Attention Markets of Blockchain-Based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations

The attention is a scarce resource in decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs),as their self-governance relies heavily on the attention-intensive decision-making process of“proposal and voting”.To prevent the negative effects of pro-posers’attention-capturing strategies that contribute to the“tragedy of the commons”and ensure an efficient distribution of attention among multiple proposals,it is necessary to establish a market-driven allocation scheme for DAOs’attention.First,the Harberger tax-based attention markets are designed to facilitate its allocation via continuous and automated trading,where the individualized Harberger tax rate(HTR)determined by the pro-posers’reputation is adopted.Then,the Stackelberg game model is formulated in these markets,casting attention to owners in the role of leaders and other competitive proposers as followers.Its equilibrium trading strategies are also discussed to unravel the intricate dynamics of attention pricing.Moreover,utilizing the single-round Stackelberg game as an illustrative example,the existence of Nash equilibrium trading strategies is demonstrated.Finally,the impact of individualized HTR on trading strategies is investigated,and results suggest that it has a negative correlation with leaders’self-accessed prices and ownership duration,but its effect on their revenues varies under different conditions.This study is expected to provide valuable insights into leveraging attention resources to improve DAOs’governance and decision-making process.

去中心化理念对传统组织法的冲击与再造——以“去中心化自治组织”(DAO)为中心的考察

传统组织法以单一的中心化假设为指引的模式,已经难以满足当下投资者的经济民主化诉求,在去中心化理念的冲击下,其适应性存疑。传统组织法应当适度接纳去中心化理念,而“去中心化自治组织”(DAO)由于具备商业上的可行性以及与传统法的可兼容性,是去中心化组织法研究的理想样本。将去中心化理念融入组织法,需要着重解决中心化节点权责配置错位问题,构建实控成员减轻信义义务框架以完善信义体系。还应进一步完善作为组织法支撑的通证监管框架,逐步实现“从通证化证券到证券通证”的设想。当然,也不应排除缔造“中心化—去中心化”二元组织法架构的可能性。

Governance of decentralized autonomous organizations that produce open source software

Decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)have found use in the governance of open source software(OSS)projects.However,the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while also overcoming the existing challenges of decentralized governance.The existing decentralized governance frameworks do not include all the governance activities of OSS projects.Therefore,this study presents a governance framework for DAOs that produce OSS.The framework is built upon a total of 34 articles on DAO and OSS governance.The framework was evaluated in three leading DAOs that produce OSS.The evaluation underscores the significance of the framework and proves the potential of the systematic categorization of governance mechanisms.Finally,we list emerging governance practices in various governance domains in this developing field.

DAO to HANOI via DeSci: AI Paradigm Shifts from AlphaGo to ChatGPT

From AlphaGo to ChatGPT,the field of AI has launched a series of remarkable achievements in recent years.Analyzing,comparing,and summarizing these achievements at the paradigm level is important for future AI innovation,but has not received sufficient attention.In this paper,we give an overview and perspective on machine learning paradigms.First,we propose a paradigm taxonomy with three levels and seven dimensions from a knowledge perspective.Accordingly,we give an overview on three basic and twelve extended learning paradigms,such as Ensemble Learning,Transfer Learning,etc.,with figures in unified style.We further analyze three advanced paradigms,i.e.,AlphaGo,AlphaFold and ChatGPT.Second,to enable more efficient and effective scientific discovery,we propose to build a new ecosystem that drives AI paradigm shifts through the decentralized science(DeSci)movement based on decentralized autonomous organization(DAO).To this end,we design the Hanoi framework,which integrates human factors,parallel intelligence based on a combination of artificial systems and the natural world,and the DAO to inspire AI innovations.

