explored by applying wave velocity imagings.The experimental result showed that the wave velocity imagings enable three-dimensional(3-D)visualization of the extent and spatial position of damage to the rock.A damaged zone has a low wave velocity and a zone where the low wave velocity is concentrated tends to correspond to a severely damaged zone.AE parameters and wave velocity imagings depict the changes in activity of cracks during rock fracture from temporal and spatial perspectives,respectively:the activity of cracks is strengthened,and the rate of AE events increases during rock fracture;correspondingly,the low-velocity zones are gradually aggregated and their area gradually increases.From the wave velocity imagings,the damaged zones in rock were divided into an initially damaged zone,a progressively damaged zone,and a fractured zone.During rock fracture,the progressively damaged zone and the fractured zone both develop around the initially damaged zone,showing a typical localization effect of the damage.By capturing the spatial development trends of the progressively damaged zone and fractured zone in wave velocity imagings,the development of microfractures can be predicted,exerting practical significance for determining the position of the main fracture.

Microstructural and thermal properties of coal measure sandstone subjected to high temperatures

To study the microscopic structure,thermal and mechanical properties of sandstones under the influence of temperature,coal measure sandstones from Southwest China are adopted as the research object to carry out high-temperature tests at 25℃-1000℃.The microscopic images of sandstone after thermal treatment are obtained by means of polarizing microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Based on thermogravimetric(TG)analysis and differential scanning calorimetric(DSC)analysis,the model function of coal measure sandstone is explored through thermal analysis kinetics(TAK)theory,and the kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition and the thermal decomposition reaction rate of rock are studied.Through the uniaxial compression experiments,the stress‒strain curves and strength characteristics of sandstone under the influence of temperature are obtained.The results show that the temperature has a significant effect on the microstructure,mineral composition and mechanical properties of sandstone.In particular,when the temperature exceeds 400℃,the thermal fracture phenomenon of rock is obvious,the activity of activated molecules is significantly enhanced,and the kinetic phenomenon of the thermal decomposition reaction of rock appears rapidly.The mechanical properties of rock are weakened under the influence of rock thermal fracture and mineral thermal decomposition.These research results can provide a reference for the analysis of surrounding rock stability and the control of disasters caused by thermal damage in areas such as underground coal gasification(UCG)channels and rock masses subjected to mine fires.

基于CT三维重建容积再现技术对肩关节前脱位复发因素的临床分析

目的探讨通过CT三维重建容积再现技术(VRT)对复发肩关节前脱位的影响因素进行临床分析。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年1月收治的124例肩关节前脱位患者,根据是否复发肩关节脱位分为复发组和非复发组,收集CT影像资料,进行去肱骨头三维重建,对图像进行分析、测量,对比患者基本情况、Hill-sachs损伤面积、骨性bankart损伤比值,采用单因素及Logistic回归分析,探讨复发肩关节脱位的危险因素。结果两组患者年龄、性别及损伤侧别差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),骨性bankart损伤宽度比值、Hill-sachs损伤面积差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,骨性bankart损伤宽度比值(OR=1.16,95%CI:1.07~1.27)、Hill-sachs损伤面积(OR=7.95,95%CI:3.64~17.36)是复发肩关节脱位的独立影响因素。结论骨性bankart损伤和Hill-sachs损伤是发生肩关节复发脱位的危险因素,临床上应对其进行准确评估,及时采取有效治疗,降低复发率。

A DCPD TECHNIQUE FOR LOCALIZED CREEP DAMAGE IN NOTCHED BARS

Localized creep damage in a notched round specimen has been investigated in this paper based on the creep damage mechanics and the DCPD technique. Expressions of creep damage equivalent stress under multi-axial state are given to describe the validity for localized damage in ductile materials. A DCPD method is introduced into the measurement of local creep damage near the tip of V-type notch of round bar. The technique with instrument configuration, selection of probe position and measuring calibration is also presented in the paper. Some results of creep damage estimation are shown on 2.25Cr-1Mo at 550℃.

高海拔严寒地区隧道冻害研究现状及展望

针对高海拔严寒地区隧道冻害问题,结合隧道冻害的相关研究,从冻害类型及原因分析、冻害机制、温度场、处置措施等4个方面的现状进行阐述和分析,对当前研究存在的不足和未来的发展方向进行探讨。主要成果为:1)通过对高海拔严寒地区隧道工程实例进行分析,总结4种冻害类型及4种冻害原因;2)基于含水风化层冻胀理论、整体性围岩冻胀理论、衬砌背后积水冻胀理论、裂隙水冻胀理论等4种冻胀理论,建立多年冻土区以整体性围岩冻胀理论为主、季冻区以裂隙水冻胀理论为主的多理论联合分析的方法;3)温度场研究方法分为现场监测、理论解析、模型试验、数值模拟等4种,其中现场监测是对洞内外温度进行监测,而理论分析、模型试验、数值模拟则是对监测结果进行验证分析;4)冻害处置措施有防排水措施、保温防寒措施、抗冻措施等3种,防冻的关键是将三者相结合进行综合治理;5)指出冻害机制适用性、温度场研究方法现状、处置措施适用性等方面的不足,未来应在高海拔严寒地区建立多种冻胀理论、多种研究方法综合应用的研究体系,并在隧道防排水、保温防寒、抗冻等方面给出处置措施。

