With the introduction of the“dual carbon”goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development,the integrated energy system(IES)has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions.This st...With the introduction of the“dual carbon”goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development,the integrated energy system(IES)has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions.This study proposes a low-carbon economic optimization scheduling model for an IES that considers carbon trading costs.With the goal of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES and considering the transferable and curtailable characteristics of the electric and thermal flexible loads,an optimal scheduling model of the IES that considers the cost of carbon trading and flexible loads on the user side was established.The role of flexible loads in improving the economy of an energy system was investigated using examples,and the rationality and effectiveness of the study were verified through a comparative analysis of different scenarios.The results showed that the total cost of the system in different scenarios was reduced by 18.04%,9.1%,3.35%,and 7.03%,respectively,whereas the total carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 65.28%,20.63%,3.85%,and 18.03%,respectively,when the carbon trading cost and demand-side flexible electric and thermal load responses were considered simultaneously.Flexible electrical and thermal loads did not have the same impact on the system performance.In the analyzed case,the total cost and carbon emissions of the system when only the flexible electrical load response was considered were lower than those when only the flexible thermal load response was taken into account.Photovoltaics have an excess of carbon trading credits and can profit from selling them,whereas other devices have an excess of carbon trading and need to buy carbon credits.展开更多
In hot arid countries with severe weather, the summer air conditioning systems consume much electrical power at peak period. Shifting the loads peak to off-peak period with thermal storage is recommended. Model A of r...In hot arid countries with severe weather, the summer air conditioning systems consume much electrical power at peak period. Shifting the loads peak to off-peak period with thermal storage is recommended. Model A of residential buildings and Model B of schools and hospitals were used to estimate the daily cooling load profile in Makkah, Saudi Arabia at latitude of 21.42°N and longitude of 39.83°E. Model A was constructed from common materials, but Model B as Model A with 5 - 8 cm thermal insulation and double layers glass windows. The average data of Makkah weather through 2010, 2011 and 2012 were used to calculate the cooling load profile and performance of air conditioning systems. The maximum cooling load was calculated at 15:00 o’clock for a main floor building to a 40-floor of residential building and to 5 floors of schools. A district cooling plant of 180,000 Refrigeration Ton was suggested to serve the Gabal Al Sharashf area in the central zone of Makkah. A thermal storage system to store the excess cooling capacity was used. Air cooled condensers were used in the analysis of chiller refrigeration cycle. The operating cost was mainly a function of electrical energy consumption. Fixed electricity tariff was 0.04 $/kWh for electromechanical counter, and 0.027, 0.04, 0.069 $/kWh for shifting loads peak for the smart digital counter. The results showed that the daily savings in consumed power are 8.27% in spring, 6.86% in summer, 8.81% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. Also, the daily savings in electricity bills are 12.26% in spring, 16.66% in summer, 12.84% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. The obtained maximum saving in consumed power is 14.5% and the daily saving in electricity bills is 43% in summer when the loads peak is completely shifted to off-peak period.展开更多
Thermoelectric(TE)materials have been considered as a strong candidate for recovering the waste heat from industry and vehicles due to the ability to convert heat directly into electricity.Recently,multinary diamond...Thermoelectric(TE)materials have been considered as a strong candidate for recovering the waste heat from industry and vehicles due to the ability to convert heat directly into electricity.Recently,multinary diamond-like chalcogenides(MDLCs),such as Cu In Te2,Cu2Sn Se3,Cu3Sb Se4,Cu2ZnSnSe4,etc.,are eco-friendly Pb-free TE materials with relatively large Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity and have aroused intensive research as a popular theme in the TE field.In this review,we summarize the TE performance and device development of MDLCs.The features of crystalline and electronic structure are first analyzed,and then the strategies that have emerged to enhance the TE figure of merits of these materials are illustrated in detail.The final part of this review describes the advance in TE device research for MDLCs.In the outlook,the challenges and future directions are also discussed to promote the further development of MDLCs TE materials.展开更多
高精度的短期电力负荷预测可以保证电力系统调度决策的准确性、缓解电力供需矛盾、保障电力系统运行的安全。由于短期电力负荷预测受气象、历史信息等因素影响且具有很强不确定性,因此对短期负荷预测进行精准的预测较为困难。为实现对...高精度的短期电力负荷预测可以保证电力系统调度决策的准确性、缓解电力供需矛盾、保障电力系统运行的安全。由于短期电力负荷预测受气象、历史信息等因素影响且具有很强不确定性,因此对短期负荷预测进行精准的预测较为困难。为实现对日前电力负荷进行概率密度预测,提出一种基于引入注意力机制的卷积双向长短期记忆分位数回归网络(Convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory network with attention for quantile regression,QR-CBA)特征解耦框架。首先,将输入特征分为4个分支并通过解耦神经网络对其进行训练,以有效提高神经网络的计算效率和预测精度;然后,采用核密度估计(Kernel density estimation,KDE)方法作为后处理技术将预测结果生成为概率密度曲线,以有效量化预测的不确定性。以某公开负荷数据集作为实例进行验证,结果表明,所提方法的日前点预测精度达到了96.884%,与对比预测模型相比精度明显提高,区间预测的连续排名概率得分(Continuous ranked probability score,CRPS)与对比预测模型相比明显降低。以上对比实验结果说明所提预测方法具有更高的预测精度和确定性。展开更多
