Industrialization,Efficiency and Social Housing:Sustainable Prefabrication for the Colombian Social and Cultural Context

This research aims to generate processes of industrialization and qualification of social housing in Colombia through prefabrication,low energy consumption and high environmental quality to reduce the current deficit and improve the quality of life in communities with fewer economic resources.Modular coordination and the use of materials with thermal behaviors,appropriate to the country’s climatic characteristics,reduce production costs,avoid waste and improve the architectural and environmental quality of social housing.Passive cooling strategies,such as controlling solar incursion and generating natural cross ventilation eliminate energy consumption and allow reaching desired standards of comfort.In a context in which traditional construction systems have still not resolved the social housing deficit in Colombia and which generate high costs for energy consumption in the search for thermal comfort,industrialized and efficient construction with high environmental quality provides solutions according to the economic,geographic,social and cultural context in Colombia.

Case Study-Performances of a Masonry House-Energy Consumption and Air-Tightness

Air-tightness and energy consumption was measured in a one-family house built in 2009 and 2010.The air-tightness fulfilled the goals,which was set to 0.3 L/s·m^(2).The energy consumption was measured from the start in May 2010.The figures in this report refer to measurements between May 2010 and October 2013 and are well below the authority demand of 55 kWh/m^(2)·year.

Study on urban housing consumption selection based on Logit model

Housing problem is the problem of livelihood. The problem of housing consumer behavior has become one of the main concern of the Government after more than 10 years the rapid development of real estate. This article is based on the logit model, integrated family net worth, family income, labor factors and so on. Results showed that housing in Shanghai have household net worth is the most critical, followed by labour income and labour force.

House Price, Consumption Power and Gap of Demographic Urbanization in China

This paper investigates the gap of demographic urbanization arising from the difference between rural residents who have migrated to cities and those who have acquired urban citizenship in the process of China's urbanization. The skyrocketing house prices and insufficient household consumption power are key factors to the widening gap, which had reached 18% in 2013. In order to explore this issue, by creating the basic model and the model with interaction term, this paper has analyzed the relationship among house prices, consumption power and gap of urbanization using the data of 31 provinces between 1999 and 2013 in China. Empirical result indicates that: there is a positive correlation between the house prices and the gap of China's demographic urbanization. However, such a correlation is restrained by these rural migrants who rent houses in cities. For an increase of house price by 1%, the gap of urbanization will widen by 1.05%. Although rising urban consumption power of rural residents has increased the ratio of migration, the lagged growth of consumption power has led to a widening gap of urbanization. Therefore, the only way to effectively reduce the gap of demographic urbanization is to increase the consumption power of migrant population and optimize consumption structure.

Electricity consumption propensity of different household members in apartment house

South Korea is an energy-guzzling country.Economic reasons in the country force its households to save more energy.Household energy consumption in South Korea has grown slow compared to other sectors and household energy consumption per capita is lower than the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) average.However,its per capita electricity use soared and expected to keep climbing mainly due to the increasing number of one-person household.To establish effective strategy against a possible electricity shortage,the amount of electricity energy consumption needs to be understood clearly first.We adopted both general survey and detailed survey for people living in apartment housings and collected data on electrical instrument use according to individual schedule.Based on these data,we tried to analyze electricity consumption patterns resulting from energy using activities at home and find out electricity using tendency according to each family member's characteristics in apartment housings.

Crowding-in or Crowding-out:How Infrastructure Investment Affects Household Consumption

This paper constructs a dynamic model of household consumption decisions and accordingly designs empirical analyses to identify how infrastructure investment affects private consumption.The estimation results of provincial panel data reveal that infrastructure investment can not only indirectly promote household consumption through the income channel but also directly promote household consumption expansion through the expectations channel,with a significant"crowding-in"effect.However,the effect is significantly weaker in provinces with a lower housing supply elasticity,showing the"crowding-out"pattern through the wealth channel.Household survey data provide an explanation for individual heterogeneity.Infrastructure investment has a greater pushing effect on house prices in provinces with a lower housing supply elasticity.Rapid house price growth has significant"crowding-out"effects on the consumption of wealthy households.This not only significantly weakens the driving effect of infrastructure investment on aggregate household consumption,but also increases wealth inequality in the long term.This paper explains how infrastructure investment affects household consumption and the corresponding role played by house prices,providing empirical evidences for theoretical studies related to macro-regulatory policies in China.

Design of low-energy building and energy consumption analyses

In China,a new "Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings (for cold region)" was introduced in 2006. In this new standard,more high level insulation of the building envelope is required,yearly energy requirement for heating must be less than 55 kWh/(m2·a)(regarded as a low-energy house). The new attempt was carried out in the process of architecture design with an evaluation on energy consumption of the building. The design plan was brought forward and compared. PHPP software from German was applied to calculate energy consumption of the passive residential building. The optimum design planning was discussed and model of passive house suited to China's national conditions were attempted. The compactness,solar air collector and the window-wall ratio have essential influence on the energy consumption of buildings. The annual heat demands for the buildings with the window-wall ratio 0.35 and 0.50 are 48 kWh/(m2·a) and 46 kWh/(m2·a),respectively. The yearly auxiliary heat of building with the wall-mounted solar air collectors and the window-wall ratio 0.35 is just 4.8 kWh/(m2·a).

