Best tracking performance for integrator and dead time plant

The optimal tracking performance for integrator and dead time plant in the case where plant uncertainty and control energy constraints are to be considered jointly is inrestigated. Firstly, an average cost function of the tracking error and the plant input energy over a class of stochastic model errors are defined. Then, we obtain an internal model controller design method that minimizes the average performance and further studies optimal tracking performance for integrator and dead time plant in the simultaneous presence of plant uncertainty and control energy constraint. The results can be used to evaluate optimal tracking performance and control energy in practical designs.

Estimation of key rate after setting dead time

The estimation of key rate is an important aspect of the quantum key distribution process, especially in the use of dead time. In this paper, we demonstrate a numerical simulation to estimate the average detection probability and the key rate. Using our method, the estimated average detection probability is better than the previous result. Besides, we can easily find the best dead time, especially when considering the impact of after pulse.

DCM,FSM,dead time and width controllers for a high frequency high efficiency buck DC-DC converter over a wide load range

This paper presents a width controller,a dead time controller,a discontinuous current mode（DCM） controller and a frequency skipping modulation（FSM） controller for a high frequency high efficiency buck DC-DC converter. To improve the efficiency over a wide load range,especially at high switching frequency,the dead time controller and width controller are applied to enhance the high load efficiency,while the DCM controller and FSM controller are proposed to increase the light load efficiency.The proposed DC-DC converter controllers have been designed and fabricated in the Chartered 0.35μm CMOS process,and the measured results show that the efficiency of the buck DC-DC converter is above 80%over a wide load current range from 8 to 570 mA,and the peak efficiency is 86%at 10 MHz switching frequency.

Adaptive Variable Structure Control of MIMO Nonlinear Systems with Time-varying Delays and Unknown Dead-zones

In this paper, adaptive variable structure neural control is presented for a class of uncertain multi-input multi-output （MIMO） nonlinear systems with state time-varying delays and unknown nonlinear dead-zones. The unknown time-varying delay uncer- tainties are compensated for using appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals in the design. The approach removes the assumption of linear function outside the deadband without necessarily constructing a dead-zone inverse as an added contribution. By utilizing the integral-type Lyapunov function and introducing an adaptive compensation term for the upper bound of the residual and optimal approximation error as well as the dead-zone disturbance, the closed-loop control system is proved to be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded. In addition, a modified adaptive control algorithm is given in order to avoid the high-frequency chattering phenomenon. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Using GIS for Time Series Analysis of the Dead Sea from Remotely Sensing Data

Developed tools of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System are rapidly spread in recent years in order to manage natural resources and to monitor environmental changes. This research aims to study the spatial behavior of the Dead Sea through time. To achieve this aim, time series analysis has been performed to track this behavior. For this purpose, fifteen satellite imageries are collected from 1972 to 2013 in addition to 2011-ASTGTM-DEM. Then, the satellite imageries are radiometrically and atmospherically corrected. Geographic Information system and Remote Sensing techniques are used for the spatio-temporal analysis in order to detect changes in the Dead Sea area, shape, water level, and volume. The study shows that the Dead Sea shrinks by 2.9 km2/year while the water level decreases by 0.65 m/year. Consequently, the volume changes by –0.42 km3/year. The study has also concluded that the direction of this shrinkage is from the north, northwest and from the south direction of the northern part due to the nature of the bathymetric slopes. In contrast, no shrinkage is detected from the east direction due to the same reason since the bathymetric slope is so sharp. The use of the Dead Sea water for industrial purposes by both Israel and Jordan is one of the essential factors that affect the area of the Dead Sea. The intensive human water consumption from the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers for other usages is another main reason of this shrinkage in the area as well.

