The database research method is a method that analyses, generalizes and deduces from the data of subject investigated with database techniques, quantitative statistics and mathematical models. As the big data age come...The database research method is a method that analyses, generalizes and deduces from the data of subject investigated with database techniques, quantitative statistics and mathematical models. As the big data age comes with the data explosion in modem society, the International Chinese Language Teaching （ICLT） shows signs of sizable data accumulation, remarkable economic property, strong modeling requirements and notable cross-research trends, which thus make this method necessary as a new and independent research method in the researches on this area. Theory bases, applicative areas, available software and data resources, research program designs, as well as their advantages and disadvantages will be figured out in this paper. In the near future, it will bring about a revolution to the international Chinese language teaching.展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152-3940] has been included and stored by five famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA,EBSCO and CNKI. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society establis...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152-3940] has been included and stored by five famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA,EBSCO and CNKI. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive source for chemical information. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International(CABI) is a not-for-profit international展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN： 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by six famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI.
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research E ISSN; 2152 -39401 has been included and stored by the following famous databases; CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, a...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research E ISSN; 2152 -39401 has been included and stored by the following famous databases; CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI, as well as Library of Congress, United States.展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 - 3940] has been included and stored by four fa-mous databases: CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 -3940]has been included and stored by four fa-mous databases: CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established i...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 -3940]has been included and stored by four fa-mous databases: CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN ： 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by six famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI.
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN ：2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by the follow- ing famous databases; CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Databas...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN ：2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by the follow- ing famous databases; CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI, as well as Library of Congress, United States.展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research[ISSN:2152-3940] has been included and stored by four famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 19...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research[ISSN:2152-3940] has been included and stored by four famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN; 2152 -3940 ] has been included by CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and China Academic Journals Full-text Datab...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN; 2152 -3940 ] has been included by CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and China Academic Journals Full-text Database.展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN. 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by the follow- ing famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN. 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by the follow- ing famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI, as well as Library of Congress, United States.展开更多
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152 3940] has been included and stored by four famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI. CAS is a division of
The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152-3940]has been included and stored by the following famous databases:UPD,CAS,CABI,CSA,EBSCO,Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database,and CNK...The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152-3940]has been included and stored by the following famous databases:UPD,CAS,CABI,CSA,EBSCO,Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database,and CNKI,as well as Library of Congress,United States.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive展开更多
Until now,Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 - 3940] has been included by CAS and CABI from 2010.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative ...Until now,Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 - 3940] has been included by CAS and CABI from 2010.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive展开更多
Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 -3940]has been included by CAS and CABI since 2010. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and compre...Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 -3940]has been included by CAS and CABI since 2010. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive展开更多