The ins and outs of decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)unraveling the definitions,characteristics,and emerging developments of DAOs

Despite the increase in the number of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),there is no consensus on what constitutes a DAO.This paper provides an in-depth study of DAOs by analyzing their definitions,characteristics,and emerging developments.Existing definitions in the literature hardly recognize common functionalities and intermingle coded DAOs,DAO deployment platforms,and blockchain DAOs.We developed a comprehensive DAO definition by reviewing the literature and empirically analyzing 1,859 DAOs.The findings show that many DAOs were inactive and that a threshold of 20 tokenholders is a tipping point for DAOs to survive over time and maintain sustained levels of activity.Finally,based on an empirical analysis of 9,845 perceived DAOs,we identified the emerging development of off-chain voting.This emerging development challenges the autonomous nature of DAOs.We recommend further research to investigate the effect of governance structures on their long-term sustainability and viability for both on-chain and off-chain DAOs.

元宇宙中的管理创新:从科层到DAO

DAO(非中心化自治组织)是适应元宇宙的组织方式,将成为企业在数字经济时代的主要管理模式,现有的企业组织形态面临解构和重构,企业管理将出现重大创新。与传统企业中心化的科层组织模式不同,DAO承载的是达成共识的群体自发产生的共创、共建、共治、共享协同行为。本文从DAO的成本、共识、激励和投票机制等方面,通过交易费用理论和案例分析,对比了传统科层组织模式与DAO的优缺点,讨论了DAO的适用场景和限制条件,提出企业利用DAO实现管理创新的主要障碍是企业目标的科层式达成方式和自上而下的企业文化。在现有技术水平之下,DAO仍然存在由底层技术造成的模式缺陷,因而需要设计适合产业特征的解决方案,本文最后对传统企业的转型提出了建议。

Blockchain and its derived technologies shape the future generation of digital businesses: a focus on decentralized finance and the Metaverse

Without a doubt,blockchain,as one of the most valuable technological advancements,has been introduced over the past decade and has played a significant role in the industrial revolution.The emergence of other technologies derived from blockchain,such as decentralized finance(DeFi)and the Metaverse,has fundamentally transformed people’s daily lives and profoundly impacted future versions of digital businesses.This study explored the evolution of digital businesses in the near future,with a specific focus on the two primary technologies mentioned above.First,we reviewed DeFi-based technologies,including GameFi,SciFi,SocialFi,and others which serve as foundational building blocks for future jobs and businesses.Second,we examined Metaverse-based jobs,such as Metaverse-based academies and markets which are expected to be launched as commonly used businesses.Ultimately,this study provides several guidelines,such as how to use DeFi 2.0 and apply centralized decentralized finance(CeDeFi)-based platforms.Additionally,it offers future directions for launching these businesses,including controlling the progress of artificial intelligence(AI)in practical applications,utilizing cloud-assisted models for the Metaverse,and providing conditional privacy for future Metaverse-based businesses.

联邦服务:基于分布式数据共治的智能服务范式

随着数字化转型的加速,数据已成为驱动科技创新与经济增长的核心要素。然而,广泛存在的数据孤岛现象严重阻碍了跨领域、跨组织间的数据流通与合作,使得数据供应难以满足多样化的用户需求,数据的供需匹配面临严峻挑战。作为联邦生态的核心环节和对外赋能的重要窗口,联邦服务基于分布式数据共治原则,促进了跨领域、跨组织的数据流通与协同,为智能的供需匹配提供了一种有效的技术框架。首先,探讨联邦服务在联邦生态中的重要地位以及与联邦生态各环节的关系。其次,提出联邦服务的5层基本框架,并探讨其核心优势。在此基础上,提出联邦服务的关键支撑技术,主要包括区块链和去中心化自治组织与运营、大语言模型和场景工程、分布式计算和边缘计算、加密技术和隐私计算。最后,以数据与场景的供需匹配为应用案例,介绍联邦服务如何实现智能的供需匹配。提出的联邦服务理论与技术对于构建基于分布式数据共治的智能服务范式具有重要意义。

Analyzing voting power in decentralized governance:Who controls DAOs?

