“文化边缘人”视阈下A Debt to Dickens的态度系统研究

本文基于马丁评价理论下的态度系统,对赛珍珠的语篇A Debt to Dickens进行研究。赛珍珠“文化边缘人”的身份,给她的生活带来了很多不安和惆怅,前期在众多东方人面孔的乡村,村民对其异域特色的样貌有许多偏见,因此她多用负面的判断和鉴赏资源描述了一段孤独的生活;后期其寻找到小说的快乐后,沉迷于阅读的魅力,所以多用正面的判断和鉴赏资源写出了她的明朗。研究发现,全文的判断和鉴赏资源数量较多,情感资源出现较少。态度系统有利于分析文本所暗含的感情走向,给读者理解文本提供了一个新的视角。

Impact of carbon disclosure on debt financing costs

Creditors,such as banks,often use disclosed environmental information to assess a company’s environmental risk and ensure the safety of debt funds.Consequently,carbon disclosures have become an important consideration for creditors when making investments.This study explores the relationship between carbon disclosure and debt financing costs using data on listed companies from 2008 to 2019.The results show that carbon disclosure can reduce the debt financing costs of enterprises,and that this influence is more significant for private companies than for state-owned enterprises.Instrumental variables and Propensity Score Matching(PSM)were used to evaluate the robustness of negative relationships.Furthermore,carbon disclosure has a more significant impact on debt costs with less environmental supervision pressure,weak residents’environmental awareness,and weak product market competition.These findings provide guidance for companies’carbon information disclosure and support the establishment of official carbon disclosure standards.

State-Owned Capital Participation in Private Enterprises:A Perspective of Debt Financing

This study takes debt financing as the entry point and explores the impact of state-owned capital participation in private enterprises from the perspectives of“unarticulated rules”and“articulated rules”.The study finds that state-owned capital participation significantly reduces the debt financing costs of private enterprises and expands the scale of their debt financing.This conclusion remains valid after a series of endogeneity and robustness tests.Further analysis of the mechanism reveals that state-owned capital participation improves the debt financing of private enterprises through multiple channels:Enhancing their social reputation,mitigating the“statistical bias”they face,optimizing their information quality,and reducing the“shareholder-creditor”agency problems.This paper conceptualizes these benefits as the“complementary advantages of heterogeneous shareholders”.This not only constructs a theoretical framework for“reverse mixed-ownership reform”but also better narrates the Chinese story of“mixed-ownership reform”by adopting a more universally applicable theory of equity structure.Additionally,the paper supplements existing research on the macro-and meso-level relationship between the government and the market by exploring the government’s positive role at the micro-level.

GHG Emissions of Italian Unlisted Firms and Bank Debt

In this paper I investigate the effect of the greenhouse gas emissions of a sample of 478 Italian unlisted firms on their bank debt,in the context of the growing attention and awareness for climate change issue.My findings show that unlisted firms generating low levels of greenhouse gas emissions borrow less long-term,short term,and total bank debt than unlisted firms generating high levels of greenhouse gas emissions,to finance their growth opportunities.Being the first work analyzing this topic,to the best of my knowledge,further empirical research could also investigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on the bank financing of unlisted firms of different countries,representing specific cultural and political approaches towards climate change problems.

The Impact of Corporate Governance and Fair Value Accounting on Debt Contracts

This paper investigates the theoretical relationship between corporate governance,fair value accounting,and debt contracts.It primarily examines the individual impacts of corporate governance and fair value accounting on debt contracts,while also exploring the influence of corporate governance on fair value accounting.The study emphasizes the importance of considering the interests and legal status of creditors in the context of debt contracts.The findings indicate that strong corporate governance can reduce the likelihood of debt default and that the company’s restructuring costs in the event of a default determine whether improved corporate governance will increase or decrease debt costs.Additionally,the study reveals that the strength of corporate governance affects the value relevance of fair value accounting.However,the impact of fair value accounting on debt contracts is not inherently positive or negative;for instance,companies may use fair value adjustments with manipulative intent to enhance performance.Ultimately,the research highlights that discussions about corporate governance should not prioritize shareholder interests exclusively but also consider the legitimate position of creditors.