How Load Aggregators Avoid Risks in Spot Electricity Market:In the Framework of Power Consumption Right Option Contracts

There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.

房价对城镇居民消费不平等的影响研究

基于中国家庭追踪调查库(CFPS)2010—2018年数据,采用面板计量模型和中介效应模型,研究房价对城镇居民消费不平等的影响效应及作用机制。结果表明:房价会正向影响城镇居民消费不平等,运用工具变量法进行内生性检验以及其他稳健性检验后,以上结论稳健。机制检验结果表明,房价会通过家庭人均消费支出影响城镇居民消费不平等,房价对居住支出和教育文化娱乐支出的影响程度较大,进一步说明房价上升会通过影响消费结构加剧城镇居民消费不平等。异质性检验结果表明,相对于城镇中低收入、中低金融资产家庭而言,房价变动对城镇高收入、高金融资产家庭居民消费的影响更明显。为此,应稳定房价、合理引导住房支出和调整居民消费结构,以促进消费公平,缩小消费不平等。

基于BIM技术的重庆传统木构民居围护结构节能改造研究——以杨家槽传统民居为例

传统民居的保护更新,需要在保证传统风貌的前提下,提高民居的室内舒适性,实现民居的可持续利用。围护结构的节能改造是目前发展的重点,而BIM技术的利用能高效地辅助节能改造的模拟计算。以重庆市渝北区杨家槽传统民居为对象,在实地调研的基础上,通过BIM技术对民居围护结构的能耗情况进行数字化模拟,解析重庆传统木构民居围护结构的气密性低、保温隔热性能差等现存问题,并针对问题设计实验模拟改造方案。通过模拟改造结果对比,结合传统民居修缮技术,提出适宜的围护结构节能改造措施。最终结果显示,通过在屋面设置防水保温构造,墙体内侧增加外保温层,增大窗墙比,以及设置双层窗形式,能显著提高围护结构的气密性与保温隔热性能,增进民居居住环境舒适度,为BIM技术在传统民居建筑的应用提供一定参考。

严寒地区被动房室内环境与供暖能耗后评估

对严寒地区某被动房示范项目的室内环境和供暖能耗进行了后评估,并与位于同一小区的普通住宅进行了对比分析。结果表明:被动房高性能的围护结构可有效提高室内操作温度,且由于设置了机械通风系统,可有效稀释室内CO_(2)浓度;被动房供暖季室内PM2.5浓度超标,新风系统对细颗粒物的过滤效率不满足要求;被动房供暖实际运行能耗高于超低能耗建筑年供暖耗热量指标,偏差达到33.6%。

住房财富、财富幻觉与居民家庭消费扩容升级

消费降级背景下,住房财富对居民家庭消费扩容升级的影响发生变化。结合CFPS2016、2018和2020三个年度的混合截面数据,以服务性消费支出占比作为消费升级的替代变量,探究住房财富对居民家庭消费扩容升级的影响。研究发现:住房财富正向影响消费扩容、负向影响消费升级;住房财富对城镇家庭、多套房家庭、房地产业发展程度较高地区家庭、金融业发展程度较低地区家庭消费扩容的正向作用更明显,住房财富对农村家庭、一套房家庭、房地产业发展程度较低地区家庭和金融业发展程度较低地区家庭消费升级的负向作用更明显。进一步分析发现,住房财富在财富幻觉的调节机制作用下会正向影响消费升级。

基于BIM技术寒冷地区近零能耗农宅技术经济分析

随着“双碳”目标的提出,观念从节能减排、低碳环保提升到近零能耗建筑的建设,近零能耗建筑一词也正式进入我们的视野里,针对于寒冷地区高耗能、高排放的现状,发展推进近零能耗建筑已经成为必然趋势,根据实例运用BIM技术进行近零能耗农宅Revit建模,运用Mars进行渲染,对应项目进行节能技术分析,导入广联达软件进行工程算量计价,从而对普通农宅和近零能耗农宅的保温系统、门窗工程、太阳能系统和新风系统进行经济造价对比分析,为在寒冷地区建设近零能耗农宅提供数据支持和帮助。

绿色低碳改造关键技术研究与应用

既有建筑存量大、能耗高、碳排放大,给城市发展带来挑战。党的十八大以来,国家出台了系列政策,推动既有建筑绿色低碳改造,以满足刚性和改善性住房需求为重点,努力让人民群众住上好房子。绿色低碳改造是实现好房子的重要途径,也是城市高质量发展的必然选择。本文从产能、节能、用能和储能四个技术路径出发,详细阐述了建筑绿色低碳改造的方法和策略,以期为好房子建设及我国建筑行业的可持续发展提供参考借鉴。

