Long-term changes in radial growth of seven tree species in the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest in Northeast China:Are deciduous trees favored by climate change?

The role of the temperate mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest(BKF)in global biogeochemical cycles will depend on how the tree species community responds to climate;however,species-specific responses and vulner-abilities of common trees in BKF to extreme climates are poorly understood.Here we used dendrochronological meth-ods to assess radial growth of seven main tree species(Pinus koraiensis,Picea jezoensis,Abies nephrolepis,Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Ulmus davidiana)in an old-growth BKF in response to climate changes in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains and to improve predictions of changes in the tree species compo-sition.Temperature in most months and winter precipita-tion significantly negatively affected growth of P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis,but positively impacted growth of P.koraiensis and the broadleaf species,especially F.mandshu-rica and U.davidiana.Precipitation and relative humidity in June significantly positively impacted the growth of most tree species.The positive effect of the temperature during the previous non-growing season(PNG)on growth of F.mandshurica and Q.mongolica strengthened significantly with rapid warming around 1981,while the impact of PNG temperature on the growth of P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis changed from significantly negative to weakly negative or positive at this time.The negative response of radial growth of P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis to precipitation during the growing season gradually weakened,and the negative response to PNG precipitation was enhanced.Among the studied species,P.koraiensis was the most resistant to drought,and U.davidiana recovered the best after extreme drought.Ulmus davidiana,P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis were more resistant to extreme cold than the other species.Climate warming generally exacerbated the opposite growth patterns of conifer(decline)and broadleaf(increase)spe-cies.Deciduous broadleaf tree species in the old-growth BKF probably will gradually become dominant as warming continues.Species-specific growth-climate relationships should be considered in future models of biogeochemical cycles and in forestry management practices.

Effect of thinning intensity on understory herbaceous diversity and biomass in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Changbai Mountain

Background:Herbs are an important part of the forest ecosystem,and their diversity and biomass can reflect the restoration of vegetation after forest thinning disturbances.Based on the near-mature secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province Forestry Experimental Zone,this study analyzed seasonal changes of species diversity and biomass of the understory herb layer after different intensities of thinning.Results:The results showed that although the composition of herbaceous species and the ranking of importance values were affected by thinning intensity,they were mainly determined by seasonal changes.Across the entire growing season,the species with the highest importance values in thinning treatments included Carex pilosa,Aegopodium alpestre,Meehania urticifolia,and Filipendula palmata,which dominated the herb layer of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest.The number of species,Margalef index,Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index all had their highest values in May,and gradually decreased with months.Pielou index was roughly inverted“N”throughout the growing season.Thinning did not increase the species diversity.Thinning can promote the total biomass,above-and below-ground biomass.The number of plants per unit area and coverage were related to the total biomass,above-and below-ground biomass.The average height had a significantly positive correlation with herb biomass in May but not in July.However,it exerted a significantly negative correlation with herb biomass in September.The biomass in the same month increased with increasing thinning intensity.Total herb biomass,above-and below-ground biomass showed positive correlations with Shannon-Winner index,Simpson index and Pielou evenness index in May.Conclusions:Thinning mainly changed the light environment in the forest,which would improve the plant diversity and biomass of herb layer in a short time.And different thinning intensity had different effects on the diversity of understory herb layer.The findings provide theoretical basis and reference for reasonable thinning and tending in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests.

Responses of soil Collembolans to vegetation restoration in temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests

A total of 900 soil samples were collected from five habitats,including primary coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests,secondary coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests,secondary broad-leaved forests,secondary shrub forests,and cutover lands in spring,summer,and autumn to quantify responses of soil Collembolans(springtails)to the restoration of vegetation of temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests.The results reveal that the taxonomic composition of Collembolans varied in the different stages of vegetation restoration.Seasonal variations were in regard to their abundance and richness.High similarities existed in Collembola communities at different stages of vegetation restoration,and distribution patterns of Collembola taxa displayed an evenness throughout all habitats.Soil Collembolans tended to gather on litter layers and soil surface;the highest abundance was found in the upper 5 cm soil layer during the initial stages of vegetation recovery.Tomocerus,Proisotoma,and Folsomia genera responded positively to the restoration of vegetation.However,responses of Ceratophysella and Parisotoma genera were negative.In addition,the Onychiuridae family did not respond to the vegetation restoration process.It was concluded that restoration of vegetative cover can increase the abundance of soil Collembolans,but different genera respond differently.

