Inverting the rock mass P-wave velocity field ahead of deep buried tunnel face while borehole drilling

Imaging the wave velocity field surrounding a borehole while drilling is a promising and urgently needed approach for extending the exploration range of the borehole point.This paper develops a drilling process detection(DPD)system consisting of a multifunctional sensor and a pilot geophone installed at the top of the drilling rod,geophones at the tunnel face,a laser rangefinder,and an onsite computer.A weighted adjoint-state first arrival travel time tomography method is used to invert the P-wave velocity field of rock mass while borehole drilling.A field experiment in the ongoing construction of a deep buried tunnel in southwestern China demonstrated the DPD system and the tomography method.Time-frequency analysis of typical borehole drilling detection data shows that the impact drilling source is a pulse-like seismic exploration wavelet.A velocity field of the rock mass in a triangular area defined by the borehole trajectory and geophone receiving line can be obtained.Both the borehole core and optical image validate the inverted P-wave velocity field.A numerical simulation of a checkerboard benchmark model is used to test the tomography method.The rapid convergence of the misfits and consistent agreement between the inverted and observed travel times validate the P-wave velocity imaging.

Support pressure assessment for deep buried railway tunnels using BQ-index

Estimation of support pressure is extremely important to the support system design and the construction safety of tunnels.At present,there are many methods for the estimation of support pressure based on different rock mass classification systems,such as Q system,GSI system and RMR system.However,various rock mass classification systems are based on different tunnel geologic conditions in various regions.Therefore,each rock mass classification system has a certain regionality.In China,the BQ-Inex(BQ system)has been widely used in the field of rock engineering ever since its development.Unfortunately,there is still no estimation method of support pressure with BQ-index as parameters.Based on the field test data from 54 tunnels in China,a new empirical method considering BQ-Inex,tunnel span and rock weight is proposed to estimate the support pressure using multiple nonlinear regression analysis methods.And then the significance and necessity of support pressure estimation method for the safety of tunnel construction in China is explained through the comparison and analysis with the existing internationally widely used support pressure estimation methods of RMR system,Q system and GSI system.Finally,the empirical method of estimating the support pressure based on BQ-index was applied to designing the support system in the China’s high-speed railway tunnel—Zhengwan high-speed railway and the rationality of this method has been verified through the data of field test.

Interaction mechanism of the interface between a deep buried sand and a paleo-weathered rock mass using a high normal stress direct shear apparatus

In order to evaluate the feasibility of safe mining close to the contact zone under reduced security coal pillar conditions at a coal mine in eastern China, the interaction mechanism of the interface between deep buried sand and a paleo-weathered rock mass was investigated in the laboratory by direct shear testing. A DRS-1 high pressure soil shear testing machine and orthogonal design method were used in the direct shear tests. Variance and range methods were applied to analyze the sensitivity of each factor that has an influence on the mechanical characters of the interface. The test results show that the normal pressure is the main influencing factor for mechanical characteristics of the interface, while the lithological characters and roughness are minor factors; the shear stress against shear displacement curve for the interface shows an overall hyperbola relationship, no obvious peak stress and dilatancy was observed.When the normal pressure is 6 MPa, the shear strengths of interfaces with different roughness are basically the same, and when the normal pressure is more than 8 MPa, the larger the roughness of the interface, the larger will be the shear strength; the shear strength has a better linear relationship with the normal pressure, which can be described by a linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion.

Mechanical Properties of Deep-buried Marble Material Under Loading and Unloading Tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show： in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hock-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.

Geostress Measurement for Deep-Buried Long Tunnel through Niba Mountain

In the geostress measurement for Niba Mountain on Ya＇an-Lugu Expressway, results of Kaiser effect tests combined with focal mechanism solution were compared with those obtained by hydraulic fracturing method, both of which are basically coincident. It is shown that the principal stress increases with burial depth ; the maximum principal stress is about 45 MPa, which is larger near fault zones because of stress concentration, and its direction ranges from N20°W to N75°W.

