A novel carbon trap sampling system for coal-fired flue gas mercury measurement

A novel carbon trap sampling system for gas-phase mercury measurement in flue gas is developed, including the high efficient sorbents made of modified biomass cokes and high precision sorbent traps for measuring particle-bound and total vapor-phase mercury in flue gas. A dedusting device is installed to collect fine fly ash for reducing the measurement errors. The thorough comparison test of mercury concentration in flue gas is conducted between the novel sampling system and the Ontario hydro method （OHM） in a 6 kW circulating fluidized bed combustor. Mercury mass balance rates of the OHM range from 95.47% to 104.72%. The mercury breakthrough rates for the second section of the sorbent trap are all below 2%. The relative deviations in the two test cases are in the range of 15. 96% to 17. 56% under different conditions. The verified data suggest that this novel carbon trap sampling system can meet the standards of quality assurance and quality control required by EPA Method 30B and can be applied to the coal-fired flue gas mercury sampling system.

The Effects of SO_3 in Flue Gas on the Operation of Coalfired Units and Countermeasures

There exists a certain amount of SO_3 in flue gas discharged from coal-fired power plants. With the operation of the selective catalystic reduction( SCR) denitrification system,SO_3 concentration in the flue gas increases,which will lead to fouling,erosion and plugging of downstream equipment. In this study,the main effects of SO_3 on the safety,stability and efficiency of units were analyzed,and measures to control SO_3 were proposed.

Energy conservation in China's coal-fired power industry by installing advanced units and organized phasing out backward production

Coal-fired power is the main power source and the biggest contributor to energy conservation in the past several decades in China.It is generally believed that advanced technology should be counted on for energy conservation.However,a review of the decline in the national average net coal consumption rate(NCCR)of China's coal-fired power industry along with its development over the past few decades indicates that the upgradation of the national unit capacity structure(including installing advanced production and phasing out backward production)plays a more important role.A quantitative study on the effect of the unit capacity structure upgradation on the decline in the national average NCCR suggests that phasing out backward production is the leading factor for the decline in the NCCR in the past decade,followed by the new installation,whose sum contributes to approximately 80%of the decline in the national average NCCR.The new installation has an effective affecting period of about 8 years,during which it would gradually decline from a relatively high value.Since the effect of phasing out backward production may remain at a certain degree given a continual action of phasing out backward capacity,it is suggested that the organized action of phasing out backward production should be insisted on.

Tempospacial energy-saving effect-based diagnosis in large coal-fired power units:Energy-saving benchmark state

The energy-saving analytics of coal-fired power units in China is confronting new challenges especially with even more complicated system structure, higher working medium parameters, time-dependent varying operation conditions and boundaries such as load rate, coal quality, ambient temperature and humidity. Compared with the traditional optimization of specific operating parameters, the idea of the energy-consumption benchmark state was proposed. The equivalent specific fuel consumption(ESFC) analytics was introduced to determine the energy-consumption benchmark state, with the minimum ESFC under varying operation boundaries. Models for the energy-consumption benchmark state were established, and the endogenous additional specific consumption(ASFC) and exogenous ASFC were calculated. By comparing the benchmark state with the actual state, the energy-saving tempospacial effect can be quantified. As a case study, the energy consumption model of a 1000 MW ultra supercritical power unit was built. The results show that system energy consumption can be mainly reduced by improving the performance of turbine subsystem. This nearly doubles the resultant by improving the boiler system. The energy saving effect of each component increases with the decrease of load and has a greater influence under a lower load rate. The heat and mass transfer process takes priority in energy saving diagnosis of related components and processes. This makes great reference for the design and operation optimization of coal-fired power units.

海外油气项目弃置费计提及效益影响研究

弃置费是海外油气项目全生命周期评价中不可缺少的成本支出。由于税费法律、会计准则及油气开发合同模式的不同,资源国对油气生产过程中的弃置费计提要求各不相同。在海外油气项目前期研究经济评价过程中,对弃置费的处理在计提对象、计提时点、估算方法、计提方式、回收抵扣等方面均不统一。通过广泛的调研与分析,得出如下结论:项目前期研究过程中在未制订详细的弃置方案之前,可以按照一定的比例粗估弃置费总额。根据资源国税法、合同协议或者会计准则的要求,自生产期起点、期末结束前几年或者产量达到一定比例时开始计提或缴纳。弃置费计提方法包括产量法和直线法两种,因计提时点、计提方式的不同,弃置费对效益指标将产生不同的影响。

考虑电网支撑能力约束的煤电退役与调相机配置协调策略

为了尽可能减少煤电机组退役和大规模非同步电源馈入对受端电网安全稳定运行的影响,本文在兼顾电网支撑能力约束的基础上提出了煤电退役与调相机配置协调策略。首先,构建了煤电机组对直流落点的无功支撑系数指标,并综合考虑机组役龄、污染物排放量、煤耗率等常规因素确定受端电网煤电机组的退役优先级顺序。进而,基于预想故障下系统的最大频率变化率和极值频率偏差约束得到煤电机组可退役的最大容量,形成相应的煤电机组退役策略。然后,提出了基于二分法的同步调相机配置策略,该策略可以对投建调相机的容量和选址进行决策,通过在煤电退役路径中协调配置调相机,确保受端电网的电压支撑能力满足要求。最后,在受端电网配置调相机后,对煤电机组可退役的最大容量进行同步更新,并对煤电机组退役策略进行相应的调整,实现煤电机组退役和调相机配置的相互协调。基于改进的IEEE 39节点系统和河南电网规划系统开展了仿真分析,根据多馈入短路比和预想故障下的暂态仿真结果可知,在煤电机组退役容量相同的情况下,与传统的煤电机组退役策略相比,本文所提策略确定的煤电机组退役顺序可以有效降低机组退役对受端电网静态电压稳定性的影响,并且可以降低大扰动故障下对受端电网暂态电压稳定性的影响。