Soil carbon dioxide fluxes of a typical broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, China

The forest ecosystem plays an important role in the global carbon cycling. A study was conducted to evaluate soil CO2 flux and its seasonal and diurnal variation with the air and soil temperatures by using static closed chamber technique in a typical broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest area on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, China. The experiment was carried out through the day and night in the growing season (from June to September) in situ and sample gas was analyzed by a gas chromatograph. Results showed that the forest floor was a large net source of carbon, and soil CO2 fluxes had an obvi-ous law of seasonal and diel variation. The soil CO2 flux of broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest was in the range of 0.302.42 mmol穖-2穝-1 with the mean value of 0.98 mmol穖-2穝-1. An examination on the seasonal pattern of soil CO2 emission suggested that the variability in soil CO2 flux could be correlated with variations in soil temperature, and the maximum of mean CO2 flux occurred in July ((1.27±23%) mmol穖-2穝-1) and the minimum was in September ((0.50±28%) mmol穖-2穝-1). The fluctuations in diel soil CO2 flux were also correlated with changes in soil temperature; however, there existed a factor for a time lag. Soil CO2 flux from the forest floor was strongly related to soil temperature and had the highest correlation with temperature at 6-cm depth of soil. Q10 values based on air temperature and soil temperature of different soil depths were at the ranges of 2.09–3.40.

Species spatial distributions in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in China

Spatial distribution is fundamental for understanding species coexistence mechanisms in forest communities.Here we comprehensively explored fine-scale spatial patterns of tree species in a secondary warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest community in north China.Aggregated distribution patterns were predominant.Species functional traits had no significant effects on their spatial patterns.The aggregation intensity decreased with increasing DBH and abundance.The multivariate linear stepwise regression showed that abundance and maximum DBH were correlated with the aggregation intensity.Our results partially confirm that species attributes(abundance,DBH)and habitat heterogeneity may primarily contribute to spatial patterns and species coexistence in this secondary forest.

Dynamics of nitrogen nutrition of coexisting dominant trees in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest

Chemical analysis of ammonium, nitrate and total nitrogen in tree leaves and roots and anin-vivo bioassay for nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were used to monitor the seasonal variations in nitrogen assimilation among four coexisting dominant tree species, includingPinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica andAcer mono, in a virgin mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest. The soil study included individual horizons of L+F (0–5 cm), Ah (5–11 cm) and Aw (11–25 cm). All four species had nitrate and ammonium in their roots and leaves, and also NRA in leaves. This indicated that these coexisting species were adapted to ammonium + nitrate nutrition. A negative correlation existed between nitrate use and ammonium use. Ammonium concentration was higher than that of nitrate in tree leaves and roots, and also in soils, which indicated climax woody species had a relative preference for ammonium nutrition. There was a positive relationship between tree nitrogen nutrition use and soil nitrogen nutrient supply. Utilization of ammonium and nitrate as well as the seasonal patterns differed significantly between the species. Peaks of ammonium, nitrate, NRA and total nitrogen in one species were therefore not necessarily synchronous with peaks in other species, and which indicated a species-specific seasonal use of nitrogen. The species-specific temporal differentiation in nitrogen use might reduce the competition between co-existing species and may be an important mechanism promoting stability of virgin mixed broad-leaved//Korean pine forest.

