Flow and Leakage Characteristics in Sealing Chamber of a Variable Geometry Hypersonic Inlet

When the variable geometry hypersonic inlet is sealed with ceramic wafers,the cavity flows inside the sealing chamber can be affected by the boundary layer near the side wall.To study the influence of the boundary layer thickness near the side wall on the flow and leakage characteristics in sealing chamber,the numerical calculation of the cavity flow in the sealing chamber under different inflow boundary layer thicknesses is carried out.The results show that three-dimensional cavity flow structures are close to being asymmetric,and the entrance pressure of the leakage path can also be affected by asymmetry;with the increase of the thickness of the boundary layer,the pressure at the cavity floor and the seal entrance decreases.Finally,the existing leakage prediction model is modified according to the distribution rule of the cavity floor and the flow properties in the leakage path.

Leakage Prediction Method for Contacting Mechanical Seals with Parallel Faces

Since the beginning of the 20th century, many researches on the sealing characteristic of mechanical seals were carried out broadly and in depth by various methods and some leakage models were built. But due to the lack of the way to characterize the main factors of influence on the leakage, most of the early researches were based on the assumptions that the seal faces topography and the frictional conditions were invariant. In the early built models, the effect of the surface topography change of the seal face on the leakage rate was neglected. Based on the fractal theory, the contact of end faces of the rotary and stationary rings was simplified to be the contact of a rough surface and an ideal rigid smooth surface, and the contact interface＇s cavity size-distribution function as well as the fractal characteristic of the cavity profile curve was discussed. By analyzing the influence of abrasion on the seal face topography and the leakage channel, the time-correlation leakage prediction model of mechanical seals based on the fractal theory was established and the method for predicting the leakage rate of mechanical seals with parallel plane was proposed. The values of the leakage rate predicted theoretically are similar to the measured values of the leakage rate in the model test and in situ test. The experimental results indicate that the leakage rate of mechanical seals is a transient value. The surface topography of the end faces of the seal tings and its change during the frictional wear of mechanical seals can be accurately characterized by the fractal parameters. Under the work conditions of changeless frictional mechanism, the fractal parameters measured or calculated based on the accelerated testing equation can be used to predict the leakage rate of mechanical seal in service. The proposed research provides the basis for determining the leakage state and predicting working life of mechanical seal.

Leakage and Stiffness Characteristics of Bionic Cluster Spiral Groove Dry Gas Seal

Spiral groove dry gas seal(S?DGS), the most widely used DGS in the world, encounters the problem of high leakage rate and inferior film stability when used in high?speed machinery equipment, which could not be well solved by optimization of geometrical parameters and molded line of spiral groove. A new type of bionic cluster spiral groove DGS(CS?DGS) is proved to have superior film stability than S?DGS at the condition of high?speed and low?pressure numerically. A bionic CS?DGS is experimentally investigated and compared with common S?DGS in order to provide evidence for theoretical study. The film thickness and leakage rate of both bionic spiral groove and common spiral groove DGS are measured and compared with each other and with theoretical values under different closing force at the condition of static pressure, high?speed and low?pressure, and the film stiffness and stiffness?leakage ratio of these two face seals are derived by the relationship between closing force and film thickness at the steady state. Experimental results agree well with the theory that the leakage and stiffness of bionic CS?DGS are superior to that of common S?DGS under the condition of high?speed and low?pressure, with the decreasing amplitude of 20% to 40% and the growth amplitude of 20%, respectively. The opening performance and stiffness characteristics of bionic CS?DGS are inferior to that of common S?DGS when rotation speed equals to 0 r/min. The proposed research provides a new method to measure the axis film stiffness of DGS, and validates the superior performance of bionic CS?DGS at the condition of high?speed and low?pressure experimentally.