We empirically study the state of three prominent DAO governance systems on the Ethereum blockchain:Compound,Uniswap and Ethereum name service(ENS).In particular,we examine how the voting power is distributed in these systems.Using a comprehensive dataset of all governance token holders,delegates,propos-als,and votes,we analyze who holds the voting power and how this power is being used to influence governance decisions.While we reveal that the majority of voting power is concentrated in the hands of a small number of addresses,we rarely observe these powerful entities overturning a vote by choosing a different outcome than that of the overall community and less influential voters.

A decision model for decentralized autonomous organization platform selection: Three industry case studies

Context:Decentralized autonomous organizations are a new form of smart contract-based governance.Decentralized autonomous organization platforms,which support the creation of such organizations,are becoming increasingly popular,such as Aragon and Colony.Selecting the best fitting platform is challenging for organizations,as a significant number of decision criteria,such as popularity,developer availability,governance issues and consistent documentation of such platforms,should be considered.Additionally,decision-makers at the organizations are not experts in every domain,so they must continuously acquire volatile knowledge regarding such platforms.Objective:Supporting decision-makers in selecting the right decentralized autonomous organization platforms by designing an effective decision model is the main objective of this study.We aim to provide more insight into their selection process and reduce time and effort significantly by designing a decision model.Method:This study presents a decision model for the decentralized autonomous organization platform selection problem.The decision model captures knowledge regarding such platforms and concepts systematically.This model is based on an existing theoretical framework that assists software engineers with a set of multi-criteria decision-making problems in software production.Results:We conducted three industry case studies in the context of three decentralized autonomous organizations to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the decision model in assisting decision-makers.The case study participants declared that the decision model provides significantly more insight into their selection process and reduces time and effort.Conclusion:We observe in the empirical evidence from the case studies that decision-makers can make more rational,efficient,and effective decisions with the decision model.Furthermore,the reusable form of the captured knowledge regarding decentralized autonomous organization platforms can be employed by other researchers in their future investigations.

去中心化自治组织对公司治理的赋能与创新

区块链技术在人类历史上首次为参与者提供了在去中心化自治组织中平等合作的环境。每个成员对去中心化自治组织的贡献都可以在区块链上以完全透明的方式记录下来。这些前所未有的技术特性使得公司和其他形式的商业组织能够基于区块链的去中心化组织结构升级迭代,并有可能最终克服代理成本。去中心化自治组织在概念上扩大了公司的定义,使我们能够重新审视公司这一商业组织形式,并质疑有关公司治理理论的各种演绎思路。去中心化自治组织已经开始挑战由传统代理结构促成的主导治理结构。未来理想的去中心化自治组织治理设计将在商业组织的实践中得以筛选和淬炼,去中心化自治组织也将持续地保持动态迭代升级,并为以人性风险控制和不对称信息博弈为核心的公司治理提供源源不断的规范灵感与制度方案。

去中心化自治组织的法律性质及归责路径

在组织治理日新月异的当下,去中心化自治组织和传统组织其实同大于异,其法律规制无需跳脱至现有组织制度之外。受共识算法、智能合约等技术影响,去中心化自治组织不具备法人的固定科层结构,也不符合合伙企业的深度人合基础。按“组织体—组织主体—新型非法人组织”的逻辑主线,其为有独立团体意志与组织财产的组织体,满足组织主体认定的理性要件与组织人格诞生的实体、政策与技术三重契机,契合非法人组织责任相对独立的内涵,是一种去中心化、自治化且资合性突出的新型非法人组织。对去中心化理念的再中心化事实,就有限责任的现实意义进行理性反思,设置二分归责方式,由实控人员承担无限连带责任,一般投资者承担有限责任,以回应现实需求、平衡各方损益。

Blockchain-based reporting protocols as a collective monitoring mechanism in DAOs

As a recent decentralized business model,Distributed Autonomous Organization(DAO)challenges the management paradigms of conventional organizations and represents the future of democracy-based systems.However,DAOs are facing challenges that can be divided into two categories,including policy-based and technical challenges.Detecting misbehaving nodes is a crucial challenge that is considered in both categories.Designing mechanisms to report malicious behaviors while maintaining anonymity is essential for the survival and efficiency of DAOs.In this paper,we clarify the problem,and introduce Blockchain-Based Anonymous Reporting(BBAR)as a collective monitoring mechanism in DAOs with its requirements and implementation methods.