Cumulative Effect of Debt and Tax on Firm Value:Optimal Capital Structure Theories in the Light of EMM

We have shown that cornerstone articles considering effects of corporate debt on the firm value and constituting the basis of the trade-off theory of capital structure are wrong.Their main mistake is in ignoring the business securing expenses(BSEs).In the framework of the extended Merton model(EMM),we consider the cumulative effect of debt and corporate taxes on the firm value and its survival,in other words,we revisit Modigliani-Miller Proposition 3(MMP3).We show that(1)debt affects the firm value and its survival,(2)this effect is negative,diminishing the firm value and its chances to survive,(3)the pressure increases as the debt grows provoking the firm’s default,(4)the main factors depressing the levered firm are its debt payments added to the BSEs of the identical unlevered firm and the length of debt maturity,(5)corporate taxes cause development of positive skewness in the asset distribution,but do not affect the location of this distribution in the asset axis.The presented model helps estimate the consequences of choosing this or that level of debt in the presence of corporate taxes and can make a useful instrument for practicing financial managers.

论补充债务与先诉抗辩权——以《民法典侵权责任编解释(一)》第十四条规定为视角

《民法典侵权责任编解释(一)》第十四条关于教育机构对第三人造成学生伤害承担补充责任规则的规定,《民法典担保制度解释》第二十五条关于一般担保规则的规定,都是对补充债务及其规则的解释。将这些规则综合起来,可以对债法的补充债务规则进行升华,建立补充债务及其先诉抗辩权的规则体系,改变长期以来民法理论和实务在合同法和侵权法领域对补充债务自说自话的偏向。债法的补充债务包括合同之债的补充债务和侵权之债的补充债务,是指多数债务人中,主债务人承担全部债务清偿义务,从债务人在主债务人不能履行债务时承担补充其履行不足部分的债务,或者依照其过错程度履行相应的清偿义务的债的关系。先诉抗辩权是补充债务的从债务人于债权人未就主债务人的财产强制执行无效果前,对债权人享有的拒绝履行的抗辩权。

企业环保投资的治理效应——基于杠杆操纵视角

企业为避免监管以及满足融资需求而进行的杠杆操纵行为屡见不鲜。在强调可持续发展理念的时代变局中,为环境绩效付诸的努力能否对企业杠杆操纵起到治理效应亟待讨论。本文以2012~2023年沪深A股上市公司为样本,探究企业环保投资对杠杆操纵行为的影响及其潜在的作用渠道。研究发现,环保投资能够显著降低企业的杠杆操纵程度,并且这一影响受到地区环境规制力度、重污染行业属性以及低市场竞争度的强化。渠道检验结果表明,环保投资能帮助企业获取债权融资、提升ESG表现,进而实现对企业杠杆操纵行为的治理效应。本文从杠杆操纵的视角揭示了环保投资在公司治理中的积极作用,凸显了践行可持续发展理念在提高上市公司会计信息质量中的重要地位,为政府部门监管企业行为提供了来自环保实践层面的启示。

绿色信贷贴息政策与企业环境信息披露质量——基于自愿性与强制性披露动机下的机制分析

披露高质量的环境信息不仅是企业环境管理制度的制订基础,也是推动生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要举措。本文基于2008~2023年上市公司样本,使用渐进双重差分法,实证检验了绿色信贷贴息政策对企业环境信息披露质量的激励效应及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)财政与金融相协调的绿色信贷贴息政策能显著改善企业环境信息披露质量;(2)核心机制在于自愿性披露机制和强制性披露机制,前者主要是通过降低债务融资成本和增加高管绿色认知得以实现,后者表现为通过政府监管水平提升引致的合规效应强制企业提高环境信息披露质量;(3)政策在非国有企业、劳动密集型企业和市场化程度高的地区存在更强的激励效应。本文结论为其他激励性绿色金融政策的制定与完善提供理论依据与决策参考。

DEBT MATURITY STRUCTURE IN PROJECT FINANCING

Based on the concept of debt duration,this paper proposes the elasticity of cash flow.Then,the debt maturity structure in project financing is discussed.The results show that in the project financing structure,the debt maturity structure is closely related with debt capacity.Higher debt ratio requires short term debt,and vise versa.