Flexible Operation Mode of Coal-fired Power Unit Coupling with Heat Storage of Extracted Reheat Steam

In order to provide more grid space for the renewable energy power,the traditional coal-fired power unit should be operated flexibility,especially achieved the deep peak shaving capacity.In this paper,a new scheme using the reheat steam extraction is proposed to further reduce the load far below 50%rated power.Two flexible operation modes of increasing power output mode and reducing fuel mode are proposed in heat discharging process.A 600 MW coal-fired power unit with 50%rated power is chosen as the research model.The results show that the power output is decreased from 300.03 MW to 210.07 MW when the extracted reheat steam flow rate is 270.70 t·h^(-1),which increases the deep peak shaving capacity by 15%rated power.The deep peak shaving time and the thermal efficiency are 7.63 h·d^(-1)and 36.91%respectively for the increasing power output mode,and they are 7.24 h·d^(-1)and 36.58%respectively for the reducing fuel mode.The increasing power output mode has the advantages of higher deep peak shaving time and the thermal efficiency,which is recommended as the preferred scheme for the flexible operation of the coal-fired power unit.

Accommodating Uncertain Wind Power Investment and Coal-fired Unit Retirement by Robust Energy Storage System Planning

Increasing wind power integration and coal-fired unit retirements increases the strain on the power system’s spinning reserve and increases the pressure on peak regulation.With the ability to stock extra power generation and supply the peak load,the energy storage system(ESS)can alleviate the rising demand on the spinning reserve and play an increasingly important role in the power system.In this paper,a trilevel robust ESS planning model is proposed to accommodate uncertain wind power investment as well as coal-fired unit retirement.The upper-level of this model is to determine the planning scheme of ESSs,which iteratively takes the worst-case scenario of wind power investment and coal-fired unit retirement into consideration.The middle-level and lower-level of this model are to make the optimal daily economic dispatch under the worst-case realizations of uncertainties.We derive an equivalent reformulation of the proposed robust ESS planning model and solve it with a dual column-and-constraint generation algorithm.Case studies are conducted using the IEEE RTS-79 system.The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed planning method in comparison with other methods.Furthermore,the effects of the capital cost of ESS,the expected proportion of wind power,and the uncertainty budget on the development of ESS are studied.Taking the uncertainties of unit retirement and wind power investment into consideration achieves a better trade-off between the ESS investment cost and the operational cost.

美国退役水坝的拆坝响应预测和生态管理

水坝退役作为一种重要的河流生态修复手段,需进行科学决策,并对拆坝后泥沙、地貌、生态响应进行科学合理预测。通过梳理美国退役水坝特征和决策过程,总结了拆坝响应观测现象、预测模型开发过程及预测模型结果,汇总拆坝过程中各类生态恢复和管理措施,为我国未来水坝退役和小水电拆除相关决策提供借鉴。

核动力装置活化构件放射性存留量计算及影响因素分析

根据核动力装置的运行特点,利用ORIGEN2程序计算了核动力装置活化构件的放射性存留量,分析装置燃耗、运行模式、功率变化等因素对活化构件放射性存留量的影响。研究结果表明:放射性存留量随燃耗的增加而增加,当装置实际运行时间远大于有效运行时间时,放射性核素活度增长比例近似等于燃耗增长比例;核动力装置的运行模式直接影响活化构件放射性存留量的大小,当装料、运行功率、燃耗等条件均相同时,间断运行模式下活化构件的放射性存留量比连续运行模式下的小,核素半衰期越短受其影响越大;在装置燃耗相同且运行时间较长的情况下,运行功率的变化对活化构件的放射性存留量影响不明显。

Permitted emissions of major air pollutants from coal-fired power plants in China based on best available control technology

Based on the activity level and technical information of coal-fired power-generating units(CFPGU)obtained in China from 2011 to 2015,we,1)analyzed the time and spatial distribution of SO_(2) and NOx emission performance of CFPGUs in China;2)studied the impact of installed capacity,sulfur content of coal combustion,and unit operation starting time on CFPGUs’pollutant emission performance;and 3)proposed the SO_(2) and NOx emission performance standards for coal-fired power plants based on the best available control technology.Our results show that:1)the larger the capacity of a CFPGU,the higher the control level and the faster the improvement;2)the CFPGUs in the developed eastern regions had significantly lower SO_(2) and NOx emission performance values than those in other provinces due to better economic and technological development and higher environmental management levels;3)the SO_(2) and NOx emission performance of the Chinese thermal power industry was significantly affected by the single-unit capacity,coal sulfur content,and unit operation starting time;and 4)based on the achievability analysis of best available pollution control technology,we believe that the CFPGUs’SO_(2) emission performance reference values should be 0.34 g/kWh for active units in general areas,0.8 g/kWh for active units in high-sulfur coal areas,and 0.13 g/kWh for newly built units and active units in key areas.In addition,the NOx emission performance reference values should be 0.35 g/kWh for active units in general areas and 0.175 g/kWh for new units and active units in key areas.