平行科研院所:从数字化转型到智能化变革

为应对当前科研院所在管理工作与科研业务方面面临的双重复杂性挑战,平行科研院所的概念被提出。平行科研院所以虚实互动的平行智能理论为基础,利用基于数字孪生与元宇宙的数字化建设技术、基于区块链与去中心化自治组织与运营(DAO)的分布式治理技术、基于多模态大数据与大模型的智能化决策技术以及基于分布式自主科学(DeSci)与人工智能驱动的科学(AI4S)的科学创新范式,形成基于复杂科学的科研院所变革引导方案,构建可信、可靠、可用和高效益的智慧科研组织与运营生态。介绍了平行科研院所的体系设计与关键技术,描述了其主要特征与优势,并探讨了其典型应用场景。平行科研院所超越简单的科研院所数字化转型,强调更高级的智能化变革,旨在促进科研院所的可持续健康发展。

探讨AI for Science的影响与意义:现状与展望

以ChatGPT为代表的新一轮人工智能技术浪潮正推动人类社会全面变革,科学研究范式正加速转换,一场人工智能驱动的科学研究(AI for Science,AI4S)革命正在到来。分析了AI4S的基本概念和特点,从数学、物理、生物、材料等角度简要综述了AI4S的发展现状。大力发展AI4S对提高国家竞争力、发展社会经济、加强技术储备都具有十分重要的意义。为更好地推动我国AI4S的发展,以下两点十分关键:一是变革当代的教学与教育,倡导AI for Education和Education for AI;二是以DAOs和DeSci为基础建立适应“新科学研究范式”的“新组织方式”和“新科研生态”,为AI4S研究提供公开、公平、公正的可持续性支持。

基于Web3的去中心化自治组织与运营新框架

Web3技术催生的去中心化自治组织(Decentralized autonomous organization, DAO)正以颠覆性的方式重新定义要素资源、变革生产关系与塑造组织形态.为了更好地响应DAO研究与应用需求,本文从组织和运营两个角度重新解析DAO,认为其应当被更广义而精确地定义为去中心化自治组织与运营(Decentralized autonomous organization and operation).在此基础上,阐述DAO的关键原理与基本要求,探讨社会物理信息系统、平行智能等基础设施以及数字孪生、元宇宙、Web3等支撑技术,构建涵盖组织层、协调层以及执行层等的DAO五层智能新架构,提出DAO的闭环方程以及功能导向的智能新算法,分析个体、组织与社会视角下的DAO治理机制,研究面向生物人、机器人与数字人的DAO激励机制,并介绍DAO的典型与潜在应用场景.最后,总结全文并展望DAO未来研究方向.

第四次工业革命背景下技术-组织-管理范式研究

当前,正值第四次工业革命的导入期,人工智能、区块链、物联网、大数据、云计算等新一代数字技术的应用推广将会带来企业组织管理的变革,深入探究这些变革及其影响有利于企业在数智时代更好地适应不确定环境的冲击和挑战。通过对历次工业革命中企业组织管理演变历史脉络的梳理,重点探讨第四次工业革命浪潮下,数字技术与企业组织管理是如何相互形塑的。研究表明,技术创新与企业的组织创新、管理创新之间相互作用,表现为一种双向的互馈和形塑关系,形成了一种技术-组织-管理新范式:首先,以人工智能和区块链为核心支撑技术的新型技术范式,推动企业向去中心化、自治化的组织形态转变,企业外部环境变化对企业提出了新的潜在特征需求,平台制组织将更具有效率性。其次,在数字技术和平台制组织的基础上,企业的管理模式也发生了变化,在提高效率的内在动力驱动下,企业积极进行管理模式创新,算法管理成为企业核心管理模式,推动企业新型组织形态的优化,进而促进数字技术的进一步创新和扩散。技术-组织-管理范式作为新生理论范式,既可为第四次工业革命背景下企业组织管理变革提供更富诠释力的理论视角,也可为企业数字化转型实践提供更具解释力的理论框架。