Until now, Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152-3940] has been included by CAS and CABI from 2010. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907, and is the most authoritative ...Until now, Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152-3940] has been included by CAS and CABI from 2010. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907, and is the most authoritative and comprehensive source for chemical information. It is praised as the key of world literature treasury of Chemistry and Chemical. CAS monitors, indexes, and abstracts the world’s chemistry-related literature and patents, updates this information daily, and makes it accessible through state-of-the-art information services. CAS databases provide millions of journal article references from more than 10,000 major scientific journals worldwide, patent and patent family references from 61 patent authorities around the world, and other reputable web sources. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International(CABI)is a not-for-profit international agricultural information institute with headquarters in Britain. It aims to improve people’s lives by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),while insulin is a potent mitogen.Identifying a new therapeutic modality for preventing insulin users from develop...BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),while insulin is a potent mitogen.Identifying a new therapeutic modality for preventing insulin users from developing HCC is a critical goal for researchers.AIM To investigate whether regular herbal medicine use can decrease HCC risk in DM patients with regular insulin control.METHODS We used data acquired from the Taiwan,Chinaese National Health Insurance research database between 2000 and 2017.We identified patients with DM who were prescribed insulin for>3 months.The herb user group was further defined as patients prescribed herbal medication for DM for>3 months per annum during RESULTS We initially enrolled 657144 DM patients with regular insulin use from 2000 to 2017.Among these,46849 patients had used a herbal treatment for DM,and 140547 patients were included as the matched control group.The baseline variables were similar between the herb users and nonusers.DM patients with regular herb use had a 12%decreased risk of HCC compared with the control group[adjusted hazard ratio(aHR)=0.88,95%CI=0.80–0.97].The cumulative incidence of HCC in the herb users was significantly lower than that of the nonusers.Patients with a herb use of>5 years cumulatively exhibited a protective effect against development of HCC(aHR=0.82,P<0.05).Of patients who developed HCC,herb users exhibited a longer survival time than nonusers(aHR=0.78,P=0.0001).Additionally,we report the top 10 herbs and formulas in prescriptions and summarize the potential pharmacological effects of the constituents.Our analysis indicated that Astragalus propinquus(Huang Qi)plus Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Dan Shen),and Astragalus propinquus(Huang Qi)plus Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.(Tian Hua Fen)were the most frequent combination of single herbs.Meanwhile,Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan plus Dan Shen was the most frequent combination of herbs and formulas.CONCLUSION This large-scale retrospective cohort study reveals that herbal medicine may decrease HCC risk by 12%in DM patients with regular insulin use.展开更多
Meteorological and Enviranmental Research （ISSN 2152-3940）is a comprehensive ,meteerological and environmental scientific journal founded by Wu Chu（USA-China）Science＆Culture Media Co.In January,2010,in Rhode Isla...Meteorological and Enviranmental Research （ISSN 2152-3940）is a comprehensive ,meteerological and environmental scientific journal founded by Wu Chu（USA-China）Science＆Culture Media Co.In January,2010,in Rhode Island,USA.展开更多
BACKGROUND:It is controversial whether prophylactic endotracheal intubation(PEI)protects the airway before endoscopy in critically ill patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB).The study aimed to explore the...BACKGROUND:It is controversial whether prophylactic endotracheal intubation(PEI)protects the airway before endoscopy in critically ill patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB).The study aimed to explore the predictive value of PEI for cardiopulmonary outcomes and identify high-risk patients with UGIB undergoing endoscopy.METHODS:Patients undergoing endoscopy for UGIB were retrospectively enrolled in the eICU Collaborative Research Database(eICU-CRD).The composite cardiopulmonary outcomes included aspiration,pneumonia,pulmonary edema,shock or hypotension,cardiac arrest,myocardial infarction,and arrhythmia.The incidence of cardiopulmonary outcomes within 48 h after endoscopy was compared between the PEI and non-PEI groups.Logistic regression analyses and propensity score matching analyses were performed to estimate effects of PEI on cardiopulmonary outcomes.Moreover,restricted cubic spline plots were used to assess for any threshold effects in the association between baseline variables and risk of cardiopulmonary outcomes(yes/no)in the PEI group.RESULTS:A total of 946 patients were divided into the PEI group(108/946,11.4%)and the non-PEI group(838/946,88.6%).After propensity score matching,the PEI group(n=50)had a higher incidence of cardiopulmonary outcomes(58.0%vs.30.3%,P=0.001).PEI was a risk factor for cardiopulmonary outcomes after adjusting for confounders(odds ratio[OR]3.176,95%confidence interval[95%CI]1.567-6.438,P=0.001).The subgroup analysis indicated the similar results.A shock index>0.77 was a predictor for cardiopulmonary outcomes in patients undergoing PEI(P=0.015).The probability of cardiopulmonary outcomes in the PEI group depended on the Charlson Comorbidity Index(OR 1.465,95%CI 1.079-1.989,P=0.014)and shock index>0.77(compared with shock index≤0.77[OR 2.981,95%CI 1.186-7.492,P=0.020,AUC=0.764]).CONCLUSION:PEI may be associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes in elderly and critically ill patients with UGIB undergoing endoscopy.Furthermore,a shock index greater than 0.77 could be used as a predictor of a worse prognosis in patients undergoing PEI.