Floristic Composition, Structure and Soil Properties of Mixed Deciduous Forest and Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest: Case Study in Madan Watershed, Myanmar

Patterns of woody regeneration in terms of species composition and diversity were studied in mixed deciduous forest (MDF) and deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF) in Minbyin reserved forest of Lewe Township. A total of 57 plant species of MDF belonging to 28 families and 342 individuals and 25 plant species of DDF consist of 15 families and 285 individuals were identified. Plant species diversity was quantitatively higher in the MDF (H' = 3.68) compared to the DDF (H' = 2.39). Tectona grandis showed the highest density (30), dominance (4.40 m2) and IVI (27.01) of MDF and Dipterocarpus tuberculatus also composed the highest density (109), dominance (9.02 m2) and IVI (81.87) in DDF. The smallest diameter class (10 - 20 cm) comprised with 29 species, 103 individuals in MDF and 18 species, 85 individuals in DDF. The size class distribution displayed a reverse J-shaped pattern. The largest numbers of species were concentrated in the smallest height class in both investigated forests because of height and diameter distribution is closely related. The total densities of seedlings and saplings were 1219 and 531 ha-1 in MDF and 988 and 444 ha-1 in DDF respectively. Although soil texture of (40 - 50 cm) and (90 - 100 cm) were sandy clay loam in mixed deciduous forest, the other layers of both investigated forests were sandy loam.

NITROGEN NUTRIENT MECHANISM IN SECONDARY SUCCESSION PROCESS OF THE MIXED BROAD-LEAVED/ KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS) FOREST

Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, anunonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those of secondary birch forests those are in succession Stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such as Pinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and also Fraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the anunonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such as Populus davidiava and Betula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especially Pinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana and Betula plaaphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others.In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitroggn nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.

Recovery of species diversity after disturbance of broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

Recovery of species diversity after catastrophic disturbance was influenced by a few factors, such as intensity of disturbance, availability of propagules, and the environmental conditions, In this paper, we examined pattems of species development after nearly 60a succession in bumed broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest on northem slope of ChangbaiMountain. We aasessed the recovery of plant species diversity in 3 types of forests under the contition with gradient of soil moisture. Results revealed that recovery of plant species (liversity varied greatly under different environmental conditions.Species richness of secondary forests greatly related to the site condition. Secondary birch forest on mesic site had the greatest number of plant species and the following was poplar-birch forest and larch-birch forest.Most of characteristic taxa couldbe found in birch forest after 60a succession. For larch-birch forest on hydra site, most of climax species were still not able to invade, so it had the lowest species diversity.

Community Dynamics of Seed Rain in Mixed Evergreen Broad-leaved and Deciduous Forests in a Subtropical Mountain of Central China

Seed dispersal is a key process within community dynamics. The spatial and temporal variations of seed dispersal and the interspecific differences are crucial for understanding species coexistence and community dynamics. This might also hold for the mixed evergreen broadleaved and deciduous forests in the mountains of subtropical China, but until now little existing knowledge is available for this question. In 2001, we chose to monitor the seed rain process of our mixed evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous forest communities in Mount Dalaoling National Forest Park, Yichang, Hubei Province, China. The preliminary analyses show obvious variations in seed rain density, species compositions and timing of seed rain among four communities. The average seed rain densities of the four communities are 2.43 ± 5.15, 54.13 ±182.75, 10.05 ±19.30 and 24.91 ± 58.86 inds/m^2, respectively; about one tenth the values in other studies in subtropical forests of China. in each community, the seed production is dominated by a limited number of species, and the contributions from the others are generally minor. Fecundity of evergreen broadleaved tree species is weaker than deciduous species. The seed rain of four communities begins earlier than September, and stops before December, peaking from early September to late October. The beginning date, ending date and peak times of seed rain are extensively varied among the species, indicating different types of dispersal strategies. According to the existing data, the timing of seed rain is not determined by the climate conditions in the same period, while the density of seed rain may be affected by the disturbances of weather variations at a finer temporal resolution.