Fast fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques:A review on challenge and development

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)is increasingly used in biomedicine,material science,chemistry,and other related research fields,because of its advantages of high specificity and sensitivity in monitoring cellular microenvironments,studying interaction between proteins,metabolic state,screening drugs and analyzing their efficacy,characterizing novel materials,and diagnosing early cancers.Understandably,there is a large interest in obtaining FLIM data within an acquisition time as short as possible.Consequently,there is currently a technology that advances towards faster and faster FLIM recording.However,the maximum speed of a recording technique is only part of the problerm.The acquisition time of a FLIM image is a complex function of many factors.These include the photon rate that can be obtained from the sample,the amount of information a technique extracts from the decay functions,the fficiency at which it determines fluorescence decay parameters from the recorded photons,the demands for the accuracy of these parameters,the number of pixels,and the lateral and axial resolutions that are obtained in biological materials.Starting from a discussion of the parameters which determine the acquisition time,this review will describe existing and emerging FLIM techniques and data analysis algo-rithms,and analyze their performance and recording speed in biological and biomedical applications.

“Time-to-count”技术在GM计数管中的运用

本文主要阐述了"Time-to-count"技术的基本原理和理论基础,并通过对实际应用电路的分析,说明了"Time-to-count"技术克服死时间影响的方法和优点,并在核电站区域伽马监测应用对该技术的实用性进行了验证。

Monte Carlo method for evaluation of surface emission rate measurement uncertainty

The aim of this study is to evaluate the uncertainty of 2πα and 2πβ surface emission rates using the windowless multiwire proportional counter method.This study used the Monte Carlo method (MCM) to validate the conventional Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) method.A dead time measurement model for the two-source method was established based on the characteristics of a single-channel measurement system,and the voltage threshold correction factor measurement function was indirectly obtained by fitting the threshold correction curve.The uncertainty in the surface emission rate was calculated using the GUM method and the law of propagation of uncertainty.The MCM provided clear definitions for each input quantity and its uncertainty distribution,and the simulation training was realized with a complete and complex mathematical model.The results of the surface emission rate uncertainty evaluation for four radioactive plane sources using both methods showed the uncertainty’s consistency E_(n)<0.070 for the comparison of each source,and the uncertainty results of the GUM were all lower than those of the MCM.However,the MCM has a more objective evaluation process and can serve as a validation tool for GUM results.

Improved model on asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with realistic devices

In principle,the asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution(AMDI-QKD)can surpass the key rate capacity without phase tracking and phase locking.However,practical imperfections in sources or detections would dramatically depress its performance.Here,we present an improved model on AMDI-QKD to reduce the influence of these imperfections,including intensity fluctuation,the afterpulse effect,and the dead time of detectors.Furthermore,we carry out corresponding numerical simulations.Simulation results show that,by implementing our present work,it can have more than 100 km longer secure transmission distance and one order of magnitude enhancement in the key generation rate after 320 km compared with the standard method.Moreover,our model can still break the Pirandola–Laurenza–Ottaviani–Banchi(PLOB)bound even under realistic experimental conditions.

Arbitrary full-state hybrid projective synchronization for chaotic discrete-time systems via a scalar signal

In this paper we present a new projective synchronization scheme, where two chaotic （hyperchaotic） discrete-time systems synchronize for any arbitrary scaling matrix. Specifically, each drive system state synchronizes with a linear combination of response system states. The proposed observer-based approach presents some useful features： i） it enables exact synchronization to be achieved in finite time （i.e., dead-beat synchronization）; ii） it exploits a scalar synchronizing signal; iii） it can be applied to a wide class of discrete-time chaotic （hyperchaotic） systems; iv） it includes, as a particular case, most of the synchronization types defined so far. An example is reported, which shows in detail that exact synchronization is effectively achieved in finite time, using a scalar synchronizing signal only, for any arbitrary scaling matrix.