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is among the top five most common cancers globally. Lipid-lowering drugs such as statins can lower the risk of liver cancer, but may also cause liver damage. LipoCol Forte capsules(LFC), a red ...BACKGROUND Liver cancer is among the top five most common cancers globally. Lipid-lowering drugs such as statins can lower the risk of liver cancer, but may also cause liver damage. LipoCol Forte capsules(LFC), a red yeast rice product, have demonstrated significant antihypercholesterolemic effects and a good safety profile in clinical studies.AIM To evaluate whether LFC lowers the risk of liver cancer in adults in this propensity score-matched, nationwide, population-based cohort study.METHODS We used data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, which includes electronic medical records for up to 99.99% of Taiwan’s population. LFC users and LFC non-users were matched 1:1 by propensity scores between January 2010 and December 2017. All had followup data for at least 1 year. Statistical analyses compared demographic distributions including sex, age, comorbidities, and prescribed medications. Cox regression analyses estimated adjusted hazard ratios(aHRs) after adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS We enrolled 33231 LFC users and 33231 non-LFC users(controls). No significant differences between the study cohorts were identified regarding comorbidities and medications [standardized mean difference(SMD) < 0.05]. At follow-up, the overall incidence of liver cancer was significantly lower in the LFC cohort compared with controls [aHR 0.91;95% confidence interval(CI): 0.86-0.95;P < 0.001]. The risk of liver cancer was significantly reduced in both females(aHR 0.87;95%CI: 0.8-0.94;P < 0.001) and males(aHR 0.93;95%CI: 0.87-0.98;P < 0.01) in the LFC cohort compared with their counterparts in the non-LFC cohort. The antitumor protective effects applied to patients with comorbidities(including hypertension, ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C infection). Those using LFC for more than 84 drug days had a 0.64-fold lower risk of liver cancer compared with controls(P < 0.001). Compared with controls, the risk of developing liver cancer in the LFC cohort progressively decreased over time;the lowest incidence of liver cancer occurred in LFC users followed-up for more than 6 years(27.44 vs 31.49 per 1,000 person-years;aHR 0.75;95%CI: 0.68-0.82;P < 0.001).CONCLUSION This retrospective cohort study indicates that LFC has a significantly protective effect on lowering the risk of liver cancer, in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner.展开更多
文摘The database research method is a method that analyses, generalizes and deduces from the data of subject investigated with database techniques, quantitative statistics and mathematical models. As the big data age comes with the data explosion in modem society, the International Chinese Language Teaching （ICLT） shows signs of sizable data accumulation, remarkable economic property, strong modeling requirements and notable cross-research trends, which thus make this method necessary as a new and independent research method in the researches on this area. Theory bases, applicative areas, available software and data resources, research program designs, as well as their advantages and disadvantages will be figured out in this paper. In the near future, it will bring about a revolution to the international Chinese language teaching.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152-3940] has been included and stored by five famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA,EBSCO and CNKI. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive source for chemical information. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International(CABI) is a not-for-profit international
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN： 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by six famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research E ISSN; 2152 -39401 has been included and stored by the following famous databases; CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI, as well as Library of Congress, United States.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 - 3940] has been included and stored by four fa-mous databases: CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 -3940]has been included and stored by four fa-mous databases: CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN ： 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by six famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN ：2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by the follow- ing famous databases; CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI, as well as Library of Congress, United States.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research[ISSN:2152-3940] has been included and stored by four famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN; 2152 -3940 ] has been included by CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and China Academic Journals Full-text Database.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ ISSN. 2152 -3940 ] has been included and stored by the follow- ing famous databases. CAS, CABI, CSA, EBSCO, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, and CNKI, as well as Library of Congress, United States.