Meteorological control on CO_2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountains

The impacts of temperature, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on CO2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains were studied based on eddy covariance and meteorological factors measurements.The results showed that, daytime CO2 flux was mainly controlled by PAR and they fit Michaelis-Menten equation. Meanwhile VPD also had an influence on the daytime flux. Drier air reduced the CO2 assimilation of the ecosystem, the drier the air, the more the reduction of the assimilation. And the forest was more sensitive to VPD in June than that in July and August. The respiration of the ecosystem was mainly controlled by soil temperature and they fit exponential equation. It was found that this relationship was also correlated with seasons; respiration from April to July was higher than that from August to November under the same temperature. Daily net carbon exchange of the ecosystem and the daily mean air temperature fit exponential equation. It was also found that seasonal trend of net carbon exchange was the result of comprehensive impacts of temperature and PAR and so on. These resulted in the biggest CO2 uptake in June and those in July and August were next. Annual carbon uptake of the forest ecosystem in 2003 was -184 gC. m-2.

CO_2 flux evaluation over the evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan, China

The Dinghushan flux observation site, as one of the four forest sites of ChinaFLUX, aims to acquire long-term measurements of CO2 flux over a typical southern subtropical evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem using the open path eddy covariance method. Based on two years of data from 2003 to 2004, the characteristics of temporal variation in CO2 flux and its response to environmental factors in the forest ecosystem are analyzed. Provided two-dimensional coordinate rotation, WPL correction and quality control, poor energy-balance and underestimation of ecosystem respiration during nighttime implied that there could be a CO2 leak during the nighttime at the site. Using daytime (PAR > 1.0μmol-1·m-2·s-1) flux data during windy conditions (u* > 0.2 m·s-1), monthly ecosystem respiration (Reco) was derived through the Michaelis-Menten equation modeling the relationship between net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Exponential function was employed to describe the relationship between Reco and soil temperature at 5 cm depth (Ts05), then Reco of both daytime and nighttime was calculated respectively by the function. The major results are: (i) Derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation, the apparent quantum yield (α) was 0.0027±0.0011 mgCO2·μmol-1 photons, and the maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate (Amax) was 1.102±0.288 mgCO2·m-2·s-1. Indistinctive seasonal variation of o or Amax was consistent with weak seasonal dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) in such a lower subtropical evergreen mixed forest. (ii) Monthly accumulated Reco was estimated as 95.3±21.1 gC·m-2 mon-1, accounting for about 68% of the gross primary product (GPP). Monthly accumulated NEE was estimated as -43.2±29.6 gC·m-2·mon-1. The forest ecosystem acted as carbon sink all year round without any seasonal carbon efflux period. Annual NEE of 2003 and 2004 was estimated as -563.0 and -441.2 gC·m-2·a-1 respectively, accounting for about 32% of GPP.

Pollen flux and vertical dispersion in coniferous and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains

The pollen flux in coniferous and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains is presented in one year's experiments. The results indicate that arboreal pollen percentages are more than 65% and pollen flux is higher than 5000 grain·cm-2·a-1,while less than 2% and lower than 1000 grain·cm-2·a-1 for shrubby pollen,and less than 20% and lower than 3000 grain·cm-1·a-1 for herbaceous pollen for most samples at different heights. The pollen assemblages are similar to those in the samples under 8 m height where Pinus and Ouercus are dominant and followed by the few non-local pollen types,and Fraxinus percentages are high with a few non-local pollen types at 16 m to 32 m height as well as non-local pollen clearly increased at 40 m height. Comparisons between pollen assemblages and vegetation composition suggest that similarities are higher for pollen trap samples than for surface moss samples.

