Information Privacy, Data Surveillance and Security——How Australian Privacy Law Fully Plays Its Role in the Age of Big Data

Privacy and the protection of privacy is a common topic studied by many scholars. From the very beginning of human culture, people have personal privacy, which is not willing for them to be unveiled by others. With the development of information technology, especially the internet, knowledge and information are dealt by internet users in conscious or unconscious way, and personal information has been rapidly and quickly distributed and disseminated all over the world. Personal data can be collected by hackers or interlinks from the website, internet not only provides people an era with internet links, but also an age with information collections, a big data age. With the background of big data, this essay tries to put forward the correlative relationship between the protection of information privacy and the privacy law in Australia. It ??rst has an overview of the concepts of information privacy and data surveillance under the background of big data, then highlights the importance of data security in the age of big data;with a literature review on the development of Australian privacy acts, it further claims that privacy acts or regulations by the federal or states provided strong support for the protection of personal data. Then relationship between the protection information privacy and the need of judicial guarantee is further studied for thorough methods or regimes in data protection. With these points studied, this essay aims to highlight the importance of data protection and information privacy. On the other hand, it aims to provide awareness for readers the vital role privacy laws can play in the protection of people’s personal information and emphases the importance of a continuous evolution for privacy law system in the age of big data.

A Review of Data Cleaning Methods for Web Information System

Web information system(WIS)is frequently-used and indispensable in daily social life.WIS provides information services in many scenarios,such as electronic commerce,communities,and edutainment.Data cleaning plays an essential role in various WIS scenarios to improve the quality of data service.In this paper,we present a review of the state-of-the-art methods for data cleaning in WIS.According to the characteristics of data cleaning,we extract the critical elements of WIS,such as interactive objects,application scenarios,and core technology,to classify the existing works.Then,after elaborating and analyzing each category,we summarize the descriptions and challenges of data cleaning methods with sub-elements such as data&user interaction,data quality rule,model,crowdsourcing,and privacy preservation.Finally,we analyze various types of problems and provide suggestions for future research on data cleaning in WIS from the technology and interactive perspective.

Study on medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine for Meniere's disease based on data analysis

Objective:Study on medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine in treating Meniere's disease based on data mining technology.Methods:Computer retrieval with since establishment of the“CNKI”,“WF”,“VIP”,there have been literatures on the treatment of Meniere syndrome with Traditional Chinses medicine.Memory preprocessing in accordance with inclusion criteria.Then,EXCLE 2010,SPSS Statistics(ver.25)and SPSS Modeler(ver.18.0)were adopted respectively for frequency analysis,cluster analysis and association rules analysis.Result:A total of 133 references were included in this study,146 prescriptions,192 kinds of drugs,and the total frequency of drugs was 1702.The high frequency Meniere syndrome types were spleen deficiency and phlegm dampness syndrome,wind phlegm syndrome,gallbladder depression and phlegm disturbance syndrome,hyperactivity of liver yang syndrome,phlegm and blood stasis syndrome.The efficacy of drug frequency≥25 were summarized as follows,antiasthmatic drugs for relieving phlegm and relieving cough,diuresis-removing dampness,Tonic drugs,etc.High frequency meridian of drugs are:lung,liver,spleen,etc.High frequency drug properties are:temperature,cold,flat etc.High frequency drug taste:bitter,sweet,pungent,etc.Core drugs:Pinellia,Atractylodes,Poria,Gastrodia,etc.The main prescriptions werealisma soup,Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction,Zhengan Xifeng Decoction and Xiaochaihu Decoction.Conclusion:In this study,data mining was used to sort out the treatment of Meniere's disease by traditional Chinese medicine.It was found that the treatment of Meniere's disease was mainly to calm the liver and strengthen the spleen,supplemented by regulating qi and activating blood,clearing heat and opening orifices,tonifying deficiency and tranquilizing mind.

