New approach based on continuum damage mechanics with simple parameter identification to fretting fatigue life prediction

A new continuum damage mechanics model for fretting fatigue life prediction is established. In this model, the damage evolution rate is described by two kinds of quantities. One is associated with the cyclic stress characteristics obtained by the finite element （FE） analysis, and the other is associated with the material fatigue property identified from the fatigue test data of standard specimens. The wear is modeled by the energy wear law to simulate the contact geometry evolution. A two-dimensional （2D） plane strain FE implementation of the damage mechanics model and the energy wear model is presented in the platform of ABAQUS to simulate the evolutions of the fatigue damage and the wear scar. The effect of the specimen thickness is also investigated. The predicted results of the crack initiation site and the fretting fatigue life agree well with available experimental data. Comparisons are made with the critical plane Smith- Watson-Topper （SWT） method.

Prediction of low-cycle crack initiation life of powder superalloy FGH96 with inclusions based on damage mechanics

The effects of inclusions in powder superalloy FGH96 on low-cycle fatigue life were studied, and a low-cycle crack initiation life prediction model based on the theory of damage mechanics was proposed. The damage characterization parameter was proposed after the construction of damage evolution equations. Fatigue tests of the powder superalloy specimens with and without inclusion were conducted at 530 and 600 ℃, and the model verification was carried out for specimens with elliptical, semi-elliptical, polygon and strip-shaped surface/subsurface inclusion. The stress analysis was performed by finite element simulation and the predicted life was calculated. The results showed a satisfying agreement between predicted and experimental life.

Revised damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue life prediction of aluminum alloy LC4 under uniaxial loading

The fatigue life prediction for components is a difficult task since many factors can affect the final fatigue life. Based on the damage evolution equation of Lemaitre and Desmorat, a revised two-scale damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue is presented according to the experimental data, in which factors such as the stress amplitude and mean stress are taken into account. Then, a method is proposed to obtain the material parameters of the revised equation from the present fatigue experimental data. Finally, with the utilization of the ANSYS parametric design language （APDL） on the ANSYS platform, the coupling effect between the fatigue damage of materials and the stress distribution in structures is taken into account, and the fatigue life of specimens is predicted. The outcome shows that the numerical prediction is in accord with the experimental results, indicating that the revised two-scale damage evolution model can be well applied for the high cycle fatigue life prediction under uniaxial loading.

Bi-variable damage model for fatigue life prediction of metal components

Based on the theory of continuum damage mechanics,a bi-variable damage mechanics model is developed,which,according to thermodynamics,is accessible to derivation of damage driving force,damage evolution equation and damage evolution criteria. Furthermore,damage evolution equations of time rate are established by the generalized Drucker＇s postulate. The damage evolution equation of cycle rate is obtained by integrating the time damage evolution equations,and the fatigue life prediction method for smooth specimens under repeated loading with constant strain amplitude is constructed. Likewise,for notched specimens under the repeated loading with constant strain amplitude,the fatigue life prediction method is obtained on the ground of the theory of conservative integral in damage mechanics. Thus,the material parameters in the damage evolution equation can be obtained by reference to the fatigue test results of standard specimens with stress concentration factor equal to 1,2 and 3.

A NEW DAMAGE MECHANICS BASED APPROACH TO FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION AND ITS ENGINEERING APPLICATION

An approach based on continuum damage mechanics to fatigue life prediction for structures is proposed. A new fatigue damage evolution equation is developed, in which the pa- rameters are obtained in a simple way with reference to the experimental results of fatigue tests on standard specimens. With the utilization of APDL language on the ANSYS platform, a finite element implementation is presented to perform coupling operation on damage evolution of mate- rial and stress redistribution. The fatigue lives of some notched specimens and a Pitch-change-link are predicted by using the above approach. The calculated results are validated with experimental data.

A DAMAGE MECHANICS MODEL FOR FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE LAMINA

A damage mechanics fatigue life prediction model for the fiber reinforced polymer lamina is established. The stiffness matrix of the lamina is derived by elastic constants of fiber and matrix. Two independent damage degrees of fiber and matrix are introduced to establish constitutive relations with damage. The damage driving forces and damage evolution equations for fiber and matrix are derived respectively. Fatigue tests on 0° and 90° unidirectional laminates are conducted respectively to identify parameters in damage evolution equations of fiber and matrix. The failure criterion of the lamina is presented. Finally, the life prediction model for lamina is proposed.