Web3.0:元宇宙的底层网络结构

作为移动互联网的代表产品Web2.0之后的下一代互联网,Web3.0是元宇宙的底层网络结构,对于元宇宙实现永续性、开放性、自治性等核心功能具有决定性作用,Web3.0对于人类的生产、分配、交换、消费等都将产生重要影响。Web3.0的核心理念在于用户掌握数据权利,从而真正实现将数据纳入生产要素的框架之中,这从根本上区别于Web2.0范式下互联网平台垄断用户数据的情况。Web3.0在数字钱包、分布式身份认证、聚合隐私计算、分布式自治组织(DAO)、分布式存储、去中心化交易、创作者经济、非同质化通证(NFT)、开放式金融(Defi)等领域正在快速落地,但也面临数据处理能力瓶颈突出、泡沫与机遇并存、短期内用户习惯难以适应等问题。中国应密切关注国际上Web3.0相关技术和应用的进展,对其潜在的风险予以防范,并积极制定面向下一代互联网的产业政策,推进Web3.0的应用层——元宇宙的发展,塑造健康有序的市场环境。

去中心化自治组织犯罪的形态剖析与治理对策

随着区块链技术的发展,去中心化自治组织的概念逐渐引起人们的关注。这是一种由智能合约和区块链技术构建的组织形式,其权力和决策机制分散化,由参与者共同决策。当前,去中心化自治组织犯罪存在两种基本类型,表现为黑客攻击、非法交易、洗钱犯罪、虚假ICO、庞氏骗局等不同的具体犯罪形态。对于利用去中心化自治组织实施的犯罪,我国刑法在否定去中心化自治组织犯罪主体地位的同时,承认其作为犯罪工具的定位。在去中心化自治组织犯罪的刑法规制中,去中心化自治组织不同成员的刑事责任认定、利用去中心化组织实施犯罪中的帮助行为正犯化、作为犯罪工具的“去中心化自治组织”的合理处置等值得深入探讨。同时,为了更好地应对去中心化自治组织犯罪带来的挑战,有效防范与打击此类新型犯罪,还需在法治层面完善去中心化自治组织犯罪的刑法规制,同时在技术层面利用区块链技术实现“以彼之道,还施彼身”。

DAO亦有“道”:去中心化自治组织的理论溯源和内在冲突研究

当前管理学的研究对象日益单调,去中心化自治组织(DAO)的出现可遇而不可求,它在提供新视角的同时也是一次检验既有理论的机会。DAO是一种基于区块链技术运行的新型组织形式,它不存在中央集权式的领导者或管理机制,而是通过智能合约实现自我控制,并借助代币实现人机共治。业界普遍关注DAO对公司制的可替代性,学界的研究则刚开始,多学科背景下尚缺乏管理学视角的基础理论分析。本文在界定DAO相关概念的基础上,深入分析了DAO与公司制的异同,发现其概念源于古典决策理论,其行为符合无边界组织、虚拟组织和网络组织的基本特征;进而从委托代理、民主制度、信息不对称、去中心化四个角度分析DAO的缺陷,指出DAO治理中存在“去中心化—高效决策—唯一共识”不可能三角;最后探讨了DAO对组织边界的贡献与价值。本研究旨在在新兴现象和传统理论之间构筑桥梁,借以增进产学两界的相互参考。