A New Approach to the Dark Matter/Dark Energy Puzzle

The dilemmas posed by dark matter and dark energy have been with us for decades without a satisfactory resolution. We propose that both DM and DE can be explained by the existence of long-lived topological gravitational vortices that were produced in the quark-gluon epoch of cosmic inflation due to the misalignment of the gravitational and strong forces. This is analogous to the misalignment mechanism proposed for the production of axions in the early universe. The masses of these topological vortices are expected to be on the order of the nucleon mass. Possible means for their detection are discussed.

Inflation, Dark Energy, Acceleration, Missing Mass?

The black hole (b.h.) model based on the strong field treatment of the Newton potential is presented. The essential role of self energy both at the Planck level and for matter and radiation at later stages supports the picture of an expanding Universe necessarily accompanied by particle creation if energy conservation applies at every scale. This process is shown to provide a gravitational repulsive force which can counterbalance gravitational attraction thus allowing the possibility of a steady expansion. This black hole treatment of our Universe evolution, questions the necessity of inflation. The role of the critical density to dictate the fate of the Universe is replaced by the black hole condition which entails a different relation between Hubble parameter and density thus disposing of dark energy. Since its predictions provide a different time development of the Universe also the evidence for its acceleration is disputed. That seems to provide a coherent scheme for our picture of the Universe evolution, based on Hubble’s law and backed up by the consideration of inertial forces. Newtonian angular momentum is also not conserved at cosmological scales. Finally we consider two coordinates systems. The conformally flat coordinates are shown to disprove inflation and the relevance of the Painleve-Gullstrand metric in providing global coordinates is underlined. The combined effect of Hubble expansion and of proper time also questions the existence of missing mass.

The Quantum Bang Hypothesis: An Alternative to Dark Matter and Dark Energy

We hypothesize that the quantum realm and the cosmos are linked by a scaling relation where the gravitational coupling constant αG is the scale factor and decreases with cosmic time. We propose a simple cosmological model where cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter could be redundant concepts. We show that cosmological parameters such as the Hubble constant, the age, density and mass of the observable Universe could be derived simply from quantum parameters. Finally, we propose a fundamental MOND formula with no interpolating function and an acceleration parameter simply derived from the Hubble constant.

Development of Matter and Testable Negative Matter as Unified Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Dark matter and dark energy as two basic problems of modern science are very important in philosophy.But,some models of them are not testability in epistemology.Based on Dirac’s negative energy,we propose that the negative matter and opposite matter are different.They can form a perfect symmetrical world.The negative matter may be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy.It is the mechanism of inflation as origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing.We calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter,and propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is an opposite repulsive lensing,and other eight possible tests.This is a testable and calculable model.

The Light-Dark Dual Universe for the Big Bang and Dark Energy

In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy that fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed as dark energy since about 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The light-dark dual universe started from the zero-energy universe through the four-stage cyclic transformation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the four-stage transformation consists of the 11D (dimensional) positive-negative energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe, and the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative energy dual particle asymmetrical universe. The transformation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy universe through the reverse four-stage transformation. The light universe is an observable four-dimensional universe started with the inflation and the Big Bang, and the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from 10D to 4D. The dark universe could be observed as dark energy only when the dark universe turned into a four-dimensional universe. The four-stage transformation explains the four force fields in our universe. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively, in nearly complete agreement with observed 72.8, 22.7, and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-object structures.

Accelerated Expansion of Space, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Big Bang Processes

The accelerated expansion of our universe results from properties of dark matter particles deduced from Space-Time Quantization. This theory accounts for all possible elementary particles by considering a quantum of length a in addition to c and h. It appears that dark matter particles allow for fusion and fission processes. The resulting equilibrium enables the cosmic dark matter gas to produce dark energy in an adaptive way. It keeps the combined matter-energy density at a constant level, even when space is expanding. This accounts for the cosmological constant Λand the accelerated expansion of space without requiring any negative pressure. The Big Bang is related to G, c, h and a. It started with a “primeval photon” and led to the cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry as well as inflation.