Method for Predicting Crack Initiation Life of Notched Specimen Based on Damage Mechanics

Based on the theory of damage mechanics, a method for fatigue crack initiation life prediction of notched components is proposed in this paper. The damage evolution equation of notched specimen under tensioncompression loading is obtained in term of closed-form solution. The crack initiation life of notched specimen is estimated by the proposed method even when material and stress concentration factor are different. It has been verified that the result calculated by the proposed method agrees with the experimental result. The proposed method is concise, effective and feasible to practical application.

Spatial damage distribution of August 16,2003,Inner Mongolia,China,M_S=5.9 earth-quake and analysis

The spatial damage distribution of August 16, 2003, Inner Mongolia, China, MS=5.9 earthquake is summarized through field investigation. The moment tensor solution and focal mechanism are inverted using the digital long-period waveform records of China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN). The relation between the spatial damage distribution and focal mechanism is analyzed according to the focal mechanism, the aftershock distribution and the spatial damage distribution. The possible relation between the characteristics of ground motion and the tectonic background of the source region is discussed in terms of the global ground motion records, historical earthquake documents and the damage distribution. Investigation reveals that the meizoseismal region is in east-west direction, which is consistent with the nodal plane of focal mechanism inversion. The meizoseismal area is relatively large and the damage of single-story adobe houses or masonry houses is more severe. This may have relations with local seismotectonic environment.

Superior Mechanical Behavior and Flame Retardancy FRP via a Distribution Controllable 1D/2D Hybrid Nanoclay Synergistic Toughening Strategy

The incorporation of commercial flame retardants into fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP)composites has been proposed as a potential solution to improve the latter’s poor flame resistance.However,this approach often poses a challenge,as it can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the FRP.Thus,balancing the need for improved flame resistance with the preservation of mechanical integrity remains a complex issue in FRP research.Addressing this critical concern,this study introduces a novel additive system featuring a combination of one-dimensional(1D)hollow tubular structured halloysite nanotubes(HNTs)and two-dimensional(2D)polygonal flake-shaped nano kaolinite(NKN).By employing a 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclay system,this research aims to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties.This innovative approach offers several advantages.During combustion and pyrolysis processes,the 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclay system proves effective in reducing heat release and volatile leaching.Furthermore,the system facilitates the formation of reinforcing skeletons through a crosslinking mechanism during pyrolysis,resulting in the development of a compact char layer.This char layer acts as a protective barrier,enhancing the material’s resistance to heat and flames.In terms of mechanical properties,the multilayered polygonal flake-shaped 2D NKN plays a crucial role by impeding the formation of cracks that typically arise from vulnerable areas,such as adhesive phase particles.Simultaneously,the 1D HNT bridges these cracks within the matrix,ensuring the structural integrity of the composite material.In an optimal scenario,the homogeneously distributed 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclays exhibit remarkable results,with a 51.0%improvement in mode II fracture toughness(GIIC),indicating increased resistance to crack propagation.In addition,there is a 34.5%reduction in total heat release,signifying improved flame retardancy.This study represents a significant step forward in the field of composite materials.The innovative use of hybrid low-dimensional nanomaterials offers a promising avenue for the development of multifunctional composites.By carefully designing and incorporating these nanoclays,researchers can potentially create a new generation of FRP composites that excel in both flame resistance and mechanical strength.

Low-cycle fatigue lifetime estimation of Ti–6Al–4V welded joints by a continuum damage mechanics model

The low-cycle fatigue （LCF） behavior of directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy Ti-6A1-4V was studied under bare and electron beam welding condi- tions at room temperature. Results show that： （1） under the same test conditions, all the joints exhibit lower LCF lifetime than Ti-6A1-4V; （2） the failure of welded structures is mainly ascribed to the welding defect. A novel lifetime prediction methodology based on continuum damage mechanics is proposed to predict the lifetime of Ti-6A1-4V and its welded joints.