基金supported by State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company Science and Technology Project“Research on key technologies of carbon tracking and carbon evaluation for new power system”(Grant:520530230005)。
文摘With the introduction of the“dual carbon”goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development,the integrated energy system(IES)has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions.This study proposes a low-carbon economic optimization scheduling model for an IES that considers carbon trading costs.With the goal of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES and considering the transferable and curtailable characteristics of the electric and thermal flexible loads,an optimal scheduling model of the IES that considers the cost of carbon trading and flexible loads on the user side was established.The role of flexible loads in improving the economy of an energy system was investigated using examples,and the rationality and effectiveness of the study were verified through a comparative analysis of different scenarios.The results showed that the total cost of the system in different scenarios was reduced by 18.04%,9.1%,3.35%,and 7.03%,respectively,whereas the total carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 65.28%,20.63%,3.85%,and 18.03%,respectively,when the carbon trading cost and demand-side flexible electric and thermal load responses were considered simultaneously.Flexible electrical and thermal loads did not have the same impact on the system performance.In the analyzed case,the total cost and carbon emissions of the system when only the flexible electrical load response was considered were lower than those when only the flexible thermal load response was taken into account.Photovoltaics have an excess of carbon trading credits and can profit from selling them,whereas other devices have an excess of carbon trading and need to buy carbon credits.
文摘In hot arid countries with severe weather, the summer air conditioning systems consume much electrical power at peak period. Shifting the loads peak to off-peak period with thermal storage is recommended. Model A of residential buildings and Model B of schools and hospitals were used to estimate the daily cooling load profile in Makkah, Saudi Arabia at latitude of 21.42°N and longitude of 39.83°E. Model A was constructed from common materials, but Model B as Model A with 5 - 8 cm thermal insulation and double layers glass windows. The average data of Makkah weather through 2010, 2011 and 2012 were used to calculate the cooling load profile and performance of air conditioning systems. The maximum cooling load was calculated at 15:00 o’clock for a main floor building to a 40-floor of residential building and to 5 floors of schools. A district cooling plant of 180,000 Refrigeration Ton was suggested to serve the Gabal Al Sharashf area in the central zone of Makkah. A thermal storage system to store the excess cooling capacity was used. Air cooled condensers were used in the analysis of chiller refrigeration cycle. The operating cost was mainly a function of electrical energy consumption. Fixed electricity tariff was 0.04 $/kWh for electromechanical counter, and 0.027, 0.04, 0.069 $/kWh for shifting loads peak for the smart digital counter. The results showed that the daily savings in consumed power are 8.27% in spring, 6.86% in summer, 8.81% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. Also, the daily savings in electricity bills are 12.26% in spring, 16.66% in summer, 12.84% in autumn, and 14.55% in winter. The obtained maximum saving in consumed power is 14.5% and the daily saving in electricity bills is 43% in summer when the loads peak is completely shifted to off-peak period.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51372064 and 61704044)the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.E2017201227)
文摘Thermoelectric(TE)materials have been considered as a strong candidate for recovering the waste heat from industry and vehicles due to the ability to convert heat directly into electricity.Recently,multinary diamond-like chalcogenides(MDLCs),such as Cu In Te2,Cu2Sn Se3,Cu3Sb Se4,Cu2ZnSnSe4,etc.,are eco-friendly Pb-free TE materials with relatively large Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity and have aroused intensive research as a popular theme in the TE field.In this review,we summarize the TE performance and device development of MDLCs.The features of crystalline and electronic structure are first analyzed,and then the strategies that have emerged to enhance the TE figure of merits of these materials are illustrated in detail.The final part of this review describes the advance in TE device research for MDLCs.In the outlook,the challenges and future directions are also discussed to promote the further development of MDLCs TE materials.
文摘高精度的短期电力负荷预测可以保证电力系统调度决策的准确性、缓解电力供需矛盾、保障电力系统运行的安全。由于短期电力负荷预测受气象、历史信息等因素影响且具有很强不确定性,因此对短期负荷预测进行精准的预测较为困难。为实现对日前电力负荷进行概率密度预测,提出一种基于引入注意力机制的卷积双向长短期记忆分位数回归网络(Convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory network with attention for quantile regression,QR-CBA)特征解耦框架。首先,将输入特征分为4个分支并通过解耦神经网络对其进行训练,以有效提高神经网络的计算效率和预测精度;然后,采用核密度估计(Kernel density estimation,KDE)方法作为后处理技术将预测结果生成为概率密度曲线,以有效量化预测的不确定性。以某公开负荷数据集作为实例进行验证,结果表明,所提方法的日前点预测精度达到了96.884%,与对比预测模型相比精度明显提高,区间预测的连续排名概率得分(Continuous ranked probability score,CRPS)与对比预测模型相比明显降低。以上对比实验结果说明所提预测方法具有更高的预测精度和确定性。