Effects of Four Types of Pre-swirls on the Leakage, Flow Field, and Fluid-Induced Force of the Rotary Straight-through Labyrinth Gas Seal

The labyrinth seal in turbomachinery is a key element that restricts leakage flow among rotor-stator clearances from high-pressure regions to low-pressure regions. The fluid-induced forces on the rotor from seals during machine operation must be accurately quantified to predict their dynamic behavior effectively. To understand the fluid-induced force characteristics of the labyrinth seal more fully, the effects of four types of pre-swirls on the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of a rotary straight-through labyrinth gas seal (RSTLGS) were numerically investigated using the proposed steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on the three-dimensional models of the RSTLGS. The leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS for six axial pre-swirl velocities, four radial preswirl angles, four circumferential positive pre-swirl angles, and four circumferential negative pre-swirl angles were computed under the same geometrical parameters and operational conditions. Mesh analysis ensures the accuracy of the present steady CFD method. The numerical results show that the four types of pre-swirls influence the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The axial pre-swirl velocity remarkably inhibits the fluid-induced force, and the circumferential positive pre-swirl angle and circumferential negative pre-swirl angle remarkably promote the fluid-induced force. The effects of the radial pre-swirl angle on the fluid-induced force are complicated, and the pressure forces and viscous forces show the maximum or minimum values at a specific radial pre-swirl angle. The pre-swirl has a negligible impact on the leakage. The four types of pre-swirls affect the leakage, flow field, and fluidinduced force of the RSTLGS to varying degrees. The pre-swirl is the influence factor affecting the leakage, flow field, and fluid-induced force of the RSTLGS. The conclusions will help to understand the fluid-induced force of labyrinth seals more fully, by providing helpful suggestions for engineering practices and a theoretical basis to analyze the fluid–structure interaction of the seal-rotor system in future research.

Labyrinth seal leakage and dynamics characteristics analysis based on Black Model

One of the important problems to be tackled in turbo machines is the leakage dynamics characteristics of labyrinth seals. In this paper we analyzed the effect of labyrinth seal structure and the change in fluid flow pressure on the leakage characteristics of seal. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for 3D labyrinth seal was built which provides a basis for reducing steam flow excitation. The streamline pattern and the pressure drop characteristics for leakage of steam through a labyrinth seal was investigated. Simulations of internal flow and leakage characteristics had been performed by CFD software and Black-Child model. The results showed that the amount of leakage is directly proportional to the tooth gap and inlet pressure and inversely proportional to the cavity depth and outlet pressure. The proposed CFD model provides a feasible method to predict the leakage characteristics of labyrinth seal in response to the structure of seal and the change in inlet-outlet pressures.

Effects of Geometry on Leakage Flow Characteristics of Brush Seal

In order to better application of brush seal in rotating machinery,the leakage flow characteristics of the brush seal considering geometry effects are numerically analyzed using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes( RANS) model coupling with a non-Darcian porous medium model. The reliability of the present numerical method is proved,which is in agreement with the experimental and numerical results from literatures. Three different bristle pack thicknesses,fence heights and initial clearances under different pressure ratios,rotational velocities and other operating conditions are utilized to investigate the effects of geometry modification on the brush seal leakage flow behaviors. It discusses the effectiveness of various geometry configurations outlining important flow features. The results indicate that the increase of fence height and clearance would lead to the increase of leakage rate. But the leakage is not linearly with respect to the bristle pack thickness,and the effect of rotational velocity is not obvious. Moreover,the detailed leakage flow fields and pressure distributions along the rotor surface,free bristle height,and fence height of the brush seals are also presented. The static pressure drop amplitude through the bristle pack and the pressure rise amplitude through the cavity would increase while the pressure differential increases. And the axial pressure is the main reason of bristle blow down. The results provide theoretical support for the brush seal structure optimal design.

Experimental Investigation of the Sealing Performance of Honeycomb Seals

The test results of sealing performance and a comparison between three types of honeycomb seals and a type of labyrinth seal are presented, which have different seal clearances and work under various rotor speeds. It has been found that the honeycomb seal leakage during a rotor speed of 6000 r/min decreases by about 4.8 percent as compared with that during a rotor speed of 0 r/min. At a radial clearance of 0.12 mm the honeycomb seal with a cell size of 1.6 mm enjoys the best sealing performance. The leakage flow of the labyrinth seal with a radial clearance of 0.06 mm is smaller than that of the honeycomb seals.