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152 3940] has been included and stored by four famous databases:CAS,CABI,CSA and CNKI. CAS is a division of
文摘The journal of Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152-3940]has been included and stored by the following famous databases:UPD,CAS,CABI,CSA,EBSCO,Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database,and CNKI,as well as Library of Congress,United States.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive
文摘Until now,Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 - 3940] has been included by CAS and CABI from 2010.CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive
文摘Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN: 2152 -3940]has been included by CAS and CABI since 2010. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907,and is the most authoritative and comprehensive
文摘Until now, Meteorological and Environmental Research [ISSN:2152-3940] has been included by CAS and CABI from 2010. CAS is a division of the American Chemical Society established in 1907, and is the most authoritative and comprehensive source for chemical information. It is praised as the key of world literature treasury of Chemistry and Chemical. CAS monitors, indexes, and abstracts the world’s chemistry-related literature and patents, updates this information daily, and makes it accessible through state-of-the-art information services. CAS databases provide millions of journal article references from more than 10,000 major scientific journals worldwide, patent and patent family references from 61 patent authorities around the world, and other reputable web sources. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International(CABI)is a not-for-profit international agricultural information institute with headquarters in Britain. It aims to improve people’s lives by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment.
基金the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan,China,No.NSC112-2320-B-039-045-China Medical University Hospital,No.DMR-111-013,No.DMR-111-195,No.DMR-112-004 and No.DMR-112-177Department of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy and Ministry of Health and Welfare,No.MOHW-112-CMC-03.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),while insulin is a potent mitogen.Identifying a new therapeutic modality for preventing insulin users from developing HCC is a critical goal for researchers.AIM To investigate whether regular herbal medicine use can decrease HCC risk in DM patients with regular insulin control.METHODS We used data acquired from the Taiwan,Chinaese National Health Insurance research database between 2000 and 2017.We identified patients with DM who were prescribed insulin for>3 months.The herb user group was further defined as patients prescribed herbal medication for DM for>3 months per annum during RESULTS We initially enrolled 657144 DM patients with regular insulin use from 2000 to 2017.Among these,46849 patients had used a herbal treatment for DM,and 140547 patients were included as the matched control group.The baseline variables were similar between the herb users and nonusers.DM patients with regular herb use had a 12%decreased risk of HCC compared with the control group[adjusted hazard ratio(aHR)=0.88,95%CI=0.80–0.97].The cumulative incidence of HCC in the herb users was significantly lower than that of the nonusers.Patients with a herb use of>5 years cumulatively exhibited a protective effect against development of HCC(aHR=0.82,P<0.05).Of patients who developed HCC,herb users exhibited a longer survival time than nonusers(aHR=0.78,P=0.0001).Additionally,we report the top 10 herbs and formulas in prescriptions and summarize the potential pharmacological effects of the constituents.Our analysis indicated that Astragalus propinquus(Huang Qi)plus Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Dan Shen),and Astragalus propinquus(Huang Qi)plus Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.(Tian Hua Fen)were the most frequent combination of single herbs.Meanwhile,Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan plus Dan Shen was the most frequent combination of herbs and formulas.CONCLUSION This large-scale retrospective cohort study reveals that herbal medicine may decrease HCC risk by 12%in DM patients with regular insulin use.