China’s Local Government Debts and Bond Market:Clarification and Policy Choice~

The surge in China＇s local government debt has made various sectors of society pay closer attention to the situation. First of all, four types of debt relations must be clarified： the relationship between asset and non-asset debt, the difference between long- term and short-term debt, the difference between debt in the form of bonds and debt in the form of bank loans, and the difference between debt listed in government budgets and other government debt. The development of long-term bonds is a fairly good choice for China to upgrade its consumption structure, accelerate urbanization, transform its economic development patterns, and meanwhile, to alleviate the mismatch between the financial powers of local governments and their administrative responsibilities.

生命周期视角下债务融资成本对制造业企业创新绩效的影响

制造业企业往往会存在“融资难、融资贵”的问题,这无疑会影响企业创新绩效。因此,文章以2011—2021年相关资料研究债务融资成本对制造业企业创新绩效的关系。同时,本文针对不同阶段的制造业企业,所实施的创新行为有所不同,债务融资成本对企业创新绩效的作用会有所差异。结果表明:债务融资成本对制造业企业创新绩效产生显著的负向影响,该影响在生命周期不同阶段的制造业企业中有所差异。在成长期和成熟期的制造业企业中更为显著,在衰退期的制造业企业中影响较弱。

基于DebtRank算法的银行系统性风险仿真研究

银行系统性风险是指一个或几个重要银行机构的违约通过银行网络引起的大范围的银行机构违约风险。目前,大部分的学者通过单一渠道来仿真研究银行系统性风险,而且以银行倒闭的数量来判定银行系统性风险,但是,现实世界中,发生银行倒闭的事件很少,很难用银行倒闭的数量来判定银行系统性风险。而债务等级法的判定,不需要有银行倒闭,就可以用来衡量整个银行系统的系统性风险,但是目前,采用债务等级法(DebtRank)来判定银行系统性风险的研究还缺乏。另外针对双渠道传染的银行系统性风险的研究也少见。为解决上述问题,首先构建双渠道传染模型,然后基于DebtRank算法构建银行系统的债务等级,利用银行系统的债务等级评判银行系统的系统性风险,进一步研究杠杆、平均连接度对银行系统性风险的影响。研究结果表明:杠杆和平均连接度对银行系统的系统性风险有较大影响;杠杆对银行系统性风险具有单调增加的作用,且直接传染渠道占优下作用更大;平均连接度对间接传染渠道占优下的银行系统性风险具有单调增加的作用,而直接传染渠道占优下只有当其较小时才具有单调增加的作用,当平均连接度较大时,反而是单调减少的作用。进一步研究发现,不同传染渠道之间存在一个(杠杆和连接度的)阈值,随着平均连接度的增大,阈值会在更大的杠杆下产生;同样的,随着杠杆的增大,阈值需要在更大的平均连接度下产生。上述研究可以为中央银行的政策制定提供一定的决策依据。

China’s BRI Transportation Investments:Development Bonanza or Debt Trap?

Based on the China Global Investment Tracker(CGIT)database of 2005-2018,this paper creates a country-sector-year panel set for a study on the BRI’s investment effects on the transportation sector of BRI countries using the difference-in-differencesin-differences(DDD)method.Our study finds that the BRI has significantly increased transportation investments by Chinese companies in the BRI countries without causing significant rise in problem transactions.The"debt trap"narrative that the BRI aims to take control over host countries’sovereign rights in exchange for debt write-offs is not supported by evidence.Discussions on sub-samples reveal that the BRI has mainly propelled SOEs in making transportation investments to generate development effects in host countries,most of which are Asian countries,and that the preferred mode of investment is cross-border M&As.

Managing Software Testing Technical Debt Using Evolutionary Algorithms

Technical debt(TD)happens when project teams carry out technical decisions in favor of a short-term goal(s)in their projects,whether deliberately or unknowingly.TD must be properly managed to guarantee that its negative implications do not outweigh its advantages.A lot of research has been conducted to show that TD has evolved into a common problem with considerable financial burden.Test technical debt is the technical debt aspect of testing(or test debt).Test debt is a relatively new concept that has piqued the curiosity of the software industry in recent years.In this article,we assume that the organization selects the testing artifacts at the start of every sprint.Implementing the latest features in consideration of expected business value and repaying technical debt are among candidate tasks in terms of the testing process(test cases increments).To gain the maximum benefit for the organization in terms of software testing optimization,there is a need to select the artifacts(i.e.,test cases)with maximum feature coverage within the available resources.The management of testing optimization for large projects is complicated and can also be treated as a multi-objective problem that entails a trade-off between the agile software’s short-term and long-term value.In this article,we implement a multi-objective indicatorbased evolutionary algorithm(IBEA)for fixing such optimization issues.The capability of the algorithm is evidenced by adding it to a real case study of a university registration process.