Forecasting of water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong

This paper compares analytical and numerical methods by taking the forecasting of water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong as an example. Regarding the analytical method, the equation of infinite and bilateral water inflow boundary is used to forecast the water yield, and in the case of numerical simulation, we employed the GMS software to establish a model and further to forecast the water yield. On the one hand, through applying the analytical method, the maximum water yield of mine 1 500 m deep below the surface was calculated to be 13 645.17 m3/d; on the other hand, through adopting the numerical method, we obtained the predicted result of 3 816.16 m3/d. Meanwhile, by using the boundary generalization in the above-mentioned two methods, and through a comparative analysis of the actual hydro-geological conditions in this deep-buried mine, which also concerns the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods respectively, this paper draws the conclusion that the analytical method is only applicable in ideal conditions, but numerical method is eligible to be used in complex hydro-geological conditions. Therefore, it is more applicable to employ the numerical method to forecast water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong.

THE MECHANICAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THEBURIED HILLS AND THE DEEP-SEATED FRACTURAL ZONE IN THE DIWA-TYPE FAULTED BASIN IN CENTRAL HEBEI PROVINCE,CHINA

The author proves the existence and movement of a deep-seated fraetural Zone located in the eenter zone of the diwa-type faulted basin in central Hebei Province. This deep-seated fraeturai zone tending in NNE direction is a structural effect of the mtodle East Asin Grustobody in the Mexozoic-Cenozoic. This paper will diseuss the formation, evolution and the meehanism of the deep-seated fraetural zone, faulted basin and the buried hills as well as their relationships. The uthor expounds that the deep geological process is the major factor of the structural effect.

广义章-朱准则在深埋隧道数值分析中的适用性研究

深部岩体隧道的智能建造是当今隧道工程建设的重要发展趋势。为准确模拟深部岩体的三维应力状态,提高深埋隧道数值计算精度,将广义章-朱岩体强度准则引入深埋隧道数值分析中,采用理论分析和数值计算相结合的方法从岩体强度准则的特性、参数以及工程应用3个角度对广义章-朱准则在深埋隧道数值分析中的适用性展开研究。结果表明:1)从准则特性的角度,广义章-朱准则能反映深部岩体的非线性特征以及中间主应力效应,适用于深埋隧道数值分析;2)从参数选取角度,提出了一种广义章-朱准则参数估算方法,有利于提高广义章-朱准则的适用性;3)工程案例表明广义章-朱准则具有较高的计算精度,在深埋条件下采用广义Hoek-Brown准则计算得到的围岩变形误差达到23%~30%,建议采用广义章-朱准则进行深埋隧道数值分析。

A multi-mineral model for predicting petrophysical properties of complex metamorphic reservoirs:Case study of the Bozhong Depression,Bohai Sea

Interpreting reservoir properties through log data and logging responses in complex strata is critical for efficient petroleum exploitation,particularly for metamorphic rocks.However,the unsatisfactory accuracy of such interpretations in complex reservoirs has hindered their widespread application,resulting in severe inconvenience.In this study,we proposed a multi-mineral model based on the least-square method and an optimal principle to interpret the logging responses and petrophysical properties of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs.We began by selecting the main minerals based on a comprehensive analysis of log data,X-ray diffraction,petrographic thin sections and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)for three wells in the Bozhong 19-6 structural zone.In combination of the physical properties of these minerals with logging responses,we constructed the multi-mineral model,which can predict the log curves,petrophysical properties and mineral profile.The predicted and measured log data are evaluated using a weighted average error,which shows that the multi-mineral model has satisfactory prediction performance with errors below 11%in most intervals.Finally,we apply the model to a new well“x”in the Bozhong 19-6 structural zone,and the predicted logging responses match well with measured data with the weighted average error below 11.8%for most intervals.Moreover,the lithology is dominated by plagioclase,K-feldspar,and quartz as shown by the mineral profile,which correlates with the lithology of the Archean metamorphic rocks in this region.It is concluded that the multi-mineral model presented in this study provides reasonable methods for interpreting log data in complex metamorphic hydrocarbon reservoirs and could assist in efficient development in the future.

Looped,Broad,and Deep Buried Suturing Technique for Wound Closure

This study explores the clinical application of the circular wide and deep(looped,broad,and deep buried,LBD)suture technique for scar resection and examines its clinical effectiveness for scar treatment.From June 2017 to March 2019,a total of 68 patients with scars were sutured using LBD technique,and recovery was achieved 24 months postoperatively.In all 68 patients,postoperative scars were slightly evident in two cases of cervical scar,one case of leg scar,and one case of chest scar.In addition,the remaining 62 patients were completely satisfied with the outcome.The LBD suturing technique could provide sustained and stable tension-reducing effects postoperatively and significantly improve scar formation in patients.This method is most applicable to incisions with tension.Therefore,it should be more widely used for clinical scar treatment.

