Annual precipitation,evaporation,and calculated accumulation from reanalysis model outputs have been investigated for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS),based on the common period of 1989-2001.The ERA-40 and ERA-interim...Annual precipitation,evaporation,and calculated accumulation from reanalysis model outputs have been investigated for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS),based on the common period of 1989-2001.The ERA-40 and ERA-interim reanalysis data showed better agreement with observations than do NCEP-1 and NCEP-2 reanalyses.Further,ERA-interim showed the closest spatial distribution of accumulation to the observation.Concerning temporal variations,ERA-interim showed the best correlation with precipitation observations at five synoptic stations,and the best correlation with in situ measurements of accumulation at nine ice core sites.The mean annual precipitation averaged over the whole GrIS from ERA-interim (363 mm yr 1) and mean annual accumulation (319 mm yr 1) are very close to the observations.The validation of accumulation calculated from reanalysis data against ice-core measurements suggests that further improvements to reanalysis models are needed.展开更多
材料安全数据表(Material Safety Data Sheets,MSDS)是用来阐明化学品的理化特性以及对使用者的健康可能产生的危害的一份文件,提供了有关化学品的基础知识、防护措施和应急行动等重要信息。由于市场国际化的需要,MS-DS制度在企业界已...材料安全数据表(Material Safety Data Sheets,MSDS)是用来阐明化学品的理化特性以及对使用者的健康可能产生的危害的一份文件,提供了有关化学品的基础知识、防护措施和应急行动等重要信息。由于市场国际化的需要,MS-DS制度在企业界已经得到广泛认同,但高校化学实验室对MSDS制度存在明显的冷漠和后知后觉。因而从高校实验室管理中面临的新挑战出发,讨论了实验室化学品事故与MSDS管理体制缺失的关系,提出了以MSDS为基础,建立相应的实验室危险化学品管理和安全教育的体系和方法。高校化学实验室MSDS制度的建立,将会有效地减少实验室事故的发生。展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB421400)the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40821092)
文摘Annual precipitation,evaporation,and calculated accumulation from reanalysis model outputs have been investigated for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS),based on the common period of 1989-2001.The ERA-40 and ERA-interim reanalysis data showed better agreement with observations than do NCEP-1 and NCEP-2 reanalyses.Further,ERA-interim showed the closest spatial distribution of accumulation to the observation.Concerning temporal variations,ERA-interim showed the best correlation with precipitation observations at five synoptic stations,and the best correlation with in situ measurements of accumulation at nine ice core sites.The mean annual precipitation averaged over the whole GrIS from ERA-interim (363 mm yr 1) and mean annual accumulation (319 mm yr 1) are very close to the observations.The validation of accumulation calculated from reanalysis data against ice-core measurements suggests that further improvements to reanalysis models are needed.
文摘材料安全数据表(Material Safety Data Sheets,MSDS)是用来阐明化学品的理化特性以及对使用者的健康可能产生的危害的一份文件,提供了有关化学品的基础知识、防护措施和应急行动等重要信息。由于市场国际化的需要,MS-DS制度在企业界已经得到广泛认同,但高校化学实验室对MSDS制度存在明显的冷漠和后知后觉。因而从高校实验室管理中面临的新挑战出发,讨论了实验室化学品事故与MSDS管理体制缺失的关系,提出了以MSDS为基础,建立相应的实验室危险化学品管理和安全教育的体系和方法。高校化学实验室MSDS制度的建立,将会有效地减少实验室事故的发生。