Prediction of Damping Capacity Demand in Seismic Base Isolators via Machine Learning

Base isolators used in buildings provide both a good acceleration reduction and structural vibration control structures.The base isolators may lose their damping capacity over time due to environmental or dynamic effects.This deterioration of them requires the determination of the maintenance and repair needs and is important for the long-termisolator life.In this study,an artificial intelligence prediction model has been developed to determine the damage and maintenance-repair requirements of isolators as a result of environmental effects and dynamic factors over time.With the developed model,the required damping capacity of the isolator structure was estimated and compared with the previously placed isolator capacity,and the decrease in the damping property was tried to be determined.For this purpose,a data set was created by collecting the behavior of structures with single degrees of freedom(SDOF),different stiffness,damping ratio and natural period isolated from the foundation under far fault earthquakes.The data is divided into 5 different damping classes varying between 10%and 50%.Machine learning model was trained in damping classes with the data on the structure’s response to random seismic vibrations.As a result of the isolator behavior under randomly selected earthquakes,the recorded motion and structural acceleration of the structure against any seismic vibration were examined,and the decrease in the damping capacity was estimated on a class basis.The performance loss of the isolators,which are separated according to their damping properties,has been tried to be determined,and the reductions in the amounts to be taken into account have been determined by class.In the developed prediction model,using various supervised machine learning classification algorithms,the classification algorithm providing the highest precision for the model has been decided.When the results are examined,it has been determined that the damping of the isolator structure with the machine learning method is predicted successfully at a level exceeding 96%,and it is an effective method in deciding whether there is a decrease in the damping capacity.

Design optimization of cast Cu-Al-Be-B alloys for high damping capacity

This paper investigated high-damping Cu-Al-Be-B cast alloys using metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrical resistance measurements for transformation temperatures. The results showed that beryllium can stabilize β phase, resulting in a thermo-elastic martensite microstructure leading to high-damping capacity in cast Cu-Al-Be-B alloys. Trace additions of boron to Cu-Al-Be alloys can significantly refine the grains, providing high strength and ductility to the alloys. A factorial design of experiment method was used to optimize the composition and properties of cast Cu-Al-Be-B alloys. The optimal microstructure for thermo-elastic martensite can be obtained by adjusting the amounts of aluminum and beryllium to eutectoid or pseudo-eutectoid compositions. An optimized cast Cu-Al-Be-B alloy was developed to provide excellent mechanical properties, tensile strength σ_b=767MPa, elongation δ=7.62%, and damping capacity S. D. C=18.70%.

Effects of Y and Zn on mechanical properties and damping capacity of Mg-Cu-Mn alloy

Optical microscope,X-ray diffractometer,scanning electron microscope,tensile tester and dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA) were applied to investigate the effects of Y and Zn additions on microstructure,mechanical properties and damping capacity of Mg-3Cu-1Mn(CM31) alloy.The results show that with the increase of Y and Zn contents,the secondary dendrite arm spacing of alloys is reduced;meanwhile,the yield strength is increased.In low strain amplitude,the damping capacity of alloys with Y and Zn addition is lower than that of CM31 alloy.However,in strain amplitude over 5×10-3,the damping capacity of alloy with a trace of Y and Zn addition(1%Y and 2%Zn,mass fraction) increases abnormally with the increase of strain amplitude and is near to that of pure Mg,probably due to the increase of dislocation density caused by the precipitation of secondary phase.The temperature dependence of damping capacity of above alloy was also tested and discussed.

Solid solution strengthening and damping capacity of Mg-Ga binary alloys

The mechanical behaviors and damping capacities of the binary Mg−Ga alloys with the Ga content ranging from 1 to 5 wt.%were investigated by means of optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),hardness test,tensile test and dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA).The hardness(HV_(0.5))increases with the increase of Ga content,which can be described as HV_(0.5)=41.61+10.35c,and the solid solution strengthening effect∆σ_(s)of the alloy has a linear relationship with c^(n),where c is the molar fraction of solute atoms and n=1/2 or 2/3.Ga exhibits a stronger solid solution strengthening effect than Al,Zn or Sn due to the large atomic radius difference and the modulus mismatch between Ga and Mg atoms.The addition of Ga makes the Mg−Ga alloys have better damping capacity,and this phenomenon can be explained by the Granato−Lücke dislocation model.The lattice distortion and the modulus mismatch generated because of the addition of Ga increase the resistance to motion of the dislocation in the process of swinging or moving,and thus the better damping capacity is acquired.