震动载荷多次作用下烟煤孔裂隙结构演化特征试验研究

煤层开采过程中频繁采掘扰动或远场顶板周期性破断会产生多次的震动载荷,震动载荷对于煤样微观孔裂隙结构和宏观力学行为具有重要影响。为探索震动载荷下煤样孔裂隙结构演化特征,选取烟煤煤样,利用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统开展了多次震动载荷冲击煤样试验,借助低场核磁共振分析仪测试了每次冲击后煤样T_(2)谱,并通过核磁共振成像(MRI)分析了煤样孔裂隙分布及其损伤演化特征。结果表明,随着震动载荷作用次数增加,煤样峰值应力与动态弹性模量均呈现线性下降趋势,震动载荷冲击效应使得煤样承载和抵抗变形能力显著弱化,因此有必要对煤样孔裂隙演化特征展开深入分析。从T_(2)谱和MRI信息得出,震动载荷初次作用下煤样总体孔隙体积大幅增加,其中吸附孔体积增高达5.0倍,随着震动载荷持续作用,煤样微裂隙开始连通汇聚形成宏观裂纹,使得渗流孔之间连通性大幅提高,煤样总体孔隙率达到峰值,较煤样原始孔隙率提高约6倍。在煤样受震动载荷损伤、破坏的整个过程中,渗流孔的连通性逐渐提高与改善,其分形维数呈线性下降趋势。通过核磁共振成像揭示了震动载荷对煤样孔裂隙作用机制,结果表明煤样中部区域孔隙最先发育并逐步形成微裂隙,在后续震动波反射、拉伸作用下,损伤破坏区域向两侧逐渐演变直至贯通试样。

2.5D机织复合材料双剪连接力学行为与损伤机制

为研究装配参数对2.5D机织复合材料连接性能的影响,制备了具有不同宽径比w/D与边径比e/D的2.5D机织复合材料试样,通过双搭接拉伸实验,分析了在连接载荷下材料的力学行为与失效模式,并借助微计算机断层扫描技术(Micro-CT)观察试样内部损伤情况,阐明其损伤机制。结果表明:试样在w/D和e/D分别取6和3时,表现出较高的力学性能,但适当减少w/D或e/D依旧能保有相当强度,当w/D下降为4时,刚度减少3.18%,极限挤压强度减少2.77%;当e/D下降为2.5时,刚度与强度分别减少1.62%和7.19%;螺栓孔的位置参数对材料的失效模式影响显著,减小w/D使经纱承受更多载荷,失效模式向净张力失效演变;减小e/D使纬纱承受更多载荷,失效模式向撕裂失效演变。

采煤沉陷区框架结构抗变形研究现状与展望

针对我国矿山城市采煤沉陷区土地资源工程建设利用难的问题,在统计采煤沉陷区发展现状、综合治理及其工程建设利用率的基础上,分析了利用采煤沉陷区场地进行工程建设的必要性。从框架结构抗变形原理、共同作用机理、混凝土框架结构及钢框架结构抗变形技术等4个方面,总结分析了框架结构建筑物变形损害与保护技术的研究发展历程与不足之处;并展望了框架结构建筑物抗变形技术的发展方向:地表移动变形下大跨及多高层框架结构附加效应的动态演化规律,地表移动变形下地基-基础-结构共同作用的力学行为及变形协同机制,框架结构建筑物新型抗变形技术,框架结构建筑物抗震抗变形调控技术,以便形成地表移动变形下框架结构建筑物的综合理论与技术体系,为实现采煤沉陷区进行大型框架结构建筑物工程建设利用提供理论和技术支撑。