Design and Implementation of Book Recommendation Management System Based on Improved Apriori Algorithm

The traditional Apriori applied in books management system causes slow system operation due to frequent scanning of database and excessive quantity of candidate item-sets, so an information recommendation book management system based on improved Apriori data mining algorithm is designed, in which the C/S (client/server) architecture and B/S (browser/server) architecture are integrated, so as to open the book information to library staff and borrowers. The related information data of the borrowers and books can be extracted from books lending database by the data preprocessing sub-module in the system function module. After the data is cleaned, converted and integrated, the association rule mining sub-module is used to mine the strong association rules with support degree greater than minimum support degree threshold and confidence coefficient greater than minimum confidence coefficient threshold according to the processed data and by means of the improved Apriori data mining algorithm to generate association rule database. The association matching is performed by the personalized recommendation sub-module according to the borrower and his selected books in the association rule database. The book information associated with the books read by borrower is recommended to him to realize personalized recommendation of the book information. The experimental results show that the system can effectively recommend book related information, and its CPU occupation rate is only 6.47% under the condition that 50 clients are running it at the same time. Anyway, it has good performance.

Causality Is Logically Definable—Toward an Equilibrium-Based Computing Paradigm of Quantum Agent and Quantum Intelligence (QAQI) (Survey and Research)

A survey on agents, causality and intelligence is presented and an equilibrium-based computing paradigm of quantum agents and quantum intelligence (QAQI) is proposed. In the survey, Aristotle’s causality principle and its historical extensions by David Hume, Bertrand Russell, Lotfi Zadeh, Donald Rubin, Judea Pearl, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, David Bohm, and the causal set initiative are reviewed;bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) is introduced as a causal logic for bipolar inductive and deductive reasoning;bipolar quantum linear algebra (BQLA) is introdused as a causal algebra for quantum agent interaction and formation. Despite the widely held view that causality is undefinable with regularity, it is shown that equilibrium-based bipolar causality is logically definable using BDL and BQLA for causal inference in physical, social, biological, mental, and philosophical terms. This finding leads to the paradigm of QAQI where agents are modeled as quantum enssembles;intelligence is revealed as quantum intelligence. It is shown that the enssemble formation, mutation and interaction of agents can be described as direct or indirect results of quantum causality. Some fundamental laws of causation are presented for quantum agent entanglement and quantum intelligence. Applicability is illustrated;major challenges are identified in equilibriumbased causal inference and quantum data mining.

数据要素市场化配置的法治推进——兼论《数据二十条》相关条款设计

数据要素市场化配置的程度与水平决定了充分释放数据要素动能的程度,对加快数据产业链、价值链重构与转型升级意义重大。数据要素市场化配置的前提是明确数据产权归属,基础是构建统一开放的数据要素市场,发展是健全高效的定价机制,底线是保障数据要素安全发展。我国虽已明确了数据这一新型生产要素的重要地位,但相关法律尚未明确数据的产权归属,全国统一的数据要素市场尚未建立,数据要素定价机制尚未明确,数据要素市场交易与监管的边界也尚未清晰,所有这些阻碍了数据要素市场化配置的充分实现。故需立足数据要素市场的特征与现实,以数据产权结构性分置制度促进数据动态权属流动,构建统一开放的数据要素交易市场机制,同时厘清数据监管边界,保障数据要素市场安全发展,实现数据要素高水平、高质量、高效率的市场化配置。

以高水平法治促进新质生产力发展

新质生产力以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志,特点是创新,关键在质优,本质是先进生产力。数据与算法、算力作为质优的创新型要素,优化其配置成为提高全要素生产率的关键一环。在优化要素配置过程中,数据流通、算法开发与算力协同都离不开法治的支撑,同时,整体营商环境的持续优化也需要法治的保障。从实践出发,良法善治在消除和打通新质生产力发展的堵点痛点方面能发挥积极作用,以促进新型生产关系适配新质生产力发展。为此,需在法治框架下健全数据基础制度,推动数据要素有序开放流通,完善人工智能算法治理体系和算力协同机制,持续优化营商环境,为新质生产力发展提供质优生态。