Study on the effect of thermal deformation on the liquid seal of high-temperature molten salt pump in molten salt reactor

The high-temperature molten salt pump is the core equipment in a molten salt reactor that drives the flow of the molten salt coolant.Rotor stability is key to the continuous and reliable operation of the molten salt pump,and the liquid seal at the wear ring can affect the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system.When the molten salt pump is operated in the hightemperature molten salt medium,thermal deformation of the submerged parts inevitably occurs,changing clearance between the stator and rotor,affecting the leakage and dynamic characteristics of the seal.In this study,the seal leakage,seal dynamic characteristics,and rotor system dynamic characteristics are simulated and analyzed using finite element simulation software based on two cases of considering the effect of seal thermal deformation effect or not.The results show a significant difference in the leakage characteristics and dynamic characteristics of the seal obtained by considering the effect of seal thermal deformation and neglecting the effect of thermal deformation.The leakage flow rate decreases,and the first-order critical speed of the seal-bearing-rotor system decrease after considering the seal’s thermal deformation.

Cause Analysis and Treatment Measures for Leakage of Top Cover of 330kV GIS Equipment

Based on the experience of GIS equipment maintenance, the causes of air leakage defects of GIS equipment running in a 330 substation were analyzed. After the equipment was disassembled, the main causes of air leakage were found, and a series of improvement measures were taken to eliminate the GIS equipment leakage defect. And the effective and feasible advice was put forward for this type of air leakage problem. The results lay a foundation for the safe and stable operation of GIS equipment.

内啮合同曲率圆柱密封面泄漏评估方法

针对高压介质的金属密封问题,利用有限元分析方法得到圆柱面分析模型,以密封面接触应力、理论接触面积为输入参数,得到不同过盈量下密封面的真实接触面积,结合修正后的微观泄漏计算模型,研究不同曲率圆柱密封面泄漏规律。研究表明:随着圆环过盈量增加到0.04 mm,密封面产生稳定接触,泄漏量不再随着过盈量而发生变化,密封性能满足最小密封比压要求。该预测方法以密封面平均接触压力为唯一变量,可以对不同啮合方式的任意尺寸圆柱密封面泄漏量进行预测,计算泄漏率与实验数据,验证了模型的准确性,对金属高压密封设计和评估具有重要意义。

SAP联合双液浆对软土地区隧道漏水漏砂封堵效果试验研究

在高承压水软土地区盾构隧道修建过程中经常出现漏水漏砂险情,注浆封堵是常用的抢险方法之一。而在承压水层或者地层出现空腔情况下注浆时,传统的双液浆在注入后抗冲刷能力差,浆液留存率较低,严重影响抢险效率,难以在抢险的黄金时期控制住险情。因此,提出一种隧道漏水漏砂抢险的新型注浆方式,即高分子吸水树脂(SAP)与双液浆联合注浆,并通过室内模型试验研究了此方法的有效性,分析SAP注入方式、SAP种类、双液浆水灰比、渗漏流速等对注浆封堵效果的影响,并探究最优的注浆方式与封堵机理。研究结果表明,SAP吸水后,颗粒大、动水留存率高、吸水速度不受温度影响,能够填充地层侵蚀空腔,封堵渗漏或者减小渗漏水流速。本文试验条件下,以水泥浆液为载体注入SAP为最优注入方式,水灰比0.6的水泥浆液与吸水后的B类SAP均匀混合后,与水玻璃进行双液注浆,能避免跑浆,实现地层空腔与渗漏水的完全封堵。本文提出的新型注浆方式能够大幅增加双液浆的动水留存率,同时弥补SAP强度较低的缺陷,保证注浆体的整体性和地层支撑性,实现基坑与隧道等地下工程漏水漏砂灾害的快速有效控制。