寒冷地区新建农宅能耗测试及节能优化研究

通过对沧州地区某新建农宅进行室内热环境和围护结构采暖能耗的测试,研究新建农宅建筑采暖能耗现状和节能降耗策略,并利用DesignBuilder软件建立计算模型,根据当地农宅建筑特性选取了外墙构造、屋顶保温层材料、建筑层高、南向窗墙比、北向窗墙比等5个与采暖能耗相关的因素进行模拟优化分析。运用正交试验和极差分析,研究其对建筑能耗的影响趋势及显著性程度,最后得到新建农宅最佳优化方案为外墙选用250 mm厚EPS板层间浇筑混凝土外墙、屋顶保温层材料选用100 mm厚聚氨酯板、楼层高度选用3.2 m、南北窗墙比分别选择0.45和0.10,该组合单位面积采暖能耗为12.98 W/m^(2),对比实验建筑初始能耗节能率为40.81%。研究结果对于寒冷地区农宅节能设计及建造具有参考意义。

住宅建筑超低能耗改造设计及碳排放对比研究

近年来,超低能耗建筑和近零能耗建筑获得了越来越多的关注。随着国家由增量转存量的建筑节能目标转变,针对住宅建筑的节能改造呈现出巨大的潜力。以寒冷地区典型住宅建筑为案例,进行超低能耗节能改造设计及碳排放测算对比研究。设置30组外墙保温方案、30组屋面保温方案、4组外窗类型方案进行模拟,并基于模拟结果采用敏感性分析进行方案比选。相较基准建筑和改造前建筑,综合最优方案的节能率分别为57.1%、72.1%。采用碳排放因子法对改造前建筑及58组模拟方案进行碳排放测算,可知改造后建筑运行阶段的碳排放量可降低84.2%,并基于测算结果对改造设计方案进一步优化,为既有住宅的超低能耗节能改造提供理论与实践参考。

寒冷地区农村住宅建筑能耗分析与供暖措施建议

针对农村特点,供暖能耗高且环境差,效果无法保证,以此为背景对农村供暖加以研究,通过合理设置外墙及其他手段来降低能耗。以山东省某市的典型农宅为研究对象,利用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-h完成了建模,模拟了不同窗墙比及附加阳光间前后建筑的能耗情况。结果表明:北向窗墙比与热负荷呈正相关,且对夏季冷负荷的影响更大;增设附加阳光间能够有效提高基础室温并降低建筑能耗,当窗墙比为0.2、阳光间深度为1.2时的全年累积冷热负荷节能率达到了22.8%。研究结果可为完善农村建筑节能设计规范提供参考。

装配式被动房墙体传热系数测试与能耗模拟

以河北省保定市某装配式被动房为研究对象,采用热流计法对其东、西两侧围护结构主体部位的传热系数进行现场测试。基于测试结果,利用DeST能耗模拟软件模拟该建筑理论计算和实测传热系数下的全年能耗,得出理论计算与实测条件下利用传热系数计算的能耗偏差。结果表明该装配式被动房东、西两侧围护结构主体部位的实测传热系数相比.于理论计算值分别偏高偏差为103%。以期通过传热系数现场测试过程与能耗误差值的范围为今后进一步研究装配式被动建筑提供参考。

住房资产多重属性对家庭消费的异质性影响分析

中国家庭住房自有率达90%,住房资产是中国家庭资产的主要形式,房价上涨,家庭财富增值,但住房资产对家庭消费的拉动作用非常小,只存在轻微的“资产效应”。住房资产有消费、投资、抵押等多重属性,住房资产对家庭消费的影响在无房、一套房与多套房家庭之间具有显著异质性。无房家庭“为购房而储蓄”抑制了消费;一套房家庭住房表现为消费属性,变现可能性低,表现为未兑现的财富,对消费的影响非常有限;多套房家庭住房投资属性强,其对消费影响显著高于一套房家庭。房价上涨并不能刺激我国消费,而提升居民收入水平是根本途径,在住房进入存量市场时代,应引导居民合理配置资产,稳定房地产市场,满足不同层次的家庭需要,推动金融市场创新,释放居民消费潜力。

城市人口密度、房价与城乡消费不平等

城乡消费不平等直接影响着共同富裕目标的推进与新发展格局的构建。城市人口密度和房价是扩大内需的重要因素。本文在构建数理模型的基础上,利用2011—2020年中国省级面板数据实证检验了城市人口密度和房价对城乡消费不平等的影响,结果表明城市人口密度和房价会分别对城乡消费不平等产生显著的抑制和促进作用,这一结果在稳健性检验和内生性讨论后仍然成立。分位数回归、考虑消费结构和分组回归后的结果表明城市人口密度和房价对城乡消费不平等的影响存在显著的异质性差异。作用机制检验和调节效应分析结果表明城乡收入不平等是城市人口密度影响城乡消费不平等的作用机制,财富效应和物价是房价影响城乡消费不平等的作用机制。缩小平均家庭户规模、增加中规模家庭户比重以及降低大规模家庭户比重都能够通过调节效应抑制城乡消费不平等水平的扩大。本文丰富了相关领域的研究,为缩小城乡消费不平等及扩大内需提供了政策启示。