文摘Meteorological and Enviranmental Research （ISSN 2152-3940）is a comprehensive ,meteerological and environmental scientific journal founded by Wu Chu（USA-China）Science＆Culture Media Co.In January,2010,in Rhode Island,USA.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2020AAA0109605)the National Natural Science Grant of China(82072225,82272246)+2 种基金High-level Hospital Construction Project of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital(DFJHBF202104)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202206010044)Leading Medical Talents in Guangdong Province of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital(KJ012019425)。
文摘BACKGROUND:It is controversial whether prophylactic endotracheal intubation(PEI)protects the airway before endoscopy in critically ill patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB).The study aimed to explore the predictive value of PEI for cardiopulmonary outcomes and identify high-risk patients with UGIB undergoing endoscopy.METHODS:Patients undergoing endoscopy for UGIB were retrospectively enrolled in the eICU Collaborative Research Database(eICU-CRD).The composite cardiopulmonary outcomes included aspiration,pneumonia,pulmonary edema,shock or hypotension,cardiac arrest,myocardial infarction,and arrhythmia.The incidence of cardiopulmonary outcomes within 48 h after endoscopy was compared between the PEI and non-PEI groups.Logistic regression analyses and propensity score matching analyses were performed to estimate effects of PEI on cardiopulmonary outcomes.Moreover,restricted cubic spline plots were used to assess for any threshold effects in the association between baseline variables and risk of cardiopulmonary outcomes(yes/no)in the PEI group.RESULTS:A total of 946 patients were divided into the PEI group(108/946,11.4%)and the non-PEI group(838/946,88.6%).After propensity score matching,the PEI group(n=50)had a higher incidence of cardiopulmonary outcomes(58.0%vs.30.3%,P=0.001).PEI was a risk factor for cardiopulmonary outcomes after adjusting for confounders(odds ratio[OR]3.176,95%confidence interval[95%CI]1.567-6.438,P=0.001).The subgroup analysis indicated the similar results.A shock index>0.77 was a predictor for cardiopulmonary outcomes in patients undergoing PEI(P=0.015).The probability of cardiopulmonary outcomes in the PEI group depended on the Charlson Comorbidity Index(OR 1.465,95%CI 1.079-1.989,P=0.014)and shock index>0.77(compared with shock index≤0.77[OR 2.981,95%CI 1.186-7.492,P=0.020,AUC=0.764]).CONCLUSION:PEI may be associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes in elderly and critically ill patients with UGIB undergoing endoscopy.Furthermore,a shock index greater than 0.77 could be used as a predictor of a worse prognosis in patients undergoing PEI.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan,No. NSTC111-2320-B-039-025China Medical University Hospital,No. DMR-111-013 and No. DMR-111-195
文摘BACKGROUND Liver cancer is among the top five most common cancers globally. Lipid-lowering drugs such as statins can lower the risk of liver cancer, but may also cause liver damage. LipoCol Forte capsules(LFC), a red yeast rice product, have demonstrated significant antihypercholesterolemic effects and a good safety profile in clinical studies.AIM To evaluate whether LFC lowers the risk of liver cancer in adults in this propensity score-matched, nationwide, population-based cohort study.METHODS We used data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, which includes electronic medical records for up to 99.99% of Taiwan’s population. LFC users and LFC non-users were matched 1:1 by propensity scores between January 2010 and December 2017. All had followup data for at least 1 year. Statistical analyses compared demographic distributions including sex, age, comorbidities, and prescribed medications. Cox regression analyses estimated adjusted hazard ratios(aHRs) after adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS We enrolled 33231 LFC users and 33231 non-LFC users(controls). No significant differences between the study cohorts were identified regarding comorbidities and medications [standardized mean difference(SMD) < 0.05]. At follow-up, the overall incidence of liver cancer was significantly lower in the LFC cohort compared with controls [aHR 0.91;95% confidence interval(CI): 0.86-0.95;P < 0.001]. The risk of liver cancer was significantly reduced in both females(aHR 0.87;95%CI: 0.8-0.94;P < 0.001) and males(aHR 0.93;95%CI: 0.87-0.98;P < 0.01) in the LFC cohort compared with their counterparts in the non-LFC cohort. The antitumor protective effects applied to patients with comorbidities(including hypertension, ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C infection). Those using LFC for more than 84 drug days had a 0.64-fold lower risk of liver cancer compared with controls(P < 0.001). Compared with controls, the risk of developing liver cancer in the LFC cohort progressively decreased over time;the lowest incidence of liver cancer occurred in LFC users followed-up for more than 6 years(27.44 vs 31.49 per 1,000 person-years;aHR 0.75;95%CI: 0.68-0.82;P < 0.001).CONCLUSION This retrospective cohort study indicates that LFC has a significantly protective effect on lowering the risk of liver cancer, in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner.