Effects of Ce on damping capacity of AZ91D magnesium alloy

The microstructures and damping capacity of AZ91D cast alloys containing various Ce contents were investigated. Damping capacity (Q-1) of the alloys was measured by cantilever beam technique, and the relationship between damping capacity and strain amplitude was investigated. The results show that Al4Ce phase is formed in AZ91D alloy after adding a certain quantity of Ce contents, then as-cast microstructures of the alloys are refined. Meanwhile the damping capacity of the alloys is also improved. When the mass fraction of Ce is 0.7%, the most obvious refinement effect and the maximum damping capacity can be obtained. When the damping capacity (Q-1) is )2.728)×10-3, 61% increment can be obtained compared with unmodified AZ91D alloy. The damping capacity of the alloys is relative to strain amplitude, and the damping behavior can be explained by the theory of Granato and Lücke.

Effects of Y on mechanical properties and damping capacity of ZK60 magnesium alloys

The microstructure,mechanical properties and damping capacity of ZK60-xY(x=0,1.5%,2.5%,4.0%,mass fraction) magnesium alloys were investigated by using the optical microscope(OM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),universal tensile testing machine and dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA).The mechanisms for damping capacity of referred alloys were discussed by Granato-Lücke theory.The results show that Y additions remarkably reduce grain size(the average grain size is 21.6,13.0,8.6 and 4.0μm,respectively),and the tensile properties are enhanced with grain refining(the yield tensile strength increases to 292 MPa from 210 MPa and ultimate tensile strength increases to 330 MPa from 315 MPa).For the ZK60-xY(x=0,1.5%,4.0%)alloys,the damping capacity decreases with the increase of Y content.However,for the ZK60-xY(x=2.5%)alloy,the damping capacity improves abnormally,which is possibly related to the formation of Mg3Y2Zn3(W)FCC phase in this alloy.

Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and damping capacity of AZ31 alloy

AZ31 alloy sheet fabricated by rolling was processed by friction stir processing(FSP) with different passes. The effect of FSP on the microstructure and damping capacity of AZ31 alloy sheet was discussed. The fine and equiaxed grains were obtained in the stirred zone(SZ) for FSPed samples from 1 pass to 3 passes with the average grain size of 10.6, 10.4 and 13.6 μm, respectively. The damping peak P_1 was presented on the curves of temperature-dependent damping capacity for FSPed samples. The damping peak P_2 was restrained after FSP and the damping peak P_1 was a relaxation process. The FSPed samples(2-pass FSP and 3-pass FSP) obtained high damping capacity. The best damping valuesQ_0^(-1)(ε=10_(-4)) and damping values Q_H^(-1)(ε=10^(-3)) of the sample subjected to 3-pass FSP(0.0131 and 0.0496) increased by 33.7% and 157.0%, respectively.

Effects of Cu and Mn on mechanical properties and damping capacity of Mg-Cu-Mn alloy

The effects of Cu and Mn additions on mechanical properties and damping capacity of Mg-Cu-Mn alloy were investigated. The tensile properties and damping capacity at room temperature of as-cast Mg-Cu-Mn alloy were tested.The microstructurc was studied using optical microscope,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope.The Hall-Perch relation and Granato-Lücke model were used to explain the influences of Cu and Mn additions on the tensile properties and damping capacity of Mg-Cu-Mn alloy.The results show that Cu and Mn additions remarkably reduce the grain size of Mg-Cu-Mn alloy,but have little influence on phase composition and solute atoms concentration,the tensile properties increase obviously and the internal friction of Mg-Cu-Mn alloy decreases with grain refining.

Effect of environmental temperature on damping capacity of Cu-Al-Mn alloy

The effect of environmental temperature on the damping capacity of Cu-7.66Al-9.52Mn (mass fraction, %) alloy was studied. The result shows that with increasing the environmental temperature, the logarithmic decrement increases firstly and reaches the maximal value of 0.118. The reason is that more phase interfaces and twinning boundaries can move at a higher temperature, leading to higher consumption of energy, in despite of the decreasing of the amount of martensite. When the environmental temperature is above Ms, with further increase in the environmental temperature, the logarithmic decrement decreases sharply mainly because there is little martensite remaining in the alloy.