利用CiteSpace分析有限元技术在法医学中的应用现状

本文利用CiteSpace可视化软件对CNKI和ISI Web of Science数据库所收录的有限元技术在法医学中应用的研究文献进行统计和可视化对比分析,得出国内外法医领域有限元应用研究文献的关键词、机构合作、作者合作的可视化知识图谱。在此基础上,作者对文献内容进行深入研究,发现有限元技术在法医学中的研究及应用主要集中在损伤机制分析方面,以车祸损伤、高坠损伤、钝器损伤、锐器损伤、枪弹损伤等为重点,研究方法主要是通过对人体、致伤物等建立高仿真模型,利用有限元技术,以数字化、可视化、可量化的方式研究各类损伤的生物力学机制。目前,国内外法医学者主要借助Mimics等软件将人体影像数据转换为分割化的三维模型,依托较为成熟的THUMS、ANSYS等有限元系统构建多种损伤模型,有效揭示了各类损伤的发生机制,在一定程度上推动了法医病理损伤专业的发展,为法医学者开展相关研究提供了参考和借鉴。同时,有限元技术在法医学中的应用属于学科交叉,但目前的研究人员多以法医为主,缺少相关学科专业技术人员的深度介入,在某种程度上限制了该技术在法医学中的应用发展,有必要加强与从事有限元等相关研究的专业技术人员之间的交流合作。

侏罗系油井套管破损原因分析及采油工艺防腐措施优化

在侏罗系油井套管破损严重区块典型油井套管破损规律和破损原因调研分析的基础上,通过室内试验和现场腐蚀监测结果,探讨加深花管采油工艺防腐措施的可行性。结果表明:典型套管破损位置均在动液面以下,即主要集中在1000 m以下管段;套管破损以内腐蚀穿孔为主要特征,套管破损井段平均温度约为60℃;含水率及CO_(2)含量过高是导致套管发生腐蚀的主要原因;加深花管的采油工艺防腐措施使油套环空中油水界面位置下移,从而避开CO_(2)腐蚀的敏感温度区间,其在一定程度上可缓解侏罗系油井套管的腐蚀程度,但需与其他配套防护措施联合使用。最后,指出了采油工艺防腐措施的进一步优化方向。

套损井腐蚀机理分析及防治技术研究

油田套损井是由于套管腐蚀、机械损伤等原因导致的套管失效现象。通过深入分析油田套损井的腐蚀机理及其对油田生产的影响,探讨了相应的防治技术。研究发现,套管腐蚀主要包括均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀和应力腐蚀,其形成机制复杂,受环境因素、材料因素和操作因素的多重影响。通过电化学检测和无损检测技术,可以有效评估腐蚀程度,制定针对性的防腐措施。同时,还介绍了材料选择、阴极保护技术和缓蚀剂应用等防治技术,并通过实际案例验证了其有效性。研究表明,科学合理的腐蚀防治技术能显著延长套管的使用寿命,确保油田的安全稳定生产。

舰艇爆炸毁伤与防护若干关键问题研究进展

大型水面舰船和潜艇是支撑海军空间立体化作战的主要装备和移动平台,随着战斗部毁伤威力和制导精度的日益提高,加之毁伤载荷的多元化,其生存环境面临愈加严峻的挑战,因而开展舰艇爆炸毁伤与防护研究具有十分重要的意义。爆炸载荷下舰艇结构的毁伤与防护是一个涉及爆炸力学、流体力学、结构动力学、材料学等多学科融合的交叉性问题,仍存在诸多难题有待研究。针对其中涉及的若干关键问题,围绕近年来国内外在舰艇爆炸载荷特性、毁伤响应机制及其防护技术与装备等方面的研究进展进行系统概述,指出当前研究存在的不足,并对舰艇爆炸毁伤与防护的发展趋势进行展望,旨在为未来舰艇高效毁伤与防护研究提供有价值的参考。

寒区铁路隧道防寒抗冻关键技术研究与展望

寒区铁路隧道冻害问题不仅威胁到隧道结构的稳定,同时给铁路安全运营带来巨大的安全隐患,其一直是寒区隧道工程的难点和研究热点,工程界迫切需要可靠、高效的防寒抗冻工程技术措施。首先,调研了我国寒区铁路隧道的建设及运营情况,总结分析了常见的隧道冻害现象,包括衬砌开裂掉块、拱顶挂冰、道床积冰、排水系统冻结等。然后,针对当前寒区隧道缺乏隧道温度场时空分布预测方法、隧道冻害机制和演化规律不清晰、防寒抗冻设计方法与治理技术不成熟这3个技术难点,对已取得的研究成果进行总结和讨论,相关成果如下:1)研发了寒区隧道室内试验系统,结合大量的温度场相关实测数据,探明了温度场时空分布规律,建立了温度场预测方法;2)研发了渗流试验设备,揭示了冻害产生的链发式机制,查明了排水系统冻结规律与冻融响应机制;3)建立了寒区铁路隧道抗冻防寒设计标准,形成了隧道冻害综合防控体系。最后,展望了我国寒区铁路隧道防寒抗冻研究在防寒保温材料、主动保温系统、温度场规律预测等方面进一步深化研究的方向。

静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制研究

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