Clues to the Fundamental Nature of Gravity, Dark Energy and Dark Matter

This paper integrates the Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term. The Lambda term within this model scales according to 3H2t/c2 and 3/R2t. Use of the Bekenstein-Hawking definition of closed gravitational system total entropy provides for FSC cosmic parameter definitions in terms of . Cosmic time, radius, total matter mass-energy and vacuum energy in this model scale in exactly the same way as . This analysis opens the way for understanding gravity, dark energy and dark matter as being deeply connected with cosmic entropy. The recent theoretical work of Roger Penrose and Erik Verlinde is discussed in this context. The results of this FSC model analysis dovetail nicely with Verlinde’s work suggesting gravity as being fundamentally an emergent property of cosmic entropy. This emergent-property-of-entropy definition of gravity, if true, would also indicate that gravitational inertia, dark matter and dark energy are simply manifestations of cosmic entropy. Thus, they would likely have no identifiable connection to quantum physics, including the standard particle model.

Gravity vs. Dark Energy, about the Expansion of the Universe

Dark energy is argued by the accelerating expansion of the Universe but has not been directly measured. In this article, some uncertainties are pointed out, first one being the determination of the Hubble constant. And the main parameters (magnitude, distance, redshift, velocity) are checked. Distinguishing the instantaneous velocity from the average velocity, it is then concluded from the same data that the expansion would not be accelerating, and that the Gravity would slightly slow down the motion of explosion. Moreover, at the end of the paper, it is proposed a neo-Newtonian approach to get the computed values in a closer agreement with the observed values;this Neo-Newtonian Mechanics is in coherence with the Quantum Mechanics.

The Inverse Gravity Inflationary Theory of Cosmology

Cosmological expansion or inflation is mathematically described by the theoretical notion of inverse gravity whose variations are parameterized by a factor that is a function of the distance to which cosmological expansion takes prominence over gravity. This assertion is referred to as the inverse gravity inflationary assertion. Thus, a correction to Newtonian gravitational force is introduced where a parameterized inverse gravity force term is incorporated into the classical Newtonian gravitational force equation where the inverse force term is negligible for distances less than the distance to which cosmological expansion takes prominence over gravity. Conversely, at distances greater than the distance to which cosmological expansion takes prominence over gravity. The inverse gravity term is shown to be dominant generating universal inflation. Gravitational potential energy is thence defined by the integral of the difference (or subtraction) between the conventional Newtonian gravitational force term and the inverse gravity term with respect to radius (r) which allows the formulation, incorporation, and mathematical description to and of gravitational redshift, the Walker-Robertson scale factor, the Robinson-Walker metric, the Klein-Gordon lagrangian, and dark energy and its relationship to the energy of the big bang in terms of the Inverse gravity inflationary assertion. Moreover, the dynamic pressure of the expansion of a cosmological fluid in a homogeneous isotropic universe is mathematically described in terms of the inverse gravity inflationary assertion using the stress-energy tensor for a perfect fluid. Lastly, Einstein’s field equations for the description of an isotropic and homogeneous universe are derived incorporating the mathematics of the inverse gravity inflationary assertion to fully show that the theoretical concept is potentially interwoven into the cosmological structure of the universe.

Dynamics of quintessential inflation

In this paper, we study a realistic model of quintessential inflation with radiation and matter. By the analysis of the dynamical system and numerical work about the evolution of the equation of state and cosmic density parameter, we show that this model is a good match for the current astronomical observation. The conclusion we obtain is in favour of the model where the modular part of the complex field plays the role of the infiaton whereas the argument part is the quintessence field. Numerical calculation shows that a heteroclinic orbit （solution of the dynamical system） is interpolated between early-time de Sitter phase （an unstable critical point） and a late-time de Sitter attractor.

Why Flat Space Cosmology Is Superior to Standard Inflationary Cosmology

Following recent Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations of global spatial flatness, only two types of viable cosmological models remain: inflationary models which almost instantaneously attain cosmic flatness following the Big Bang;and non-inflationary models which are spatially flat from inception. Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) is the latter type of cosmological model by virtue of assumptions corresponding to the Hawking-Penrose conjecture that a universe expanding from a singularity could be modeled like a time-reversed black hole. Since current inflationary models have been criticized for their lack of falsifiability, the numerous falsifiable predictions and key features of the FSC model are herein contrasted with standard inflationary cosmology. For the reasons given, the FSC model is shown to be superior to standard cosmology in the following eleven categories: Predictions Pertaining to Primordial Gravity Waves;Cosmic Dawn Early Surprises;Predicting the Magnitude of CMB Temperature Anisotropy;Predicting the Value of Equation of State Term w;Predicting the Hubble Parameter Value;Quantifiable Entropy and the Entropic Arrow of Time;Clues to the Nature of Gravity, Dark Energy and Dark Matter;The Cosmological Constant Problem;Quantum Cosmology;Dark Matter and Dark Energy Quantitation;Requirements for New Physics.