Creep life assessment of aero-engine recuperator based on continuum damage mechanics approach

The creep life of an aeroengine recuperator is investigated in terms of continuum damage mechanics by using finite element simulations.The effects of the manifold wall thickness and creep properties of brazing filler metal on the operating life of the recuperator are analyzed.Results show that the crack initiates from the brazing filler metal located on the outer surface of the manifold with the wall thickness of 2 mm and propagates throughout the whole region of the brazing filler metal when the creep time reaches 34900 h.The creep life of the recuperator meets the requirement of 40000 h continuous operation when the wall thickness increases to 3.5 mm,but its total weight increases by 15%.Decreasing the minimum creep strain rate with the enhancement of the creep strength of the brazing filler metal presents an obvious effect on the creep life of the recuperator.At the same stress level,the creep rupture time of the recuperator is enhanced by 13 times if the mismatch between the minimum creep rate of the filler and base metal is reduced by 20%.

A DAMAGE MODEL OF LIFE PREDICTION UNDER CREEP-FATIGUE INTERACTION

Based on the fundamental definition of damage and inelastic strain energy hypothesis, this paper presents an inelastic strain energy damage model under creepfatigue interaction condition, with the damage constitutional equations and life prediction formulae respectively described by strain and stress. Creepfatigue tests with notchedbar specimens were carried out at 550. The actual creepfatigue lives are in good agreement to the predicted lives according to inelastic strain energy damage model.

Identifying the failure mechanism in accelerated life tests by two-parameter lognormal distributions

The failure mechanism stimulated by accelerated stress in the degradation may be different from that under normal conditions, which would lead to invalid accelerated life tests. To solve the problem, we study the re- lation between the Arrhenius equation and the lognormal distribution in the degradation process. Two relationships of the lognormal distribution parameters must be satisfied in the conclusion of the unaltered failure mechanism, the first is that the logarithmic standard deviations must be equivalent at different temperature levels, and the second is that the ratio of the differences between logarithmic means must be equal to the ratio of the differences between reciprocals of temperature. The logarithm of distribution lines must simultaneously have the same slope and regular interval lines. We studied the degradation of thick-film resistors in MCM by accelerated stress at four temperature levels （390, 400, 410 and 420 K）, and the result agreed well with our method.

Experimental method for and theoretical research on defect tolerance of fxed plate based on damage mechanics

An experimental method and a theoretical analysis based on continuum damage mechan- ics are applied for the defects tolerance of fixed plate. The defects type studied in this article is scratch, which is considered a typical defect on fixed plate according to the engineering practice. The general approach to the defects tolerance analysis of scratched fixed plate is presented. The method of fatigue life prediction for standard notched specimens has been established on the basis of continuum damage mechanics. For the purpose of obtaining the influence law of fatigue life in consequence of scratches, fatigue experiments of standard notched specimens and scratched specimens have been done. Evalu- ation of the fatigue life of scratched fixed plate has been carried out. And the value of scratch defects permissible to the condition of safety service life has been worked out. According to the results of the- oretical calculations, the fatigue experiment of scratched fixed plate has been performed. The outcome shows that the theoretical prediction tallies with the experimental results.

Void damage model and service life prediction for solid high polymer

Based on the analysis of three void damage variety models, this note presents (i) a method that regards the void content as a damage variation of the grain and (ii) a geometric model for micro-unit of void damage. Equations of the void damage variety containing void content are analyzed. This work is focused on the measurement of internal damage level and the damage variety estimation is directly related to the life predication in the practical engineering applications. Nowadays, the critical service life of the solid grain/polymers is usually presumed at domestic and international level. The strength or strain reduction of 20% or the stabilizer consumption of 50% is generally regarded as a critical storage life of the solid grain/polymers, and the service life is predicted by the extrapolation method on An-henius formula. The applications, however, show that the above method is unreliable and has significant errors. With the aid of the discontiguous automatic measuring device of real time volume

Notched Component Fatigue Life Prediction in Torsional Loading

Considering the situation that fatigue life prediction of notched component is an indispensable part in the process of design in engineering,it is necessary to find some ways to solve such problems effectively.The stress and strain state of notched specimen is more complex,compared with smooth specimen.As a result,some researchers take advantage of the finite element method to analyze the mechanical properties of these kind of specimens,they can get the stress and strain state at the dangerous point directly instead of using theoretical methods.At the same time,the equation of shear stress is fitted by analyzing stress distribution of the section of notch root.The integral of shear stress in the section is equal to the external load,and the true stress value of notch root is derived.Then,the fatigue damage evolution equation of notched specimens under torsional load is proposed based on the closed-form solution in this paper.Meanwhile,the nonlinear fatigue life prediction model of notched specimens under the torsional load is given by using the damage mechanics theory.The proposed model is validated by experimental data(30CrMnSiNi2A steel and 45#steel).The results show that the predicted life is not only close to the experimental results,but also tends to be safe.The fatigue life of notched specimen is predicted by using notch geometric parameters and material constants.The model has more concise calculation process,avoids complicated fatigue tests,and facilitates engineering application.