Capsizing Probability of Dead Ship Stability in Beam Wind and Wave for Damaged Ship

The International Maritime Organization has developed the second-generation intact stability criteria. Thus, damage stability criteria can be established in the future. In order to identity the capsizing probability of damaged ship under dead ship condition, this paper investigates two methods that can be used to research the capsizing probability in time domain, which mainly focus on the nonlinear righting lever GZ curve solution. One method subjects the influence of damaged tanks on the hull shape down to the wind and wave, and the other method is consistent with the real-time calculation of the GZ curve. On the basis of one degree of freedom rolling equation, the solution is Monte Carlo method, and a damaged fishery bureau vessel is taken as a sample ship. In addition, the results of the time-domain capsizing probability under different loading conditions are compared and analyzed. The relation of GM and heeling angle with the capsizing probability is investigated, and its possible reason is analyzed. On the basis of combining the time-domain flooding process with the capsizing probability calculation, this research aims to lay the foundation for the study of capsizing probability in time domain under dead ship condition, as well as provide technical support for capsizing mechanism of dead ship stability and damage stability criteria establishment in waves.

双有源桥DC-DC变换器三移相调制及其死区效应分析和补偿

针对双有源桥(DAB)变换器宽电压范围应用,该文研究一种全工况连续、表达形式统一、计算量小的三移相(TPS)调制策略,并分析其功率传输特性及软开关性能。结合工程应用中的非理想因素,对TPS调制不同开关模式下的死区效应及其边界进行研究,给出DAB宽电压范围运行时避免电压跌落和极性反转的约束条件。针对死区引入的移相比损失、软开关范围减小等问题,提出一种基于开关脉冲调整的死区补偿策略以补偿移相比损失,重新获取全工况软开关范围,降低死区引入的附加电流应力及损耗、提升效率。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提策略的有效性。

带有死区时间补偿及电容电压平衡功能的二极管钳位型三电平逆变器数字调制方法

针对二极管钳位型三电平逆变器存在的电容电压平衡问题和死区时间导致的输出波形失真问题,该文在分析死区时间对输出波形失真及电容电压平衡影响的基础上,提出一种可用于高频逆变器的数字调制方法及具体实现形式,分析量化与采样环节、数字隔离器件传输延时及采样时钟对所提方法的影响,并给出开关时钟分频倍数的设计准则。该方法独立于闭环控制系统其他环节,无需电流采样,实现容易且易于集成在数字控制器中;无需控制环路运算,可适用于更高开关频率和输出频率。仿真和实验表明,所提方法在不同开关频率、不同死区时间和不同负载类型下均能有效地降低死区时间导致的输出波形失真现象,且能够很好地解决电容电压平衡问题。此外,所提方法在开关频率高达400 kHz的情况下仍具有良好的效果。

单光子计数太赫兹雷达直接探测方法与性能研究

针对远距离非合作目标探测,现有太赫兹雷达由于受到发射机功率低、大气衰减效应等因素影响,其作用距离有限,难以满足对目标的预警探测应用需求。为提升太赫兹雷达探测能力,该文研究了基于单光子探测技术的目标超灵敏探测方法,利用单光子探测器替代传统雷达接收机,有望显著提升太赫兹雷达的作用距离。首先,该文分析了太赫兹单光子雷达信号光子数的统计规律,从微观角度阐述了目标的回波特性,进一步,结合超导量子电容探测器的特点,建立了太赫兹单光子目标探测模型;此外,推导得到太赫兹单光子雷达目标检测性能数学表达式,并通过仿真实验对目标检测性能进行了验证和分析,获得了雷达检测性能曲线;最后开展了时间分辨太赫兹光子计数原理验证实验,通过回波脉冲计数的方式实现了目标高精度测距。该文工作将为太赫兹频段超灵敏探测技术及单光子雷达系统的研究与发展提供支撑。

混合式步进电机空间矢量PWM逆变器死区补偿策略

针对步进电机传统开环控制运行效果欠佳的问题,结合矢量控制算法对两相混合式步进电机进行控制,通过逆变器产生正弦波电流对电机进行驱动。由于步进电机气隙磁场畸变和PWM逆变器的死区效应,使步进电机的运行电流掺杂大量谐波,低速工作时尤为严重。为了改善电机低速运行性能、抑制谐波干扰,结合混合式步进电机矢量控制的电流环进行优化,通过自适应线性神经网络(ADALINE)算法将谐波进行提取与抑制,然后进行电流方向判断,对逆变器的输出进行补偿。实验证明,所提出的补偿策略能够有效抑制两相PWM逆变器的电流谐波,改善波形、降低电机低速运行的转矩脉动。

