Human agency has become increasingly limited in complex systems with increasingly automated decision-making capabilities.For instance,human occupants are passengers and do not have direct vehicle control in fully auto...Human agency has become increasingly limited in complex systems with increasingly automated decision-making capabilities.For instance,human occupants are passengers and do not have direct vehicle control in fully automated cars(i.e.,driverless cars).An interesting question is whether users are responsible for the accidents of these cars.Normative ethical and legal analyses frequently argue that individuals should not bear responsibility for harm beyond their control.Here,we consider human judgment of responsibility for accidents involving fully automated cars through three studies with seven experiments(N=2668).We compared the responsibility attributed to the occupants in three conditions:an owner in his private fully automated car,a passenger in a driverless robotaxi,and a passenger in a conventional taxi,where none of these three occupants have direct vehicle control over the involved vehicles that cause identical pedestrian injury.In contrast to normative analyses,we show that the occupants of driverless cars(private cars and robotaxis)are attributed more responsibility than conventional taxi passengers.This dilemma is robust across different contexts(e.g.,participants from China vs the Republic of Korea,participants with first-vs third-person perspectives,and occupant presence vs absence).Furthermore,we observe that this is not due to the perception that these occupants have greater control over driving but because they are more expected to foresee the potential consequences of using driverless cars.Our findings suggest that when driverless vehicles(private cars and taxis)cause harm,their users may face more social pressure,which public discourse and legal regulations should manage appropriately.展开更多
The publish/subscribe （pub/sub） paradigm has asynchronous, loosely-coupled and many-to-many communication properties and is widely used in the application of large-scale distributed computing environment. There is t...The publish/subscribe （pub/sub） paradigm has asynchronous, loosely-coupled and many-to-many communication properties and is widely used in the application of large-scale distributed computing environment. There is the problem that is mutual trustable between network proxies in terms of pub/sub systems and the problem which is hardly to distinguish accident responsibility while the accident happens in Kerberos based on symmetrical encryption algorithm. A proxy identity authentication algorithm based on RSA encryption is proposed to solve the problem of mutual trust between proxies, and the security of the messages is guaranteed through certificate delegation. The algorithm can distinguish accident responsibility. The feasibility analysis, security analysis and efficiency analysis of the algorithm are carried out.展开更多
The effects of strategy on the network security defense and the related research on intrusion response strategy are briefly presented, with the focus on the status and function of intrusion re- sponse strategy in the ...The effects of strategy on the network security defense and the related research on intrusion response strategy are briefly presented, with the focus on the status and function of intrusion re- sponse strategy in the intrusion response decision-making. Some specific response strategies for specific response goals are presented as well. The relevant knowledge of the planning, and a classification of response tasks are proposed. The intrusion response planning methods and models based on hierarchical task network （HTN） are described in detail. On this basis, the model of combining the response measure decision-making with the response time decision-making is expounded. The proposed model can integrate response strategy into response decision-making mechanism. In addition, the results of the intrusion response experiments are provided to verify the ability of using different response strategies to achieve different response goals. At last, the application needs of response strategy in network security are analyzed, and the approaches of the response strategy applied in in- trusion response system are summarized.展开更多
To obtain improved comprehensive crashworthiness criteria for a B-type subway train,the infuence laws of the vehicle design collision weight M and empty stroke D on the train’s collision responses were investigated,a...To obtain improved comprehensive crashworthiness criteria for a B-type subway train,the infuence laws of the vehicle design collision weight M and empty stroke D on the train’s collision responses were investigated,and multiobjective optimization and decision-making were performed to minimize TS(total compression displacement along the moving train)and TAMA(the overall mean acceleration along the moving train).Firstly,a one-dimensional train collision dynamics model was established and verifed by comparing with the results of the fnite element model.Secondly,based on the dynamics model,the infuence laws of M and D on the collision responses,such as the energy-absorbing devices’displacements and absorbed energy,vehicles’velocity and acceleration,TS,TAMA and the coupling correlation efect were investigated.Then,surrogate models for TS and TAMA were developed using the optimal Latin hypercube method(OLHD)and response surface method(RSM),and multi-objective optimization was conducted using the particle swarm optimization algorithm method(MPOSO).Finally,the entropy method was used to obtain the weight coefcients for TS and TAMA,and multi-objective decision-making was performed.The results indicate that D and M signifcantly afect the compression displacements and energy absorption of the frst three collision interfaces,but have limited impact on the last three collision interfaces.The velocity versus time curves of vehicle M1 and M2 are shifted and parallel with diferent D.However,the velocity versus time curves of all the vehicles are shifted but gradually divergent with diferent M.The maximum collision instantaneous accelerations of the vehicles are directly determined by M,but are only slightly afected by D.Under the coupling efect,all concerned collision responses are strongly correlated with M;however,the responses are weakly correlated with D except for the compression displacement at the M2-M3 collision interface and the maximum collision instantaneous acceleration of vehicle M2.The comprehensive crashworthiness criteria of the B-type subway train were signifcantly improved after multi-objective optimization and decision-making.The research provides more theoretical and engineering application references for the subway train crashworthiness design.展开更多
Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives an...Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property.This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort,China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment,source estimation technologies,pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others.Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments(e.g.,portable DOAS/FT-IR systems,portable FID/PID systems,portable GC-MS systems,scanning imaging remote sensing systems,and emergency monitoring vehicles)had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities.A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources.Multiple source estimation technologies,including the forward method and the inversion method,have been established and evaluated under various scenarios.Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed.A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support,source estimation,monitoring schemes,fast monitoring of pollutants,pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of"source identification-model simulation-environmental monitoring"dynamic interactive feedback.It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.展开更多
Based on the analysis of inherent limitations in existing security response decision-making systems, a dynamic adaptive model of fault response is presented. Several security fault levels were founded, which comprise ...Based on the analysis of inherent limitations in existing security response decision-making systems, a dynamic adaptive model of fault response is presented. Several security fault levels were founded, which comprise the basic level, equipment level and mechanism level. Fault damage cost is calculated using the analytic hierarchy process. Meanwhile, the model evaluates the impact of different responses upon fault repair and normal operation. Response operation cost and response negative cost are introduced through quantitative calculation. This model adopts a comprehensive response decision of security fault in three principles--the maximum and minimum principle, timeliness principle, acquiescence principle, which assure optimal response counter- measure is selected for different situations. Experimental results show that the proposed model has good self- adaptation ability, timeliness and cost-sensitiveness.展开更多
Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as ...Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision makers makes it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy makers on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-making process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia among selected public health decision and policy making institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy makers who were working in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision making and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-making. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations: There is need for more sensitization and ca-pacity building among the decision and policy makers on the importance of using research evidence in decision and policy making process as incorporation of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health policy making pro-cess is a key strategy for improving health systems.展开更多
Major infrastructures such as levee, dam, bridge, road, etc. have a significant meaning in that they are the means to support ordinary social and industrial activities and also protect human and physical assets at the...Major infrastructures such as levee, dam, bridge, road, etc. have a significant meaning in that they are the means to support ordinary social and industrial activities and also protect human and physical assets at the occurrence of disaster. Especially, integrated risk management of SOC facilities provides the policy maker in charge of SOC facility safety and related disaster prevention with a reasonable means of decision making and ultimately contributes to improving the safety of the applicable SOC facility. Furthermore, a variety of issues raised in the Sewol ferry disaster that occurred recently in Korea, such as, a proper response method and the relevant Golden time decision making at the occurrence of disaster, rapid grasping and reporting the situation on disaster sites, management and mobilization of resources for rescue and recover, loss of integrated control tower function, etc., might occur as well in facility disaster management. As the method of solving such issues adequately, this study suggests a strategy of new disaster response and management system. The analyses of Hazus-MH (FEMA) and DIMSuS (Purdue University) were comprehensively conducted, and based on the results required functions of new disaster response system of major infrastructure and its development directions were suggested.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071143)。
文摘Human agency has become increasingly limited in complex systems with increasingly automated decision-making capabilities.For instance,human occupants are passengers and do not have direct vehicle control in fully automated cars(i.e.,driverless cars).An interesting question is whether users are responsible for the accidents of these cars.Normative ethical and legal analyses frequently argue that individuals should not bear responsibility for harm beyond their control.Here,we consider human judgment of responsibility for accidents involving fully automated cars through three studies with seven experiments(N=2668).We compared the responsibility attributed to the occupants in three conditions:an owner in his private fully automated car,a passenger in a driverless robotaxi,and a passenger in a conventional taxi,where none of these three occupants have direct vehicle control over the involved vehicles that cause identical pedestrian injury.In contrast to normative analyses,we show that the occupants of driverless cars(private cars and robotaxis)are attributed more responsibility than conventional taxi passengers.This dilemma is robust across different contexts(e.g.,participants from China vs the Republic of Korea,participants with first-vs third-person perspectives,and occupant presence vs absence).Furthermore,we observe that this is not due to the perception that these occupants have greater control over driving but because they are more expected to foresee the potential consequences of using driverless cars.Our findings suggest that when driverless vehicles(private cars and taxis)cause harm,their users may face more social pressure,which public discourse and legal regulations should manage appropriately.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60273014)