Damage prediction of 7025 aluminum alloy during equal-channel angular pressing

Equal-channel angular pressing （ECAP） is a prominent technique that imposes severe plastic deformation into materials to en- hance their mechanical properties. In this research, experimental and numerical approaches were utilized to investigate the mechanical prop- erties, strain behavior, and damage prediction of ECAPed 7025 aluminum alloy in various conditions, such as die channel angle, outer comer angle, and friction coefficient. Experimental results indicate that, after the first pass, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness magnitude are improved by approximately 95%, 28%, and 48.5%, respectively, compared with the annealed state, mainly due to grain re- finement during the deformation. Finite element analysis shows that the influence of die channel angle is more important than that of outer comer angle or friction coefficient on both the strain behavior and the damage prediction. Also, surface cracks are the main cause of damage during the ECAP process for every die channel angle except for 90°; however, the cracks initiated from the neighborhood of the central re- gions are the possible cause of damage in the ECAPed sample with the die channel angle of 90°.

长寿命水工混凝土结构材料研究进展综述

混凝土是我国水利水电工程建设的关键基础材料。然而,作为一种典型的多孔介质材料,其在水工环境下易发生离子侵蚀、产物腐蚀、基体开裂等问题,导致钢筋锈蚀、结构承载力下降,难以满足西部高原、南部沿海等地区水利水电工程长寿命设计与高质量建设的发展需求。本文首先总结了严酷环境下传统水工混凝土结构材料损伤劣化机理和面临的问题与挑战。进一步地,详细介绍了水工混凝土结构材料长寿命设计方法与性能提升材料。最后,本文展望了人工智能在水工混凝土结构材料长寿命设计与应用方面的发展前景,为国家重大水利水电工程的安全运维与长效服役提供新方法和新思路。

基于损伤力学的矿用定向钻机金属结构寿命评估

针对ZYL-15000D型煤矿用履带式全液压定向钻机底座寿命评估,首先通过Q345B钢的脉动循环加载拉伸疲劳试验数据,拟合得到应力幅值和寿命的关系式,经由应力修正和安全系数的选取,转换得到对称循环下的应力幅值和寿命的关系式。结合基于损伤力学推导出的损伤退化模型,根据Q345B钢试验数据拟合确定损伤退化模型中的待定参数,将Q345B钢对称循环下应力幅值和寿命的关系式代入,得到Q345B钢的疲劳损伤退化模型。然后借助ABAQUS对钻机整机进行结构分析,得到钻机底座的危险点位置(即应力最大处),在该型号样机试验台上通过应变片测得钻机底座危险点处的应力—时间历程。最后采用雨流计数和应力修正,对测得的随机载荷谱进行处理得到雨流计数直方图(应力均值-幅值-循环次数),再转换为对称循环载荷的形式,代入确定的疲劳损伤退化模型中,评估钻机底座的疲劳寿命。

基于损伤力学的轴承钢旋弯疲劳寿命预测

基于连续损伤力学理论,提出了考虑真空化学热处理工艺影响的疲劳损伤模型及数值计算方法,研究了M50NiL轴承钢的旋弯疲劳损伤分析及寿命预测方法。给出了本构模型、疲劳损伤演化方程和理论模型中的材料参数标定方法,基于ABAQUS平台,通过编写UMAT子程序,实现了基于硬化层影响的疲劳损伤分析的损伤力学-有限元数值计算方法;对淬火回火、渗碳及碳氮复渗2种真空化学热处理的M50NiL轴承钢,开展了旋弯疲劳试验,分析了热处理工艺对疲劳性能的影响;基于提出的疲劳损伤模型及数值计算方法,预测了M50NiL轴承钢的旋弯疲劳寿命,并与试验结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的适用性。