Moisture content thresholds for ignition and rate of fire spread for various dead fuels in northeast forest ecosystems of China

Fuel moisture content is one of the important factors that determine ignition probability and fire behaviour in forest ecosystems.In this study,ignition and fire spread moisture content thresholds of 40 dead fuel were performed in laboratory experiments,with a focus on the source of ignition and wind speed.Variability in fuel moisture content at time of ignition and during fire spread was observed for different fuels.Matches were more efficient to result in ignition and spread fire with high values of fuel moisture content compared to the use of cigarette butts.Some fuels did not ignite at 15%moisture content,whereas others ignited at 40%moisture content and fire spread at 38%moisture content in the case of matches,or ignited at 27%moisture content and spread fire at 25%moisture content using cigarette butts.A two-way ANOVA showed that both the source of ignition and the wind speed affected ignition and fire spread threshold significantly,but there was no interaction between these factors.The relationship between ignition and fire spread was strong,with R2=98%for cigarette butts,and 92%for matches.Further information is needed,especially on the density of fuels,fuel proportion(case of mixed fuels),fuel age,and fuel combustibility.

Vibration Control of A Flexible Marine Riser System Subject to Input Dead Zone and Extraneous Disturbances

An observer-based adaptive backstepping boundary control is proposed for vibration control of flexible offshore riser systems with unknown nonlinear input dead zone and uncertain environmental disturbances.The control algorithm can update the control law online through real-time data to make the controller adapt to the environment and improve the control precision.Specifically,based on the adaptive backstepping framework,virtual control laws and Lyapunov functions are designed for each subsystem.Three direction interference observers are designed to track the timevarying boundary disturbance.On this basis,the inverse of the dead zone and linear state transformation are used to compensate for the original system and eliminate the adverse effects of the dead zone.In addition,the stability of the closed-loop system is proven by Lyapunov stability theory.All the system states are bounded,and the vibration offset of the riser converges to a small area of the initial position.Finally,four examples of flexible marine risers are simulated in MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

SEI/dead Li-turning capacity loss for high-performance anode-free solid-state lithium batteries

Anode-free solid-state lithium metal batteries(AF-SSLBs)have the potential to deliver higher energy density and improved safety beyond lithium-metal batteries.However,the unclear mechanism for the fast capacity decay in AF-SSLBs,either determined by dead Li or solid electrolyte interface(SEI),limits the proposal of effective strategies to prolong cycling life.To clarify the underlying mechanism,herein,the evolution of SEI and dead Li is quantitatively analyzed by a solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(ss-NMR)technology in a typical LiPF6-based polymer electrolyte.The results show that the initial capacity loss is attributed to the formation of SEI,while the dead Li dominates the following capacity loss and the growth rate is 0.141 mA h cm^(−2)cycle−1.To reduce the active Li loss,the combination of inorganic-rich SEI and self-healing electrostatic shield effect is proposed to improve the reversibility of Li deposition/dissolution behavior,which reduces the capacity loss rate for the initial SEI and following dead Li generation by 2.3 and 20.1 folds,respectively.As a result,the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and stable CE increase by 15.1%and 15.3%in Li-Cu cells,which guides the rational design of high-performance AF-SSLBs.

The “Dead Universe” Theory: Natural Separation of Galaxies Driven by the Remnants of a Supermassive Dead Universe

This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.

Formulating Dead Sea Mud in Cosmetic Products, Its Effects on Skin, and the Underlying Biological Mechanism: A Review

Research Background: The marketing of cosmetic products derived from Dead Sea (DS) mud has undergone significant evolution, transforming from simple souvenirs into a large-scale cosmetic industry offering a diverse array of products. DS mud is utilized both as pure mud for home spa treatments and as an active ingredient in cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations. Its global appeal is largely due to its natural, health-oriented image, which aligns with consumer preferences and provides assurance regarding its use in skincare. Research Objectives: This review examines the published data related to the rationale for formulating DS mud in cosmetics, the biological and cosmetic effects of DS mud on the skin, and the speculated bio-mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods: We screened relevant literature on DS mud collected from the shores of the Dead Sea in Jordan and Israel. Publications on mineral muds excavated in different locations around the globe, as well as studies on the biological mechanisms of other DS minerals, were also reviewed as indications and supportive recommendations. Summarizing the vast collected data into a comprehensive review was undertaken to expose readers to the various aspects of DS mud in cosmetics. Results: The primary reason for formulating DS mud in skincare products is its deep cleansing and skin detoxification properties. Consequently, it is often incorporated into rinse-off masks, soaps, and scrubbing products. Additionally, DS mud is used in leave-on products and sheet masks. Cosmeceutical applications of DS mud, recommended for various skin conditions, offer complementary treatments to improve the quality of life for people with skin diseases. The physicochemical and biological effects of DS mud are driven by its rich mineral ion composition, including magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and strontium—elements known to improve skin barrier function, enhance hydration, and reduce inflammation. The high salt concentration induces moderate ionic osmotic stress, stimulating cellular growth and hydration pathways. Moreover, DS mud’s anti-microbial properties further contribute to its therapeutic potential. Ongoing innovations in formulation techniques continue to expand the applications of DS mud, including blending it with other active ingredients, developing novel application methods, and refining manufacturing processes to improve product quality and efficacy. Conclusions: DS mud remains a valuable ingredient in modern skincare due to its rich mineral content and therapeutic properties. Ongoing research and technological advancements promise further innovations, reinforcing its status as a natural and effective component in the global cosmetics industry.