文摘The publish/subscribe （pub/sub） paradigm has asynchronous, loosely-coupled and many-to-many communication properties and is widely used in the application of large-scale distributed computing environment. There is the problem that is mutual trustable between network proxies in terms of pub/sub systems and the problem which is hardly to distinguish accident responsibility while the accident happens in Kerberos based on symmetrical encryption algorithm. A proxy identity authentication algorithm based on RSA encryption is proposed to solve the problem of mutual trust between proxies, and the security of the messages is guaranteed through certificate delegation. The algorithm can distinguish accident responsibility. The feasibility analysis, security analysis and efficiency analysis of the algorithm are carried out.
文摘The effects of strategy on the network security defense and the related research on intrusion response strategy are briefly presented, with the focus on the status and function of intrusion re- sponse strategy in the intrusion response decision-making. Some specific response strategies for specific response goals are presented as well. The relevant knowledge of the planning, and a classification of response tasks are proposed. The intrusion response planning methods and models based on hierarchical task network （HTN） are described in detail. On this basis, the model of combining the response measure decision-making with the response time decision-making is expounded. The proposed model can integrate response strategy into response decision-making mechanism. In addition, the results of the intrusion response experiments are provided to verify the ability of using different response strategies to achieve different response goals. At last, the application needs of response strategy in network security are analyzed, and the approaches of the response strategy applied in in- trusion response system are summarized.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52175123)Sichuan Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.2022JDJQ0025).
文摘To obtain improved comprehensive crashworthiness criteria for a B-type subway train,the infuence laws of the vehicle design collision weight M and empty stroke D on the train’s collision responses were investigated,and multiobjective optimization and decision-making were performed to minimize TS(total compression displacement along the moving train)and TAMA(the overall mean acceleration along the moving train).Firstly,a one-dimensional train collision dynamics model was established and verifed by comparing with the results of the fnite element model.Secondly,based on the dynamics model,the infuence laws of M and D on the collision responses,such as the energy-absorbing devices’displacements and absorbed energy,vehicles’velocity and acceleration,TS,TAMA and the coupling correlation efect were investigated.Then,surrogate models for TS and TAMA were developed using the optimal Latin hypercube method(OLHD)and response surface method(RSM),and multi-objective optimization was conducted using the particle swarm optimization algorithm method(MPOSO).Finally,the entropy method was used to obtain the weight coefcients for TS and TAMA,and multi-objective decision-making was performed.The results indicate that D and M signifcantly afect the compression displacements and energy absorption of the frst three collision interfaces,but have limited impact on the last three collision interfaces.The velocity versus time curves of vehicle M1 and M2 are shifted and parallel with diferent D.However,the velocity versus time curves of all the vehicles are shifted but gradually divergent with diferent M.The maximum collision instantaneous accelerations of the vehicles are directly determined by M,but are only slightly afected by D.Under the coupling efect,all concerned collision responses are strongly correlated with M;however,the responses are weakly correlated with D except for the compression displacement at the M2-M3 collision interface and the maximum collision instantaneous acceleration of vehicle M2.The comprehensive crashworthiness criteria of the B-type subway train were signifcantly improved after multi-objective optimization and decision-making.The research provides more theoretical and engineering application references for the subway train crashworthiness design.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0209900)Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z201100006820098)the Youth Science and Technology Talents Support Program(2020)by Anhui Association for Science and Technology(No.RCTJ202002)。
文摘Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property.This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort,China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment,source estimation technologies,pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others.Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments(e.g.,portable DOAS/FT-IR systems,portable FID/PID systems,portable GC-MS systems,scanning imaging remote sensing systems,and emergency monitoring vehicles)had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities.A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources.Multiple source estimation technologies,including the forward method and the inversion method,have been established and evaluated under various scenarios.Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed.A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support,source estimation,monitoring schemes,fast monitoring of pollutants,pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of"source identification-model simulation-environmental monitoring"dynamic interactive feedback.It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.
