Living cells are open systems that exist far away from a state of thermodynamical equilibrium. They utilize the high-grade chemical energy provided by food to produce ATP and re- lease ADP and Pi together with heat di...Living cells are open systems that exist far away from a state of thermodynamical equilibrium. They utilize the high-grade chemical energy provided by food to produce ATP and re- lease ADP and Pi together with heat dissipation. Living cells exist in a non-equilibrium steady state （NESS）, they replicate themselves and respond to various environmental changes via signal transduction pathways. Because the majority of cells exist at room temperature, the stochasticity of chemical reac- tions in the cells is unavoidable. Recent research into fluores- cent proteins and microscopy techniques have enabled us to observe the dynamic process of mRNA and proteins in single living bacterial cells [1], and these have resulted in new in- sights into regulation mechanisms in molecular biology, i.e., in cellular signal transduction pathways.展开更多
For the mammalian brain to process and decipher the rich panoply of sounds that abound in the world, nature has evolved an elegant collection of neural circuits dedicated to this task. Indeed, the complexity, variety ...For the mammalian brain to process and decipher the rich panoply of sounds that abound in the world, nature has evolved an elegant collection of neural circuits dedicated to this task. Indeed, the complexity, variety and number of neural pathways devoted to computing auditory information is unique among sensory modalities （Kaas, 2008）. After the initial sensorineural encoding of sound at the level of the cochlea, auditory information is processed in several lower brainstem centers and eventually converges in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus （Wenstrup, 2005）, Subsequently, auditory information is transferred through the thalamus, the medial geniculate body, and then the auditory cortex （Winer et al., 2005; Razak and Fuzessery, 2010; Hackett, 2011; Lee and Sherman, 2011; Lee and Winer, 2011;展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174011,and 91130005)the National Key Basic Research Project of China(Grant No.2015CB910300)
文摘Living cells are open systems that exist far away from a state of thermodynamical equilibrium. They utilize the high-grade chemical energy provided by food to produce ATP and re- lease ADP and Pi together with heat dissipation. Living cells exist in a non-equilibrium steady state （NESS）, they replicate themselves and respond to various environmental changes via signal transduction pathways. Because the majority of cells exist at room temperature, the stochasticity of chemical reac- tions in the cells is unavoidable. Recent research into fluores- cent proteins and microscopy techniques have enabled us to observe the dynamic process of mRNA and proteins in single living bacterial cells [1], and these have resulted in new in- sights into regulation mechanisms in molecular biology, i.e., in cellular signal transduction pathways.
文摘For the mammalian brain to process and decipher the rich panoply of sounds that abound in the world, nature has evolved an elegant collection of neural circuits dedicated to this task. Indeed, the complexity, variety and number of neural pathways devoted to computing auditory information is unique among sensory modalities （Kaas, 2008）. After the initial sensorineural encoding of sound at the level of the cochlea, auditory information is processed in several lower brainstem centers and eventually converges in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus （Wenstrup, 2005）, Subsequently, auditory information is transferred through the thalamus, the medial geniculate body, and then the auditory cortex （Winer et al., 2005; Razak and Fuzessery, 2010; Hackett, 2011; Lee and Sherman, 2011; Lee and Winer, 2011;