国家金融安全视域下金融科技的风险应对与法治保障

在数字化时代,科技深度赋能金融服务的同时,也易引发国家金融安全风险,包括与传统金融活动结合、构建新型金融网络系统及新兴科技直接应用等场景。金融科技引发国家安全风险的生成机理在于,随着金融体系的中介类型增多、金融风险传导渠道增加,新金融网络体系会产生基于“关联”的风险。金融科技“破坏性创新”的特征,会从金融监管立法与实施两个方面冲击传统金融监管框架,从而加剧监管失灵。国家金融安全的法治保障亟须理论层面的反思与重构,进而形成金融科技的“动态协同”治理模式,从外层金融网络与基础设施安全、中层金融科技创新活动和内层金融服务行为三个层面,构建多层次的金融科技法治保障体系。

大数据时代隐私权的刑法保护模式重构

大数据促进了生活的便捷,带动了新兴行业的高速发展,但超出合理边界的数据滥用行为,也对公民的隐私安全带来了现实威胁。伴随大数据时代的纵深发展,个人隐私的保护从传统个人本位向社会本位发生转变,隐私权的法益内涵在大数据时代应当进行重新审视。随着信息保护的日渐重视,隐私权的价值应与个人信息权一样受到同等重视,刑法应当为大数据时代隐私权的保护开辟新路径,采取直接保护与间接保护并行的双轨制保护模式,重构个人信息的刑法定义,引入“弱可识别性+隐私性”标准,同时继续加强针对隐私权犯罪的积极预防,通过刑法调整来应对当前公民隐私权被侵害的现实。

中国数字法学研究的奠基与深拓(2018-2023)

从研究热度、人员规模以及成果产出看,数字法学已成为当前我国法学研究的热点,并从基本范畴、基础理论、司法实践、学科建设等方面,促进了现代法学的全方位革新。理论上,数字法学从法理学和部门法两方面,提出和构建了法学新问题、新理念、新价值和新方法;实践中,数字法学秉持新文科建设要求,高度重视数字技术在法的运行全过程中的运用,努力构建新兴交叉学科。当下,我国数字法学研究具有理论的横断性、内容的创新性、方法的交叉性和视域的国际性等特征,但也存在两方面的不足:因忽视法学基础理论与范畴而招致“制造学术泡沫”批判,交叉研究有待深入融合各学科话语体系。当下的数字法学研究呈现出明显的“三阶段”特征,为助力数字法学研究实现阶段跃升,应继续重视法学基础问题研究,以实现科学创新,从实践立场发掘数字法学的新问题与新对策,以及兼顾数字法学研究的立法立场和司法立场。

个人信息出境的国内法规制路径及体系化完善

数字化个人信息的大规模跨境传输使得个人权益、公共利益和国家安全利益受损的风险加剧,国际社会尚未达成统一法律规范予以应对。为维护国家数据主权、促进数据产业发展与保障个人信息安全,各国选择以国内法规制的方式对个人信息出境予以监管,具体表现为国家专门立法、联盟统一立法与国家分散立法。我国通过专门立法规制个人信息出境,形成了“硬性”与“软性”两轨监管机制,但存在分轨监管内容交叉、公私共治监管尚未形成的问题,阻碍个人信息的安全出境。在统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治的背景下,我国应以系统观念加强个人信息出境监管建设,从主体上发挥公私体系的协同性,从规范上强化攻防体系的均衡性,从空间上增进内外体系的互动性,为促成个人信息跨境规制的多边共识贡献中国智慧。