斯特林机活塞杆帽式密封泄漏率预测及其优化设计

斯特林机活塞杆帽式密封处总有微量气体泄漏,但目前大多数研究是通过分析密封面接触载荷而开展的。为探究干摩擦状态下帽式密封泄漏问题,基于分形理论从微观角度对密封面形貌进行表征,结合环形轴向缝隙流体流动模型建立帽式密封泄漏分形模型。通过试验验证泄漏模型的准确性。根据已验证模型对泄漏率影响因素进行交互分析,获取工况条件对不同粗糙度密封面泄漏率的影响规律,并提出使用遗传算法对特定工况下的C型环密封表面形貌与O型圈的预压缩率进行最优匹配。结果表明:泄漏率随着O型圈的预压缩率增大而下降,随着工质压力及活塞杆速度的增大而增大,且密封面越粗糙时泄漏率变化幅度越大;当密封表面粗糙度增大时泄漏率增大,但密封面形貌越粗糙时,增大接触载荷泄漏率更易减小;最终确定当斯特林机的工质压力P1=5 MPa,活塞杆运动速度V=1 m/s时,应匹配密封面粗糙度Ra=0.27μm的改性聚四氟乙烯C型环,并设定O型圈的预压缩率W=23.13%,帽式密封泄漏率将会达到最低。所建泄漏模型可提前为密封件的选择做出决策,而优化设计方法可为后续密封件表面粗糙度的确定和加工方法的选择提供指导。

结构参数对液压旋转接头密封性能的影响

为探究结构参数对液压旋转接头间隙密封性能的影响规律,分别以泄漏量和压力损失作为液压旋转接头的性能指标,研究密封有效长度、密封直径、密封间隙值3种主要结构参数对旋转接头性能的影响。采用正交试验与Fluent流体仿真相结合的方法,分析液压旋转接头间隙密封在不同结构参数下的泄漏量和压力损失情况。结果表明:3种结构参数对泄漏的影响程度由大到小依次为密封间隙值、密封有效长度、密封直径,对压力损失的影响程度由大到小依次为密封有效长度、密封直径、密封间隙值;密封间隙值大小对泄漏量影响非常显著,泄漏量随着间隙的增大呈指数增长关系,而间隙密封有效长度、环形密封直径对泄漏量无显著影响;密封有效长度对压力损失有极其显著影响,而密封直径和密封间隙值对压力损失没有显著影响;从整体上看密封间隙值、间隙密封直径、密封有效长度都大致与压力损失呈一次函数关系,且前两者与压力损失呈正相关关系,后者则与压力损失呈负相关关系。

盾构隧道施工期渗漏聚氨酯堵漏作用机制研究

为探明隧道渗漏时聚氨酯的堵漏机制,设计并开展盾构隧道渗漏与聚氨酯注浆堵漏模型试验,通过试验分别对不同地层中隧道渗漏引发的外部地层侵蚀发展规律以及注浆堵漏的作用机制进行研究。研究表明:1)隧道渗漏后砂土与粉土地层周围孔隙水压力迅速下降,水在压力差的作用下以渗流形式向渗漏点补给,造成周边地层侵蚀破坏,但2种地层侵蚀发展规律不同。2)砂土与粉土地层中聚氨酯注浆堵漏机制相似,均可分为3个发展阶段,第1阶段聚氨酯反应释放大量气体,抵抗渗流水压;第2阶段聚氨酯固化,封堵渗漏通道,实现堵漏效果;第3阶段聚氨酯彻底固化,引起隧道结构外部荷载重分布。3)由于砂土与粉土地层渗流侵蚀规律不同,聚氨酯注浆堵漏效果有所差异,粉土地层注浆堵漏效果更好。

新型密封头装置在钢管内壁面清洗上的应用

利用清洗软管及其附带的喷头与毛刷伸入钢管内壁面进行清洗作业具有清洗效果好、生产成本低的特点,但在实际应用中清洗软管以及钢管管头处的密封极易造成清洗液泄露,并且钢管清洗完毕后其内部残存大量的清洗液也无法排出。针对上述问题提出了一种新型的密封头装置,并重点对密封头的结构及工作原理进行了阐述。经过在现场的连续使用,验证了此新型密封头装置工作可靠、密封圈更换频率低,其在工程中有宽广的应用前景。