Dead Reckoning技术在网络游戏中的应用

介绍了基于物理运动学算法的预测技术以及基于Cubic Splines算法的平滑处理技术,并给出了Dead Reckoning在网络游戏中应用的具体算法以及该算法的相应实例。

DEAD box家族蛋白与大肠癌

大肠癌是常见的消化系肿瘤之一,严重威胁着人类健康.DEAD box家族在RNA加工过程中发挥重要作用,能够利用水解ATP产生的能量参与前mRNA剪接、翻译起始、mRNA转运、核蛋白体生成、RNA降解以及线粒体和细胞核内RNA转录后加工等生物学过程.已有研究表明多种RNA螺旋酶在肿瘤中表达失调,部分RNA螺旋酶参与细胞分化、细胞周期、细胞凋亡、癌基因表达和肿瘤耐药基因表达的调控.本文就DEAD box对大肠癌生理、生化影响的研究进展作一简要综述.

恶性疟原虫abstrakt同源基因的克隆及DEAD盒家族蛋白的序列分析(英文)

DEAD盒蛋白家族的ATP依赖性的RNA解旋酶类参与细胞内几乎所有的RNA代谢过程 ,在几乎所有生物的细胞生长发育过程中扮演着众多不可或缺的角色。在本实验中 ,通过PCR和探针杂交相结合的筛选方法 ,筛选恶性疟原虫 (Plasmodiumfalciparum)的基因组文库 ,克隆了FH1F———abstrakt同源基因的完整序列。通过搜索已经完成测序的恶性疟原虫基因组数据库 ,推测FH1F序列定位在第 5条染色体上。FH1F全长2 80 4bp,包含一个 1 1 6 1bp的完整阅读框 ,编码一个由 386个氨基酸组成的蛋白。对FH1F蛋白序列用BlastP进行搜索和分析以及用DNAStar与许多典型的DEAD盒蛋白序列进行比对分析 ,结果均提示FH1F蛋白应该是DEAD盒家族的一个Abstrakt蛋白。另一方面 ,用DNAStar对已知所有完整的DEAD盒蛋白进行详细的序列分析以及用Mega对这些序列进行系统发育研究的结果都显示 :DEAD盒家族的蛋白聚类成为若干不同的亚群 ;与DEAD盒蛋白的一般保守序列相比 ,Abstrakt,eIF 4A ,Vasa ,P6 8等不同亚群的DEAD盒蛋白在保守区具有各自不同的结构特征。本文对不同的DEAD盒蛋白的结构特征进行了总结并试图给出不同亚群分类上的结构标准 。

甲醛固定对Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit死活细菌染液荧光显微计数海洋细菌的影响

利用Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit死活细菌染液对采自湛江东海大堤海水、沉积物细菌和大型海藻拟刚毛藻(Cladophoropsis zollingeri)内生细菌数量进行了甲醛固定处理前后的荧光显微计数对比分析。结果表明,新鲜样品(不加甲醛固定)、甲醛刚固定样品、甲醛固定1周样品和甲醛固定2周样品中海洋细菌数量差异不显著(p>0.05)。甲醛固定对Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit死活细菌染液荧光显微计数海洋细菌数量无显著影响,固定后的样品可在2周内完成计数。

DEAD盒多肽43在肺腺癌组织中的表达

目的探讨DEAD盒多肽43(DDX43)在肺腺癌组织中的表达。方法应用免疫组化、荧光原位杂交技术观察DDX43在正常肺组织、肺泡上皮非典型腺瘤样增生及肺腺癌组织中表达情况,并对其数据进行比较分析。结果正常肺组织、肺泡上皮非典型腺瘤样增生、肺腺癌组织中DDX43蛋白的阳性表达率分别为0.00%、38.71%、88.71%,总体比较差异有统计学意义(χ^2=63.150,P<0.001)。正常肺组织、肺泡上皮非典型腺瘤样增生、肺腺癌组织中DDX43 mRNA的阳性表达率分别为8.06%、38.71%、82.26%,总体比较差异有统计学意义(χ^2=53.124,P<0.001)。肺腺癌组织中DDX43蛋白和mRNA的表达均与其有无淋巴结转移、胸膜侵犯、脉管侵犯有关(蛋白χ^2=3.214,P=0.040;χ^2=14.230,P=0.001;χ^2=10.400,P=0.001;mRNAχ^2=4.590,P=0.030;χ^2=6.223,P=0.008;χ^2=10.400,P=0.001)。结论肺腺癌组织中DDX43高表达,DDX43蛋白、mRNA表达与肺腺癌的发生、发展、浸润、转移有关。