基于数据挖掘探讨国医大师韦贵康治疗腰椎间盘突出症的用药规律

目的:基于数据挖掘对国医大师韦贵康治疗腰椎间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)的用药规律进行归纳、总结与探讨。方法:收集从2017年1月9日至2020年1月9日在广西中医药大学附属瑞康医院就诊于韦贵康教授门诊而且具有确切临床疗效的316例LDH患者的首诊处方,建立处方数据库。采用SPSS 20.0软件对处方中出现的药物进行频次统计分析;用SPSS Modeler 14.1软件对处方中出现的高频药物进行关联规则分析。结果:韦贵康教授治疗LDH频数较高的前15味中药为三七、甘草、两面针、白芍、丹参、细辛、龙骨、降香、千斤拔、茯苓、熟地黄、山萸肉、牡丹皮、泽泻、山药;并且挖掘出46组核心药物组合,支持度均大于50%,且置信度为100%,衍化得出2个核心处方:六味地黄汤和痛安汤加味。结论:国医大师韦贵康治疗LDH的临证用药主要以活血化瘀药为主,其中活血、补肾、扶正药物使用频次最多,体现了韦贵康教授诊疗LDH的整体观和“补肾通督,化瘀扶正”的学术思想。

论刑法中的数据:概念、文本与实践

数字、数据和信息是信息社会的基本概念。在刑法中,数据的定义和范畴决定着刑法对数据保护的范围与力度。在传统意义上,数据与数字紧密相连,但计算机语言的出现使数据部分脱离数字;大量信息以数据方式呈现,但信息只是数据的表现形式之一,数据还包括功能性的程序指令。刑法文本中有显性数据和隐性数据,隐性数据易于被忽视。在司法实践中出现了裁判者泛化数据概念、忽视数据价值、抹杀数据属性差异和同化数据信息等不合理现象。应当在刑法中明确数据概念的基础上,以数据的价值评价侵害数据行为的社会危害性,基于数据的国家秘密、财产、知识产权等属性认定侵害数据行为的性质,明确信息在部分罪名中的独立性,实现刑法对数据权益的保护和对侵害数据行为的打击。

为形成新型生产关系提供数据法治保障

随着大数据、人工智能等数字技术的飞速发展与广泛应用,数据已成为推动经济社会发展的重要驱动力。数据不仅成为一种新型生产要素,而且还引发传统生产模式和生产主体关系发生变革,因此,必须形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。在此背景下,形成新型生产关系需要遵循数据法治逻辑,建立明晰的数据产权制度、合理的数据流通制度和公正的数据权益分配制度。为此,有必要制定综合性的数据法律规范、建立跨部门协同的数据治理机制、推动数据技术的负责任创新和构建数字化的权利救济机制。

电子数据收集应当被纳入本次《刑事诉讼法》修改

《刑事诉讼法》修改引起了社会广泛关注,但是电子数据收集纳入本次《刑事诉讼法》修改尚未获得足够重视,这与电子数据收集在刑事诉讼中日益重要的客观趋势不相符合。将电子数据收集纳入《刑事诉讼法》的必要性基于以下三个事实:一是电子数据收集在侦查实践中越来越被依赖;二是将电子数据收集手段纳入《刑事诉讼法》进行规制已在全球范围内形成共识;三是我国当前相关立法存在严重不足。当前理论和实践的阶段性成果为将电子数据收集纳入《刑事诉讼法》奠定了可行性基础。理论界对电子数据证据属性、电子数据取证程序构建及个人信息保护等议题已做出大量贡献,为电子数据收集的法治化提供了坚实的理论支持。同时,我国在电子数据收集立法上已积累了丰富经验,相关的技术标准和真实性审查规则已日趋完善。因此,在《刑事诉讼法》修改中纳入电子数据收集的内容,是顺应信息化发展趋势的必然选择,对于平衡追诉犯罪和保护公民权利之间的关系,促进刑事诉讼的公正和效率,具有重大的理论和实践意义。