天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨特征及其与群落组成的关系

林木种子是森林更新的重要物质基础,其数量多少与组成会对群落动态和生态系统的结构与功能产生深刻影响。为了更好的了解天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态变化,利用种子收集器对天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨进行了一年定位监测,分析了种子雨物种组成、季节动态、空间动态、种子性状以及种子雨与群落树种空间关系。结果表明:(1)天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨密度为921.33粒m^(-2) a^(-1),一年中每月都能收集到一定数量种子,月平均种子雨密度为76.78粒/m^(2),种子雨密度最大高峰是在10月份,达到263.78粒/m^(2),种子雨散布具有很大的空间变异,群落种子雨空间分布格局呈聚集分布。(2)一年中共收集到30个物种的种子,单粒种子平均重量为0.065 g,其中小叶青冈重量最大为0.405 g,最小的为柳杉重量为0.003 g,不同散布方式和不同果实类型的物种种子重量差异显著,在散布方式中重力散布的种子重量最大,在果实类型中坚果的种子重量最大。(3)植物群落物种对种子雨组成,特别是优势种的物种丰富度有很大贡献,种子不同的散布方式会影响种子雨与母树组成的相似性,风力散布的相似系数的最高值(R_(max))和距种子雨收集器的距离(d)均最大(风力散布:R_(max)=0.212,d=8 m;动物散布:R_(max)=0.143,d=6 m;重力散布:R_(max)=0.100,d=7 m),种子雨密度与周围母树数量在一定范围内呈显著正相关。综上,天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子物种种类丰富,种子雨具有明显的季节动态和空间变异,符合亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨时空动态的典型特征,通过风力散布的种子在远距离传播上有更大的优势。

基于功能性状的中亚热带岩溶常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性维持研究

理解植物功能性状和功能实体在森林群落的分布,有助于探讨物种丧失对森林生态系统功能、冗余和恢复力的影响。为了解脆弱的岩溶石山森林在应对生物多样性丧失的生态系统反馈,对桂林岩溶石山两块1hm~2的常绿落叶阔叶混交林的木本植物数据进行了分析。包括基于功能性状计算功能多样性、构建功能实体计算功能冗余以及采用Pearson相关分析和Mantel检验评估物种多样性指标在生态系统的维持机制。结果显示:(1)青冈+大叶榉树群落的功能多样性指标均低于鱼骨木+青冈+圆叶乌桕群落,且两个群落间功能均匀度不相关(P>0.05),功能丰富度、功能离散度和Rao′s二次熵呈现极显著相关性(P<0.001),功能分散度呈现显著相关性(P<0.05)。(2)两个群落的物种丰富度与功能冗余指标表现出相似的线性关系,即物种丰富度与功能实体等级、功能冗余、功能超冗余呈正相关,与功能脆弱性呈负相关关系。(3)不同植物功能性状间、不同功能多样性指标间和不同功能冗余指标间的相关性较强,功能多样性指标和功能冗余指标间无显著相关性,但功能性状与功能多样性指标、功能性状与功能冗余指标均存在不同程度的相关性。而在功能实体与物种多样性指标的相关性方面,呈现出同物种丰富度与物种多样性指标相似的显著度。另外,物种多度与物种丰富度、功能分散度、功能离散度、Rao′s二次熵及功能脆弱性均显著相关。总之,在岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中,高功能多样性的群落存在高功能冗余的现象,但功能多样性和功能冗余是相互独立的因素;物种丰富度高的群落所提供的保险效应无法抵消其生态系统的脆弱性。因此,不能仅通过保护物种丰富度来维持生态系统的特有功能,还应充分考虑多度对生态系统功能的贡献,以更有效地实现对岩溶石山森林生态系统的保护。