Slow-roll inflation in f(T,T)modified gravity

In this study, we explore the concept of cosmological inflation within the framework of the f(T, T)theory of gravity, where f is a general function of the torsion scalar T and the trace T of the energy-momentum tensor.It is assumed that the conditions of slow-roll inflation are applicable in f(T, T) gravity. To determine different observables related to inflation, such as the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, scalar spectral index ns, spectral index αs, and tensor spectral index nt, the Hubble slow-roll parameters are utilized for a particular model of f(T, T). Lastly, an assessment is carried out to determine the feasibility of the models by conducting a numerical analysis of the parameters. The findings indicate that it is feasible to achieve compatibility with the observational measurements of slow-roll parameters by utilizing different values of the free parameters.

Towards a unified interpretation of the early Universe in R^(2)-corrected dark energy model of F(R)gravity

R^(2)-corrected dark energy(DE)models in F(R)gravity have been widely investigated in recent years,which not only removes the weak singularity potentially present in DE models but also provide us with a unified picture of the cosmic history,including the inflationary and DE epochs.Towards the unified interpretation of dynamical DE all over the cosmic history in the class of R^(2)-corrected DE models,we explore the universal features of the scalaron dynamics in the radiation-dominated epoch,along with the chameleon mechanism,by keeping our eyes on the inflationary and DE epochs.We show that the scalaron evolution does not follow a surfing solution and is mostly adiabatic before big bang nucleosynthesis(BBN),even properly including the kick by the nonperturbative QCD phase transition,hence a catastrophic consequence claimed in the literature is not applied to this class of DE models.This is due to the presence of the gigantic scale hierarchy between R^(2) correction and DE,so is the universal feature for the class of R^(2)-corrected DE models.The prospects for the post-or onset-inflationary epoch would be pretty different from what the standard R^(2) inflationary scenario undergoes due to the presence of the chameleon mechanism.

Inflation and Rapid Expansion in a Variable G Model

Cosmic inflation is considered assuming a cosmologically varying Newtonian gravitational constant, G. Utilizing two specific models for, G-1(a), where, a, is the cosmic scale parameter, we find that the Hubble parameter, H, at inception of G-1, may be as high as 7.56 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model A, or, 8.55 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model B, making these good candidates for inflation. The Hubble parameter is inextricably linked to G by Friedmanns’ equation, and if G did not exist prior to an inception temperature, then neither did expansion. The CBR temperatures at inception of G-1 are estimated to equal, 6.20 E21 Kelvin for model A, and 7.01 E21 for model B, somewhat lower than CBR temperatures usually associated with inflation. These temperatures would fix the size of Lemaitre universe in the vicinity of 3% of the Earths’ radius at the beginning of expansion, thus avoiding a singularity, as is the case in the ΛCDM model. In the later universe, a variable G model cannot be dismissed based on SNIa events. In fact, there is now some compelling astronomical evidence, using rise times and luminosity, which we discuss, where it could be argued that SNIa events can only be used as good standard candles if a variation in G is taken into account. Dark energy may have more to do with a weakening G with increasing cosmological time, versus an unanticipated acceleration of the universe, in the late stage of cosmic evolution.

Thermodynamics in the Evolution of the Dark Universe

We present a model of the universe based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta. We use the thermodynamics of an ideal gas to elucidate the composition, accelerated expansion, and the nature of dark energy and dark matter without an Inflation stage. From wave-particle duality, the space quanta can be treated as an ideal gas. The universe started from an atomic size volume at very high temperature and pressure. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions occurred to form fundamental particles, and matter. These nucleate and grew into stars, galaxies, and clusters due to gravity. From cooling data, a thermodynamic phase diagram of cosmic composition was constructed which yielded a correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using Friedmann’s equations, our model fits well the Williamson Microwave Anisotropy Platform (WMAP) data on cosmic composition with an equation of state parameter, w = -0.7. The dominance of dark energy started at 7.25 × 109 years, in good agreement with Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) measurements. The expansion of space can be attributed to a scalar space field. Dark Matter is identified as a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed before recombination and during the reionization epoch. The expansion of the universe was adiabatic and decelerating during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang;it accelerated thereafter. A negative pressure for Dark Energy is required to sustain it;this is consistent with the theory of General Relativity and energy conservation. We propose a mechanism for the acceleration as due to the consolidation of matter to form Black Holes and other massive compact objects. The resulting reduction in gravitational potential energy feeds back energy for the acceleration. It is not due to a repulsive form of gravity. Our Quantum Space model fits well the observed behavior of the universe and resolves the outstanding questions in Inflationary Big Bang Theory.