INFLUENCE OF ZIRCONIUM ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND DAMPING CAPACITY OF ZA27 ALLOY

To improve the damping capacities of metals and alloys, the microstructures and damping capacities of ZA27 alloy modified by Zr were studied, and the damping capacities at room tempemture were measured by using cantilever beam techniques. The experiment results show that Zr can refine the Al-rich primary phase and improve the damping Capacities saliently. Compared with the un-modified one, the damping capacity of ZA27 alloy modified by 0.3wt%Zr received 90 percent increment. The high damping capacities are attributed primarily to grain ablement and the increasing of phase interfaces.

THE EFFECTS OF TRACE Ti ON THE DAMPING CAPACITY OF THE Zn-22% Al ALLOY

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Influence of CaO on damping capacity and mechanical properties of Mg alloy

For developing cost effective damping Mg alloys with high damping capacity and better mechanical properties, the microstructures, the mechanical properties at room temperature and the damping capacity of Mg alloy adding CaO were investigated and compared with those of K1A alloy. CaO adding into pure Mg maintains the damping capacity and increases the ultimate tensile strength compared with those of pure Mg. Mg-CaO alloy can be regarded as cost-effective damping alloy with high damping and mechanical properties as well as with the advantages of improving oxidation and burning resistances.

Numerical modeling of damping capacity of Zn-Al alloys with fully lamellar microstructures

The damping behaviors of Zn-Al alloys with fully lamellar microstructures were simulated with the cell method. The influences of the grain boundary condition, the strain amplitude, the number of the lamellae in the grain (N) and the content ratio of Zn and Al in Zn-Al alloys on the damping capacity were investigated. The results indicate that the grain boundary condition has great influence on the damping capacity of Zn-Al alloys, and also affects the relationship between the damping capacity and the number of lamellae (N). The variation of damping capacity with the strain amplitude is increasing exponentially with the strain amplitude and the damping capacity increases with the increasing of content of Zn.

Influence of composition and heat-treatment on damping capacity of Cu-Al alloys

The compositions,structures and properties of four kinds of Cu-Al alloys with different constituents were researched by means of optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry and damping detection. The structures and properties of Cu-11Al-5Mn-RE experienced different heat-treatment processes were also studied. The results indicate that the damping capacity and microstructure of the alloys are improved by adding Mn and RE elements. Cu-11Al-5Mn-RE obtains the best comprehensive physical performance because of the cooperation of Mn and RE elements. Aging at 200 ℃,the damping capacity gets to the maximum. At 400 ℃,its mechanical property decreases while its damping capacity still remains,indicating its resistance to martensite decomposition and aging at moderate temperature.

Effects of Y content and temperature on the damping capacity of extruded Mg-Y sheets

The damping behavior of extruded Mg-xY(x=0.5,1.0,3.0 wt.%)sheets were investigated in detail concerning the effects of Y addition and temperature,and the relationship between damping capacity and yield strength was discussed.At room temperature(RT),with Y content increasing from 0.5%to 3.0%,the damping capacity(Q-1)significantly decreased from 0.037 to 0.015.For all the studied sheets,the relationship between strain amplitude and Q-1 fitted well with the Granato and Liicke(G-L)dislocation damping model.With temperature increased,the G-L plots deviated from linearity indicating that the dislocation damping was not the only dominate mechanism,and the grain boundary sliding(GBS)could contribute to damping capacity.Consequently,the Q-1 increased remarkably above the critical temperature,and the critical temperature increased significantly from 50℃ to 290℃ with increasing Y contents from 0 to 3.0wt.%.This result implied that the segregation of Y solutes at grain boundary could depress the GBS,which was consistent with the recent finding of segregation tendency for rare-earth solutes.The extruded Mg-IY sheet exhibited slightly higher yield strength(Rp0.2)and Q-1 comparing with high-damping Mg-0.6Zr at RT.At an elevated temperature of 325℃,the Mg-IY sheet had similar Q-1 but over 3 times larger Rp0.2 than that of the pure Mg.The present study indicated that the extruded Mg-Y based alloys exhibited promising potential for developing high-performance damping alloys,especially for the elevated-temperature application.

A Novel TiNi/AlSi Composite with High Strength and High Damping Capacity

A novel TiNi/AlSi composite with high compressive strength and high damping capacity was obtained by infiltrating Al-12%Si alloy into porous TiNi alloy.It had been found that the high compressive strength (440 MPa) of TiNi/AlSi composite is due to the increase of effective carrying area after infiltrating Al-12%Si alloy,while the high damping capacity is contributed to TiNi carcass,Al-12%Si filling material and micro- slipping at the interface.