一种新的自然伽马测井仪死时间修正方法

死时间是决定伽马测井数据准确性的一个重要参数,传统的死时间修正方法存在测量条件较高,或测量步骤繁琐,或计算步骤复杂,或存在一定的安全隐患等不足。为降低测量条件、简化测量和计算步骤以及降低测量风险,提出一种新的死时间测量方法——“图解法”。从原理上详细论述了其可行性,并开展了相关实验以验证其可行性。使用2套伽马探测系统利用“图解法”获取的死时间对系列已知铀质量分数的饱和模型的计数率数据进行修正,对比修正前后计数率与铀质量分数的线性拟合优度以及“图解法”与“双源法”所得死时间值的大小。结果表明:2套伽马探测系统经“图解法”死时间修正前后计数率与铀质量分数的线性拟合优度分别为0.986和0.998以及0.98和0.998,说明“图解法”是有效的;“图解法”与“双源法”所得死时间值分别为0.902μs和0.941μs以及1.674μs和1.745μs,相对误差仅为-4.145%和-4.069%,说明“图解法”相对准确。因此,可将“图解法”作为伽马测井仪死时间修正方法应用于实际中。

考虑死区特性的全桥型MMC状态空间平均化建模方法

为避免同侧互补导通的功率管发生直通短路故障,模块化多电平换流器(MMC)中开关器件需要设置死区时间,死区的存在会产生死区效应且死区难以被彻底消除。随着电力电子器件开关频率的不断提高,死区占比增加,死区影响已不容忽视。针对死区效应越来越显著和MMC仿真耗时过长的问题,提出一种考虑死区特性的提速模型。首先,对级联子模块含死区时间的实际开关状态进行端口工况特征扫描,通过含死区的端口特性识别出各子模块实际工作模态,建立状态空间方程。其次,基于状态空间平均法,以占空比为纽带统一子模块不同的模态性质,建立子模块分立元件模型。进一步,根据平均值模型的解耦特性,建立桥臂集中模型,提高仿真建模效率。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件平台上分别搭建全桥型MMC的详细模型、子模块分立元件模型与桥臂集中模型。仿真结果表明,所提模型具有较高的精度和运行效率,可以更好地满足实际工程仿真需求。

高压大功率LLC谐振变换器死区时间优化设计方法研究

LLC谐振变换器由于具有良好的软开关特性和电气隔离能力,在近年来被广泛应用于高压、大功率、中/高频电能变换领域。现有的高压器件受开关特性的制约,需要选取较大的死区时间保证电路中开关桥臂的安全可靠工作,从而会对LLC谐振变换器的软开关实现产生影响。主要研究了大死区时间对LLC谐振变换器软开关特性的影响规律,分别从开关管安全工作、结电容放电和反并联二极管续流3个因素出发,定量推导确保全功率范围内软开关实现的死区设置区间,进而提出死区时间的优化设计方法。最后,搭建了基于6.5 kV/250 A IGBT的150 kW大功率电力电子变压器样机,通过分析和测量不同功率等级下LLC谐振变换器的软开关实现情况,验证所提死区时间设计方法的有效性。

逆变器模型分析及死区补偿控制策略研究

研究并设计一种交流伺服系统内电压源型逆变器死区补偿控制策略,根据电机驱动系统逆变器结构模型,考虑逆变器内开关器件及输出特性,以抑制死区效应,改善逆变器输出电流为目标,分析得出电压源型逆变器死区补偿控制算法。该方法根据电机电磁响应远超前机械响应的特性,考虑死区时间影响,建立电机dq轴下电压动态方程,并构建定子感应电动势变化量与dq轴电流变化的关系,从而计算得出死区扰动补偿电压,并实现在线死区补偿,仿真结果表明,所提方法可有效降低电机相电流谐波畸变率,改善电流波形正弦度,抑制电磁转矩脉动,从而提升系统电流控制性能。