Flat Space Cosmology as a Model of Light Speed Cosmic Expansion—Implications for the Vacuum Energy Density

Cosmologists have long ignored a stipulation by quantum field theorists that the vacuum pressure p corresponding to the zero-state vacuum energy must always be equal in magnitude to the vacuum energy density ρ(i.e., p=ρ). Although general relativity stipulates the additional condition of proportionality between the vacuum gravitational field and (ρ+3p), the equation of state for the cosmic vacuum must fulfill both relativistic and quantum stipulations. This paper fully integrates Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term, with interesting implications for the nature of dark energy, cosmic entropy and the entropic arrow of time. The FSC vacuum energy density is shown to be equal to the cosmic fluid bulk modulus at all times, thus meeting the quantum theory stipulation of (p=ρ). To date, FSC is the only viable dark energy cosmological model which has fully-integrated general relativity and quantum features.

负物质的基本定律和其作为暗物质的理论检验——负物质与Higgs机制和暴涨宇宙等的关系

基于发展Dirac的负能态得到最完备的对称结构提出的负物质,其主要特征是与所有正物质之间都是斥力.这样正负物质通常是两类拓扑分离的区域,是不可见的.因此负物质可以作为暗物质最简单的候选者.对暗物质最近提出的幻影(phantom)就是负物质.Higgs机制也许是正负物质的乘积.如果正负物质在量子涨落中同时产生,则可以导致暴涨宇宙,它从一无所有中产生.假设负物质可以屏蔽正物质,则可见天象应该显示季节效应.此外得到负物质假设可以预言的8个结论,并提出检验负物质存在的某些方法.最后基于自然定理的无矛盾公设,提出负物质的两个基本原理和三个基本定律.

A Different Cosmology—Thoughts from Outside the Box

In this paper, we present a new cosmology based on the idea of a universe dominated by vacuum energy with time-varying curvature. In this model, the universe began with an exponential Plank era inflation before transitioning to a spacetime described by Einstein’s equations. While no explicit model of the Plank era is yet known, we do establish a number of properties that the vacuum of that time must have exhibited. In particular, we show that structures came into existence during that inflation that were later responsible for all cosmic structures. A new solution of Einstein’s equations incorporating time-varying curvature is presented which predicts that the scaling was initially power law with a parameter of y=1/2 before transitioning to an exponential acceleration of the present-day scaling. A formula relating the curvature to the vacuum energy density is also a part of the solution. A non-conventional model of nucleosynthesis provides a solution for the matter/antimatter asymmetry problem and a non-standard origin of the CMB. The CMB power spectrum is shown to be a consequence of uncertainties embedded during the initial inflation and the existence of superclusters. Using Einstein’s equations, we show that so-called dark matter is, in fact, vacuum energy. A number of other issues are discussed.

引力势、物质运动与时空结构 宇宙演化概略与“暗能量”

将物质运动和宇宙引力势之间的相互作用关系用于解释大爆炸理论模型,推论了宇宙演化概略.分析了由各个层次的物质运动与宇宙引力势之间的相互作用所产生的后果及其在宇宙演化过程中所起的作用,讨论了宇宙由减速膨胀转变为加速膨胀的基本原因,澄清了"暗能量"的本质.

The Big Bang Influence in a Cosmological Wave Complex

The Big Bang theory states that the universe was created from pure energy, although matter, in general, is also pure energy and there is no known physical existence that is not pure energy in accordance with the mass-energy equation. All known energy is situated in a field, and it can be questioned whether also the Big Bang was situated in a field in the primordial moment it inflated into the subsequent cosmic expansion that so far lets us observe a 93-billion-light-year-wide spherical volume of the universe. In this study, the Big Bang’s gravitational influence, particularly in the form of an externally radiated gravitational wave, is considered in connection to its situation in a surrounding field with a different expansion rate than itself. The results suggest that the least possible size of the universe can be predicted by the expression of the gravitational wave produced by Big Bang, revealing that the universe has a significantly greater size than the observable, and further that Big Bang might be the production of only one of many cosmic galaxies situated together in a cosmological wave complex (CWC) where the amplitude is self-maintained by inflations.