论世界模型的隐私机制及其法律规制

所谓世界模型,是指能够对物理世界和人类社会进行模拟和理解的人工智能技术图景。Sora、V-JEPA和Genie等新兴人工智能技术,皆以世界模型作为它们的技术原理和发展方向。本文试图从世界模型的整体发展趋势出发,研究其技术机制将如何影响人类社会的隐私机制,进而探讨隐私权以及相关法律制度可能给予的回应。目前人工智能领域存在两种主流世界模型路径,可分别把它们概括为“模拟式世界模型”和“理解式世界模型”。进而指出,世界模型的技术机制可以类比理解为人类社会的四种隐私机制,即:对世界现象的还原,对因果关系的探究,对世界现象的虚构,对社会人格的伪装。并预测随着世界模型的技术发展以及相应社会变迁,现有隐私权制度将进一步被弱化,而个人信息法和数据法将承担起更主要的隐私法律规制功能。因此提出以下建议:国家应该加强对个人信息的行政规制,即在公法层面细化个人信息的类型和行为规范;针对世界模型应用的具体场景和媒介,立法者和监管者应当提供差异化的行为规范和主体责任模式;法律应该针对世界模型隐私问题建立“多方参与治理模式”,鼓励所有社会主体积极参与技术和法律的互动过程。

美国数据泄露通知制度研究

为应对日益频繁的数据泄露事件,具有及时止损功能的数据泄露通知制度逐渐受到各法治国家的重视。美国是世界上最早确立数据泄露通知制度的国家,截至2018年,其50个州均颁布了数据泄露通知法,内容涉及触发条件、通知流程、处罚机制等诸多方面。通过对美国各州立法的考察,可以为我国的数据泄露通知制度立法提供借鉴。在立法模式层面,国家应出台详尽的数据泄露通知规范;在立法理念层面,应在保护消费者权益的同时兼顾数据处理者的利益;在立法技术层面,应当从触发条件、通知流程、处罚机制等方面制定系统完善的数据泄露通知规则。

公共数据开放的逻辑意蕴:现状考察、问题检视与法治进路

[目的/意义]数字法治政府是与数字中国、数字社会相适应的政府治理新样态。数据要素已成为数字时代经济高质量发展的重要驱动力,而公共数据开放则是数字法治政府建设的重要议题。[方法/过程]文章选取中央及浙江、山东、贵州、广东、四川、福建、广西、海南、江西、江苏10个省份的法规政策和技术标准作为研究样本,对当前我国公共数据开放法规政策体系进行考察,并在此基础上检视数据开放中存在的问题。[结果/结论]研究发现,我国公共数据开放存在内涵边界存在不确定性、法规政策体系存在缺口、行政法治制度供给欠缺、公民数据权利保障机制尚未成熟等问题。为此,应明确公共数据概念界定和权属性质、完善公共数据开放法规政策体系、建构公共数据开放行政法治秩序、健全公民数据权利保障体制机制,进而将公共数据开放融入法治轨道之中。

数据法益的阶层式还原路径与刑法适用

在既有刑事立法框架下,建构完整的数据法益保护体系首先需要将抽象的数据法益进行还原。耦合式法益还原路径以主体为导向进行数据法益的分配,容易使刑法陷入数据确权的难题之中,且无法回答数据法益与信息法益保护之间的关系。应以阶层式路径还原刑法中的数据法益,即数据载体法益、数据本体法益、信息法益。刑法对数据本体法益的保护实乃对信息法益的预防性保护,当行为人采取侵入性手段获取本就应当被公开的数据时,不必然构成非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪。刑法应当严密信息法益犯罪的法网,适当扩大针对信息法益犯罪罪名的适用。

近二十年(2004—2023)我国档案开放研究动态及发展趋势

采用Citespace对我国近二十年(2004-2023)有关档案开放研究的核心期刊文献进行分析,从研究时间和研究力量的分布描绘我国档案开放研究的整体概况,从时代变迁、交叉领域和权利议题的角度透视我国档案开放研究的热点话题,并从关键词突现把握我国档案开放研究的发展趋势,以期为档案开放理论研究和工作实践提供参考。