DEAD盒多肽43小干扰RNA对司美替尼抑制人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡作用的影响

目的探讨DEAD盒多肽43(DDX43)小干扰RNA(siRNA)对司美替尼抑制人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡作用的影响。方法培养A549细胞,并分为对照组、司美替尼组和司美替尼+DDX43 siRNA组,运用细胞免疫组化和原位杂交的方法分别检测各组A549细胞中DDX43蛋白和mRNA的表达情况,采用MTT法检测各组细胞的增殖情况,采用TUNEL法检测各组细胞的凋亡情况。结果对照组、司美替尼组、司美替尼+DDX43 siRNA组DDX43蛋白相对表达量分别为138.20±17.72、79.95±8.96、36.16±6.31,总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=66.72,P=0.02);表达水平依次降低,且两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。对照组、司美替尼组、司美替尼+DDX43 siRNA组DDX43 mRNA相对表达量分别为266.20±15.07、164.95±8.96、71.16±6.31,总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=125.35,P=0.01);表达水平依次降低,且两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。对照组、司美替尼组、司美替尼+DDX43 siRNA组A549细胞凋亡指数分别为(3.75±0.55)%、(11.72±1.06)%、(19.98±1.21)%,总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=12.31,P=0.04);凋亡指数依次升高,且两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。对照组、司美替尼组、司美替尼+DDX43 siRNA组A549细胞生长抑制率分别为(2.11±0.13)%、(14.91±0.29)%、(27.14±0.58)%,总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=15.23,P=0.03);生长抑制率依次升高,且两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论DDX43 siRNA联合司美替尼可抑制A549细胞增殖,促进其凋亡。

dead不“死”,live不“活”

我们都知道,dead的意思是“死的”,形容词live的意思是“活的”。但它们的意思决不局限于此,同名词结合后能产生许多新义,若稍不注意便会误译,因此要特别注意。

Identification of quantitative trait loci for the dead leaf rate and the seedling dead rate under alkaline stress in rice

The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 population, which included 200 individuals and lines derived from a cross between two japonica rice cultivars Gaochan 106 and Changbai 9 with microsatellite markers. The DLR detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress showed continuous normal or near normal distributions in F3 lines, which was the quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. The DSR showed a continuous distribution with 3 or 4 peaks and was the quantitative trait controlled by main and multiple genes when rice was grown for 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Thirteen QTLs associated with DLR were detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDLR9-2 located in RM5786-RM160 on chromosome 9 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, 48 days, 55 days, and 62 days, respectively; qDLR4 located in RM3524-RM3866 on chromosome 4 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, and 48 days, respectively; qDLR7-1 located in RM3859-RM320 on chromosome 7 was detected at 20 days and 27 days; and qDLR6-2 in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 was detected at 55 days and 62 days, respectively. The alleles of both qDLR9-2 and qDLR4 were derived from alkaline sensitive parent ＂Gaochanl06＂. The alleles of both qDLR7-1 and qDLR6-2 were from alkaline tolerant parent Changbai 9. These gene actions showed dominance and over dominance primarily. Six QTLs associated with DSR were detected at 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDSR6-2 and qDSR8 were located in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 and in RM3752-RM404 on chromosome 8, respectively, which were associated with DSR and accounted for 20.32% and 18.86% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively; qDSR11-2 and qDSR11-3 were located in RM536-RM479 and RM2596-RM286 on chromosome 11, respectively, which were associated with DSR explaining 25.85% and 15.41% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively. The marker flanking distances of these QTLs were quite far except that of qDSR6-2, which should be researched further.