紫金山两种典型林分土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

明晰不同林分类型对土壤磷含量和组分的影响程度,以期为亚热带区域提高土壤磷有效性和维持土壤肥力提供科学依据。以紫金山77年生的朴树(Celtis sinensis)、糙叶树(Aphananthe aspera)阔叶混交林和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)针阔混交林为研究对象,测定了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的磷组分、微生物生物量磷、凋落物和细根的化学组成以及磷酸酶活性,并对土壤磷组分和环境因子进行了冗余分析。结果表明:阔叶混交林的活性磷、中等活性磷和稳定性磷含量均高于针阔混交林,表明阔叶混交林土壤具有较高的磷有效性和供应能力;阔叶混交林和针阔混交林各磷组分占总磷(TP)比例具有相似规律,从高到低依次为:稳定性磷>中等活性磷>活性磷,其中,NaHCO_(3)-Po、NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCl-Pi、Residual-P在不同林分和土层间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),NaHCO_(3)-Pi仅在土层间具有显著差异(P<0.05);冗余分析表明,阔叶混交林土壤磷组分受凋落物碳磷比(C/P_(L))、细根碳氮比(C/N_(F))、土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)调控,除NaHCO_(3)-Po、NaOH-Po、HCl-Pi外,其余磷组分与DOC呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01),7种磷组分与C/P_(L)呈正相关,与C/N_(F)呈负相关,但均不显著。针阔混交林土壤磷组分受土壤铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、凋落物氮磷比(N/P_(L))、细根磷含量(P_(F))调控,除NaHCO_(3)-Pi外,其余磷组分与NH_(4)^(+)-N呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01),与P_(F)呈正相关,与N/P_(L)呈负相关,但均不显著。综上,阔叶混交林能够显著提高土壤有效性磷含量,两种林分类型下土壤磷组分受不同因素调控,其中,土壤中氮元素含量、微生物生物量磷含量是导致两种林分土壤磷组分变化的共同调控因素。

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落叶养分含量时空分布特征

森林生态系统中凋落物养分含量通常具有明显的时空异质性,为探究喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林凋落叶养分含量的时空分布特征及其影响因素,以广西木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林25hm2动态监测样地内151个凋落物收集器所收集的凋落叶为研究对象,选取连续12个月的凋落叶进行元素含量分析。结果显示:该森林群落凋落叶元素含量大小顺序为碳(C)>钙(Ca)>氮(N)>镁(Mg)>钾(K)>硫(S)>磷(P),分别介于471.85—496.33、20.27—28.29、17.34—23.10、2.79—5.49、1.80—4.38、1.82—2.22、0.96—1.21g/kg之间,呈现高Ca、Mg,低P、K的分布规律,并且随时间出现明显波动,其中C、N、P、S和Ca元素均在4月出现较大值,而K、Mg则在1月出现峰值。生物因子在5m和10m邻域范围内对凋落叶含量的影响基本一致,但10m尺度上地形因子和土壤因子对凋落叶元素含量的影响更为明显。10m邻域范围内生物和非生物因子对凋落叶P元素的随机森林累积解释率最高,达80.27%,C元素累积解释率最低,仅10.49%,其中海拔和坡度对凋落叶C、N、P、S、K、Ca和Mg含量均有强烈影响,岩石出露率和土壤铁(Fe)含量也会在一定程度上对凋落叶元素含量产生较大影响。综上所述,喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林不同月际间凋落叶养分含量存在显著差异,10m尺度上海拔和坡度是凋落叶养分含量产生空间变异的主要原因。

安徽板仓常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成和群落结构

目的:探究安徽潜山板仓省级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种组成和群落结构。方法:按照CTFS的建设标准,在安徽潜山板仓省级自然保护区建立1 hm^(2)的森林监测固定样地。对样地内所有胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的木本植物进行调查,并从群落物种组成、区系特征、重要值、群落垂直结构和径级特征等进行分析研究。结果:该固定样地内DBH≥1 cm的木本植物共有3572株,隶属于34科66属98种;其中樟科、豆科、蔷薇科、壳斗科等有较大优势。从属的水平上看,温带区系成分占总属数的71.43%,热带区系成分占25.40%,区系具有过渡性,且温带成分明显。样地稀有种17种,占总物种数的17.35%。重要值≥1.00%的物种共有22个,重要值最大的为毛柄连蕊茶13.05%、其次为豹皮樟11.04%和山胡椒7.13%。样地内所有植株平均胸径为4.60 cm,平均高度为4.3 m,群落径级分布呈“J”型,表明群落结构总体稳定和健康生长状态。结论:样地内木本植株数量较多,物种丰富,具有天然次生林典型特征。区系成分复杂,具有明显的过渡特征。植被由落叶阔叶混交林向常绿阔叶林演替。