THE DISCOVERED DEEP BURIED LAKE ICE IN SOURCE REGION OF THE HUANGHE RIVER

The 4.45 m-thick pure ice lens have been discovered firstly at depth from 19.81 -24.26 m in the bore No.6, which locates in north bank of the Ngoring Lake. In source region of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, 14C dating, X -ray diffraction, pollen analysis, micropalaeontology, chemical components, environmental isotope 2H, 3H, 18O and freezing point of the ice and water samples from the bore have been tested and microorganism in the ice have been also appraised with microscope. Combined with the research on geomorphy and Quaternary around the lake, the ice lens are determined as a kind of deep-buried lake ice, formed in 35,030-45,209 yr.B.P., and annual mean air temperature was about -10℃ during that time.

IPP-PNN模型在川藏铁路深埋长大隧道岩爆预测中的应用

为了准确预测在高地应力、高地温铁路隧道中的岩爆灾害,以川藏铁路前期拉林段的重要隧道节点工程为研究背景,系统、全面地总结应力水平、埋深、温度、围岩岩性及地质构造、岩体系统刚度等影响因素对川藏铁路深埋长大隧道岩爆的孕育作用,重点分析高地应力和高地温对岩爆发生的影响相关性。构建川藏铁路深埋长大隧道岩爆预测指标体系,测试并量化岩体岩爆的倾向性指标。由于各影响因素与岩爆的非线性关系,选用能充分提取数据信息、处理多因素复杂非线性问题的改进投影寻踪(Improved Projection Pursuit,IPP)评价模型对川藏铁路拉林段典型高地应力、高地温深埋长大隧道桑珠岭隧道在施工期发生的岩爆问题做初步评价,并引入密度函数估计和贝叶斯最小风险准则,将IPP模型和概率神经网络(Probabilistic Neural Networks,PNN)模型相结合,实现对岩爆等级的聚类划分。研究结果表明:根据岩爆等级预测结果可知IPP-PNN模型预测结果相比于传统PP-PNN模型和GSA-PP模型其准确度更高,在对桑珠岭隧道11~19号隧道路段的岩爆预测中,岩爆预测等级与实测等级相符合程度由66.67%和77.78%提高到100%。研究结果具有一定的应用价值和工程意义,为目前在建的川藏铁路类似隧道工程的岩爆预测提供参考。

热-力耦合作用对围岩塑性松动区的影响特性研究

针对高地应力区多场耦合作用对围岩塑性松动区的影响问题,依托实际工程,基于统一强度理论,建立多场耦合作用下围岩松动圈分析模型,研究初始地应力、地温、隧道开挖半径及中间主应力对围岩松动圈半径的影响。研究得到:1)热-力耦合作用下,围岩初始地应力对围岩松动圈半径的影响起主要作用,且围岩松动圈半径与初始地应力呈非线性关系;2)地温升高使初始地应力、隧道开挖半径及中间主应力影响系数对松动圈半径的影响变大;3)松动圈半径随着隧道开挖半径的增大而近似线性增大,随着中间主应力影响系数的增大而减小,中间主应力影响系数越小,围岩稳定状态对中间主应力越敏感;4)结合工程实例分析可知,在热-力耦合作用下,基于统一强度理论计算的围岩松动圈半径误差小于1.4%,证明所提出的计算方法是合理可行的。

Critical tectonic events and their geological controls on deep buried coalbed methane accumulation in Daning-Jixian Block, eastern Ordos Basin

Commercial exploration and development of deep buried coalbed methane (CBM) in Daning-Jixian Block, eastern margin of Ordos Basin, have rapidly increased in recent decades. Gas content, saturation and well productivity show significant heterogeneity in this area. To better understand the geological controlling mechanism on gas distribution heterogeneity, the burial history, hydrocarbon generation history and tectonic evolution history were studied by numerical simulation and experimental simulation, which could provide guidance for further development of CBM in this area. The burial history of coal reservoir can be classified into six stages, i.e., shallowly buried stage, deeply burial stage, uplifting stage, short-term tectonic subsidence stage, large-scale uplifting stage, sustaining uplifting and structural inversion stage. The organic matter in coal reservoir experienced twice hydrocarbon generation. Primary and secondary hydrocarbon generation processes were formed by the Early and Middle Triassic plutonic metamorphism and Early Cretaceous regional magmatic thermal metamorphism, respectively. Five critical tectonic events of the Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan orogenies affect different stages of the CBM reservoir accumulation process. The Indosinian orogeny mainly controls the primary CBM generation. The Yanshanian Orogeny dominates the second gas generation and migration processes. The Himalayan orogeny mainly affects the gas dissipation process and current CBM distribution heterogeneity.