基金Sponsored by the Ministerial Level Foundation(20021823)
文摘Based on the analysis of inherent limitations in existing security response decision-making systems, a dynamic adaptive model of fault response is presented. Several security fault levels were founded, which comprise the basic level, equipment level and mechanism level. Fault damage cost is calculated using the analytic hierarchy process. Meanwhile, the model evaluates the impact of different responses upon fault repair and normal operation. Response operation cost and response negative cost are introduced through quantitative calculation. This model adopts a comprehensive response decision of security fault in three principles--the maximum and minimum principle, timeliness principle, acquiescence principle, which assure optimal response counter- measure is selected for different situations. Experimental results show that the proposed model has good self- adaptation ability, timeliness and cost-sensitiveness.
文摘Background: The integration of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health decision and policy formulation process is a key strategy for improving health systems especially in developing countries such as Zambia. However, the lack of capacity to understand and value research evidence by policy and decision makers makes it difficult for them to find and use research evidence in a timely manner even when motivated to do so. This study aimed to establish the views, attitudes and practices of policy makers on the use of research evidence in policy and decision-making process in Zambia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia among selected public health decision and policy making institutions. A purposive sample of 21 consenting policy makers who were working in different positions in the Ministry of Health Headquarters, Provincial and District Health Offices, Health Professions Regulatory Bodies, United Nations Agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations and University Deans from the University of Zambia participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The IBM? SPSS? Statistics for Windows Version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The concept of Evidence Informed Health Policy was not well understood such that only less than half (47.5%) of the participants reported having heard specifically about Evidence Informed Health Policy meanwhile almost two thirds (61.9%) reported that they used research evidence in decision making and policy formulation. Similar discrepancy was expressed in the understanding of and use of rapid response mechanisms such that although (47.6%) of the participants reported having heard about it, (57%) had never used rapid response mechanisms for deci-sion-making. With regard to the sources of information, about half (52.3) of the participants reported scholarly articles as their main source of evidence. Con-clusion and Recommendations: There is need for more sensitization and ca-pacity building among the decision and policy makers on the importance of using research evidence in decision and policy making process as incorporation of relevant high-quality research evidence into the health policy making pro-cess is a key strategy for improving health systems.
文摘Major infrastructures such as levee, dam, bridge, road, etc. have a significant meaning in that they are the means to support ordinary social and industrial activities and also protect human and physical assets at the occurrence of disaster. Especially, integrated risk management of SOC facilities provides the policy maker in charge of SOC facility safety and related disaster prevention with a reasonable means of decision making and ultimately contributes to improving the safety of the applicable SOC facility. Furthermore, a variety of issues raised in the Sewol ferry disaster that occurred recently in Korea, such as, a proper response method and the relevant Golden time decision making at the occurrence of disaster, rapid grasping and reporting the situation on disaster sites, management and mobilization of resources for rescue and recover, loss of integrated control tower function, etc., might occur as well in facility disaster management. As the method of solving such issues adequately, this study suggests a strategy of new disaster response and management system. The analyses of Hazus-MH (FEMA) and DIMSuS (Purdue University) were comprehensively conducted, and based on the results required functions of new disaster response system of major infrastructure and its development directions were suggested.