A GATEWAY TO INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET——THE WHOLE CONRSE OF THE FIRST FOREIGN DEBT FINANCING FOR POWER PROJECTS IN CHINA

This paper introduces how Longyuan Power Group Company successfully carried out foreign debt financing for Jiangsu's power projects through its overseas financing window-Xiongya (Virgin) Co. Ltd. The entire process of raising funds is revealed with regard to employment of foreign debt financing, selection of funded projects, preparation of project and financing documents, credit rating, roadshow, line of credit, and financing experiences.

Effect of Corporate Debt on Firm Value

We have shown that three classic works considering the effects of corporate debt on the firm value,namely,Modigliani and Miller(1958,1963),Merton(1974),and Leland(1994),are wrong.Their main mistake is ignoring the business security expenses,BSEs.We suggest the model taking account of BSEs and apply it to the analysis of debt influence on the firm value and survival.Our modeling demonstrates that(1)the debt affects the firm value and its survival,(2)this influence is negative,diminishing the firm value and its chances to survive,(3)the pressure of the negative effect of debt increases as the debt grows,provoking the firm default.The debt can be beneficial for the firm if the loan is taken to improve its technology.The model helps estimate the chances to succeed in the technological modernization for various parameters of the firm and its business environment;and by that,to find the technology most suitable for the firm.It is shown that there is a serious problem in reading the market signals concerning a firm and using this information to control this firm.

Putting Sri Lanka’s Debt Issue into Perspective

By reviewing the current situation of Sri Lanka's debt problem, as well as its nature, causes and relation with Chinese loans, this article argues that the loans from China are neither the main source nor the main cause of Sri Lanka's debt problem. Instead, the projects they financed will bring promising economic returns to Sri Lanka in the long run.

Structural jump-diffusion model for pricing collateralized debt obligations tranches

This paper considers the pricing problem of collateralized debt obligations tranches under a structural jump-diffusion model, where the asset value of each reference entity is generated by a geometric Brownian motion and jump with an asymmetric double exponential distribution. Conditioned on the common factor of individual entity, this paper gets the conditional distribution, and further obtains the loss distribution of the whole reference portfolio. Based on the semi-analytic approach, the fair spreads of collateralized debt obligations tranches, i.e., the prices of collateralized debt obligations tranches, are derived.

Manager’s Characteristics, Debt Financing and Firm Value

Based on the behavioral finance theory and the upper echelons theory, this paper employs the data of China's A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2013 as research samples, and empirically tests the effects of managers with different characteristics on debt financing and firm value for enterprises of different ownership nature. Results of this study indicate that the debt financing of the listed companies in China can reduce the agency cost with a positive governance effect that promotes firm value. Male, better educated, short-tenured, and financially experienced managers are more likely to be overconfident and prefer debt financing. Specifically, the manager's age, level of education, and work experience can significantly promote the effect of debt financing on firm value. Compared with SOEs, private enterprises can improve their firm value more significantly through debt financing;the education and work experience of the managers of private enterprises are more positively correlated with debt financing and can more significantly improve firm value through debt financing. This paper's findings suggest that the manager's characteristics and firm ownership nature must be taken into account to reach valid conclusions on the governance effects of debt financing on firm value. Meanwhile, these conclusions help unravel the mechanism and economic implications of debt financing, and contribute to the improvement of the capital structure decisions and human resources management practices of China's listed companies. This study not only enriches the literature and empirical evidence on the correlation between managers' characteristics and firm financing, but indicate that managers' characteristics and firm ownership are important considerations for investigating the governance effects of debt financing on firm value and have a vital impact on the formulation and implementation of firm financing decisions.