Microstructure and damping properties of LPSO phase dominant Mg-Ni-Y and Mg-Zn-Ni-Y alloys

This work studied the microstructure,mechanical properties and damping properties of Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66) and Mg_(95.34)Zn_(1)Ni_(1)Y_(2.66)alloys systematically.The difference in the evolution of the long-period stacked ordered(LPSO)phase in the two alloys during heat treatment was the focus.The morphology of the as-cast Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66)presented a disordered network.After heat treatment at 773 K for 2 hours,the eutectic phase was integrated into the matrix,and the LPSO phase maintained the 18R structure.As Zn partially replaced Ni,the crystal grains became rounded in the cast alloy,and lamellar LPSO phases and more solid solution atoms were contained in the matrix after heat treatment of the Mg_(95.34)Zn_(1)Ni_(1)Y_(2.66)alloy.Both Zn and the heat treatment had a significant effect on damping.Obvious dislocation internal friction peaks and grain boundary internal friction peaks were found after temperature-dependent damping of the Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66)and Mg_(95.34)Zn_(1)Ni_(1)Y_(2.66)alloys.After heat treatment,the dislocation peak was significantly increased,especially in the alloy Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2).66.The annealed Mg_(95.34)Ni_(2)Y_(2.66)alloy with a rod-shaped LPSO phase exhibited a good damping performance of 0.14 atε=10^(−3),which was due to the difference between the second phase and solid solution atom content.These factors also affected the dynamic modulus of the alloy.The results of this study will help in further development of high-damping magnesium alloys.

Signifcant impact of cold-rolling deformation and annealing on damping capacity of Fe-Mn-Cr alloy

The infuences of cold-rolling deformation and annealing on the damping capacity of Fe-19Mn-8Cr alloy were investigated.It was observed that the cold-rolled Fe-19Mn-8Cr alloy with a reduction of 10%showed the relatively excellent damping capacity because of the relatively moreε-martensite and lower dislocation density,and the reduction of slopes of diferent damping curves increased along with increasing the cold-rolling reduction.Besides,the subsequent annealing process can further enhance the damping capacity.After 70%cold-rolling deformation,the austenite grain would grow up with the increase in the annealing temperature,which resulted in a signifcant change in the content and morphology ofε-martensite infuencing the damping capacity of the experimental steel.The damping capacity was optimum when annealed at 800°C for 30 min,displaying that the size ofε-martensite has a vital infuence on the damping capacity of the experimental alloy.This study may enrich the fundamental knowledge about how to ameliorate the damping capacity of Fe-Mn-Cr damping steels.

Optimization on microstructure,mechanical properties and damping capacities of duplex structured Mg–8Li–4Zn–1Mn alloys

Optimizing the mechanical properties and damping capacity of the duplex-structured Mg–Li–Zn–Mn alloy by tailoring the microstructure via hot extrusion was investigated.The results show that the Mg–8Li–4Zn–1Mn alloy is mainly composed ofα-Mg,β-Li,Mg–Li–Zn and Mn phases.The microstructure of the test alloy is refined owing to dynamic recrystallization(DRX)during hot extrusion.After hot extrusion,the crushed precipitates are uniformly distributed in the test alloy.The yield strength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS),and elongation(EL)of as-extruded alloy reach 156 MPa,208 MPa,and 32.3%,respectively,which are much better than that of as-cast alloy.Furthermore,the as-extruded and as-cast alloys both exhibit superior damping capacities,with the damping capacity(Q^(-1))of 0.030 and 0.033 at the strain amplitude of 2×10^(-3),respectively.The mechanical properties of the test alloy can be significantly improved by hot extrusion,whereas the damping capacities have no noticeable change,which indicates that the duplex-structured Mg–Li alloys with appropriate mechanical properties and damping properties can be obtained by alloying and hot extrusion.

DAMPING CAPACITY OF HIGH SILICON ALLOY ZA27 PREPAREDBY SPRM DEPOSITION

The damping capacities (Q-1) of high silicon (6wt%) Zinc-27wt% Aluminia alloy prepared by spray deposition and conventional casting process were investigated. Three methods, free-decay, half-power band width and phase angles difference, have been ased to measure the damping capacities of the experimental materiale. The experimental results indicate that the damping capacity of spray deposited material is 3.7times larger than that of the conventional casting alloy ZA27 The machanism for its improvement was aiso investigated from a microstructvre viempoint.