煤化工装置法兰接头密封泄漏评估管理系统研发

煤化工装置中螺栓法兰接头的泄漏问题一直是安全和环保管理的关键挑战。为解决此问题,文中设计并开发了涵盖了数据收集管理、密封泄露检测及修复、LEC泄漏风险评估及统计分析等功能的评估管理系统。通过该系统,可以实时监测密封泄漏、进行数据分析评估,并采用LEC评价法进行风险评估。系统业务模块面向不同管理层级的需求,有助于提高煤化工装置法兰接头密封泄漏评估管理的科学性和效率。系统致力于提高装置的密封性能、降低泄漏风险、合理配置检维修资源,从而实现装置的长周期运行。

减小喉罩型号改善通气效果的临床观察

目的探讨减小喉罩型号改善通气效果的临床观察。方法选取喉罩固定翼距门齿距离>3 cm的男性患者60例为研究对象,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组30例。比较试验组(3号喉罩)与对照组(4号喉罩)的通气优良率、FOB理想位置比例、气道峰压差及2组喉罩置入后的密封压、套囊内压、漏气率,比较2组喉罩远端与食道入口距离,观察2组喉罩拔出时带血丝情况,术后24 h咽部并发症发生情况(包括术后咽痛、声嘶)及咽痛持续时间。2组患者设置的呼吸参数相同。结果试验组喉罩置入后通气成功率、FOB理想位置置入比例及通气效果优良率提高,漏气率值降低,密封压值提高,喉罩远端距食道入口距离较对照组减小,术后咽部并发症发生率较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于喉罩固定翼距门齿距离>3 cm的患者,通过减小喉罩型号,使喉罩放置理想位置比例增加,通气优良率升高,漏气率降低,密封压值提高,咽部并发症降低,可改善喉罩通气效果,安全有效。

酸泵机械密封失效原因分析及改造措施探究

酸泵是酸再生系统中的关键设备,装机量几十台左右,主要作用为工艺系统内部酸液循环及供给酸轧线再生酸。在实际生产处理使用过程中,由于操作不规范、机械密封组件磨损老化、维护保养不到位、安装精度不达标等原因,造成酸泵机械密封频繁泄漏,严重影响生产顺稳,增大了检修人员的劳动强度,增加了备件采购成本。结合酸再生现场酸泵实际使用情况,对酸泵机械密封泄漏原因进行了探讨与分析,为如何解决问题提供了思路和方法。

海上油气田机泵机械密封泄漏信号检测方法设计

为避免出现大型海上油气田开采事故,保证机泵机械密封装置正常运行,提出针对海上油气田机泵机械密封的泄漏信号检测方法。利用小波包分解细化海上油气田机泵机械密封振动信号高频部分,运用希尔伯特变换重构信号,归一化处理信号矢量提取机械装置异常信号,使用匹配追踪法去除信号噪声。计算油体流动规律,通过音波评估信号波动范围,以温度与压力为前提,将高斯函数作为分类核函数,采用支持向量机构建泄漏信号检测判断函数,完成机械密封泄漏信号检测。实验结果表明:所提方法信号降噪能力较强,在保证机械密封泄漏检测准确性的同时,检测耗时最短,有效提高了海上油气田开采效率,可带来可观的经济收益。

绒囊暂堵液堵漏机理研究

绒囊流体因其具有较好堵漏性能,广泛应用于钻完井、修井等石油工程勘探开发各个阶段。明确绒囊流体堵漏的微观机理可以更好的指导现场堵漏。室内测定了绒囊内绒囊的粒径分布、封堵岩心的孔喉分布及封堵压力,利用微观实验装置观测其基质孔隙内的充填暂堵过程,最后结合理论分析明确绒囊流体微观堵漏机理。结果表明,体系内绒囊的粒径分布0~350 μm,岩心孔喉的粒径分布0.7~15 μm,同一绒囊流体封堵4种岩心封堵压5.42~17.65 MPa且随着渗透率的减小而增大,绒囊通过聚集、变形可对基质孔喉、微裂缝进行全面封堵。根据拉普拉斯定理结合室内实验结果可知,绒囊流体堵漏的微观机理为:岩心内的绒囊流体在流动过程中压缩变形产生了附加阻力,大量的附加阻力相互叠加产生了封堵压力,阻止了井漏的发生。