一个水稻DEAD盒RNA解旋酶基因OsBIRH1的克隆鉴定及其蛋白纯化

克隆鉴定了一个水稻DEAD盒RNA解旋酶基因OsBIRH1。OsBIRH1基因全长cDNA由2167个核苷酸组成，包含1个长1926个核苷酸的开放阅读框，编码1个由641个氨基酸组成的蛋白，预测分子量为70．8kD。OsBIRHI基因位于水稻第3号染色体上，由8个外显子和7个内含子组成。预测的OsBIRH1蛋白包含DEAD盒解旋酶所特有的保守DEAD和HELICc结构域以及保守模体结构。系统进化树分析表明，OsBIRH1与拟南芥和人DEAD盒解旋酶有较高的同源性，氨基酸序列同一性为47％～54％。原核表达了OsBIRH1基因，纯化获得重组OsBIRH1融合蛋白，为OsBIRH1生化与生物学功能研究提供科学依据。

增进平滑移动效果的Dead Reckoning算法

网络游戏中一个最常见的问题就是互联网自身存在的延时问题,当新数据包到来的时候,游戏界面上的角色就会产生抖动现象。解决这个问题的最重要的方法就是DeadReckoning算法。本文对传统的DR算法进行了改进,在其平滑机制中引入了“三次参数”方法,并在3D游戏中引入了方向预测方法。改进后的算法在性能和游戏真实性方面取得了较好的效果。

New insights into “dead lithium” during stripping in lithium metal batteries

Lithium (Li) metal attributes to the promising anode but endures the low Columbic efficiency (CE) and safety issues from the inactive Li accumulation. The metallic Li which is isolated from the lithium anode (named dead Li^(0)) consists the major component of the inactive Li. We systematically and meticulously investigated the formation and evaluation of dead Li^(0) during stripping process from electron transfer, the oxidation of Li^(0) to Li^(+) and the diffusion of Li^(+) through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The above-mentioned processes were regulated by adjusting the contact sites of electron channels, the dynamic rate of conversion from Li^(0) to Li^(+), and the structure as well as components of SEI. The design principles for achieving less dead Li^(0) and higher CE are proposed as a proof of concept in lithium metal batteries. This new insight sheds a comprehensive light on dead Li^(0) formation and guides the next-generation safe batteries for future application.

Dead lithium formation in lithium metal batteries:A phase field model

Lithium metal batteries are the most promising choices for next-generation high-energy–density batteries. However, there is little mechanism understanding on lithium dendrite growth during lithium plating and the dead lithium(the main component of inactive lithium) formation during lithium stripping. This work proposed a phase field model to describe the lithium stripping process with dead lithium formation.The coupling of galvanostatic conditions enables the phase field method to accurately match experimental results. The factors influencing the dead lithium formation on the increasing discharge polarization are revealed. Besides, the simulation of the battery polarization curve, the capacity loss peak, and the Coulomb efficiency is realized. This contribution affords an insightful understanding on dead lithium formation with phase field methods, which can contribute general principles on rational design of lithium metal batteries.

Optimization of Dead Load State in Earth-Anchored Cable-Stayed Bridges

In order to determine the reasonable completed dead load state in earth-anchored cable-stayed bridges,a practical method is proposed. The method is based on the rigidly supported continuous beam method and the feasible zone method,emphasizing on the mutual effect between the self-anchored structural parts and the earth-anchored ones. Three cable-stayed bridge models are designed with the main spans of 1 400 m,including a partially earth-anchored cable-stayed bridge,a cable-stayed-suspension bridge and a fully selfanchored cable-stayed bridge,in which the C50 concrete and Q345 steel are adopted. The partially earthanchored cable-stayed bridge and the cable-stayed-suspension bridge secure lower compressive force in the girder than the fully self-anchored cable-stayed bridge by 25 percent at least. The same is for the material consumption of the whole bridge. Furthermore,the anchor volume is more than 20% lower in the partially earthanchored cable-stayed bridge than that in the cable-stayed-suspension bridge. Consequently,the practical span of cable-stayed bridges can be accordingly extended.

Design of novel sliding-mode controller for high-velocity AUV with consideration of residual dead load

This work focuses on motion control of high-velocity autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV).Conventional methods are effective solutions to motion control of low-and-medium-velocity AUV.Usually not taken into consideration in the control model,the residual dead load and damping force which vary with the AUV’s velocity tend to result in difficulties in motion control or even failure in convergence in the case of high-velocity movement.With full consideration given to the influence of residual dead load and changing damping force upon AUV motion control,a novel sliding-mode controller(SMC)is proposed in this work.The stability analysis of the proposed controller is carried out on the basis of Lyapunov function.The sea trials results proved the superiority of the sliding-mode controller over sigmoid-function-based controller(SFC).The novel controller demonstrated its effectiveness by achieving admirable control results in the case of high-velocity movement.

Strong tracking adaptive Kalman filters for underwater vehicle dead reckoning

To improve underwater vehicle dead reckoning, a developed strong tracking adaptive kalman filter is proposed. The filter is improved with an additional adaptive factor and an estimator of measurement noise covariance. Since the magnitude of fading factor is changed adaptively, the tracking ability of the filter is still enhanced in low velocity condition of underwater vehicles. The results of simulation tests prove the presented filter effective.