南北过渡带常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳通量特征及其对环境因子的响应

森林生态系统强大的碳源/汇功能是实现“碳中和”和“碳达峰”战略目标最经济、有效的自然气候解决方案和固碳增汇手段。准确评估森林生态系统的碳汇能力,对于明确森林碳储量有重要意义。为明确亚热带-暖温带气候过渡带的常绿落叶阔叶混交林的碳通量特征及其驱动因素,2011—2020年利用涡度相关法开展了大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳通量和环境要素的观测试验。结果表明:大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林净生态系统CO_(2)交换量、生态系统呼吸(Reco)、总初级生态生产力分别为-788.13 gC m^(-2) a^(-1)、1074.14 gC m^(-2) a^(-1)、1862.27 gC m^(-2) a^(-1),该森林生态系统整体表现为碳汇,其固碳能力与相近纬度的常绿落叶阔叶混交林基本持平,并高于针阔叶混交林、毛竹林等其他类型的森林生态系统。10年间,大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的固碳能力有所增强。影响大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳通量的主要环境因子为温度与太阳辐射,气温(Ta)、净辐射(Rn)、光合有效辐射和总辐射与生态系统碳生产力和GPP呈显著正相关(P<0.001),Reco与Ta和Rn呈显著正相关(P<0.001)。研究结果为气候变化响应敏感的南北气候过渡带森林生态系统的碳储量估算、碳循环过程模拟提供观测数据支持和科学依据。

星斗山天然次生林优势种的生态位和种间联结动态

[目的]常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国特有的天然林类型,作为亚热带山地的主要植被类型。探讨典型亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种的生态位和种间联结动态变化,阐明短期群落发展中优势种的适应能力、种间关系和变化规律,为亚热带地区生物资源保护、恢复和森林管理提供理论依据。[方法]本研究以湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区天然次生林为研究对象,结合2013年和2018年的两次固定样地(48个)调查监测数据,对比分析重要值排名前10名的优势种(重要值大于2%)的生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数、方差比率法、χ^(2)检验、联结系数、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数的动态变化。[结果](1)2013年和2018年物种组成变化较小,物种株数、科属种数减少;重要值排名前10名的优势种仅1名物种发生变动。(2)两次调查结果的生态位重叠指数均以0.2~0.5之间为主,种对数随群落发展而增加,大部分物种对生境需求具有一定相似性、互补性。随着群落发展,多数优势种的生态位重叠程度逐渐降低、生态位宽度逐渐变窄、利用资源能力逐渐减弱。(3)5年间,重要值排序与生态位宽度排序并不完全相同,群落资源未被完全充分利用。水榆花楸和翅柃一直占据优势地位,与其他优势种的生态位重叠指数呈现稳定或增加趋势。(4)两次调查中优势种的总体联结性均为显著正关联,χ^(2)检验、联结系数、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关系数的结果基本一致:正关联种对数大于负关联种对数,极显著或显著正关联种对数比极显著或显著负关联种对数多,不显著关联种对数也占有重要比例。随着群落发展,总体联结性的显著正关联逐渐增强,正相关对数和正负比值逐渐增加,负相关对数逐渐减少。[结论]湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区天然次生林处于自然演替的早期至中期阶段,种间联结松散、不紧密,水榆花楸和翅柃竞争力强,长蕊杜鹃、多脉青冈和包果柯常绿树种对环境资源利用能力不断提高。