基于GD-DNN模型的岩爆烈度等级预测方法与应用

岩爆是深埋隧道施工过程中开挖时形成临空面,引起能量突然释放的现象,轻则岩片剥落,重则造成人员伤亡和财产损失,其危害程度取决于岩爆烈度等级,因此岩爆烈度等级预测是急需解决的难题之一。针对单一指标预测法预测效果不理想的问题,首先设计并实现了综合指标法和针对多分类问题的分类器,其次提出并建立了基于梯度下降(gradient descent,DN)算法优化深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN)的GD-DNN岩爆烈度等级预测模型。实验结果表明:GD-DNN模型预测的准确率达到95.8%,相比机器学习算法,K最近邻(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)和深度学习算法DNN分别提高了45.8%、38.7%和8.3%,同时在精确率、召回率和F1三项指标上均优于其他模型。最后在秦岭隧道、大相岭隧道、通渝隧道和马路坪矿井4个实际工程中检验模型的预测效果,检验结果证明GD-DNN模型能够精准预测岩爆烈度等级,研究成果可应用于深埋隧道工程中。

考虑纵向施工的深埋软岩隧道黏弹-塑性时效解析

软岩通常具有较强的蠕变性,深部软岩隧道的围岩收敛和支护受力往往表现出明显的时效特性。因此,考虑隧道掌子面推进的同时,运用流变理论对深部软岩隧道的围岩应力变形时效规律进行分析具有重要意义。研究针对深埋软岩中圆形隧道的纵向开挖过程,同时考虑掌子面推进引起的应力释放效应和围岩自身的蠕变性,推导出隧道纵向施工中围岩应力变形的黏弹-塑性时效解。解答中假定围岩服从Burgers-MC黏弹-塑性模型(CVISC),隧道纵向为连续不间断开挖。基于所提出的理论解,对新疆特克斯软岩隧道开挖过程中的围岩变形应力进行了初步预测和分析;同时,通过对比FLAC数值模拟结果和现场监测数据,验证了解答的正确性和可靠性。进一步,基于解答深入研究深部黏弹-塑性软岩中隧道围岩的应力、变形及黏塑性区域随时间和开挖过程的演化规律。研究结果表明:黏弹性区和黏塑性区边界上应力是定值,与黏塑性区大小无关;在隧道开挖阶段,应力释放引起的围岩位移占主要成分,后期应力释放完成后,围岩蠕变变形占主要部分。本解答为深埋软岩隧道施工过程中的围岩收敛变形和应力预测提供了理论方法。

煤炭原位开发地质保障

“双碳”目标下,面对“缺油、少气、相对富煤”的资源禀赋特征,煤炭在一段时期内仍占据中国的主体能源地位,但煤炭的低碳、清洁开发转型势在必行。地下原位热解、气化、干馏、制氢等方式有望成为未来煤炭开发的重要抓手。当前对煤炭原位开发已有较多探索,但地质选址和开发过程的地质安全性、可靠性和环保性仍是制约其规模化和商业化的科学难题。因此,煤炭原位开发地质保障的理论和技术研究亟待深入。秉持“安全、经济、环保、可持续”原则,从煤炭资源禀赋特征和地质条件出发,分析了煤炭原位开发研究现状;基于煤炭开发全生命周期的科学理念,提出了“煤炭原位开发地质保障”的科学内涵;在查明采前地质条件的基础上,从物理机制角度揭示深部原位开发过程中围岩地质体响应特征和损害规律,阐明原位开发中岩体工程地质力学行为,构建原位开发地质条件动态评价模型,形成原位开发减损保障策略和方法,提出原位开发空间的再利用途径,并以煤炭地下气化和地下热解2种开发模式为例阐述了原位开发阶段性,明确了原位开发区设计的地质条件要素,强调开发过程中实时动态监测和评价围岩地质体响应保证开发区密封性与安全性,实现地质条件时空演化的评价及地质风险可控性,此外注重协同开发深部热能与共伴生资源,实现残余资源利用和地下空间再利用。煤炭原位地质保障研究体现了资源赋存条件、地质环境约束、原位开发技术、地质风险防控、资源协同开发等层面的要求,突出了原位扰动条件下的地质条件变化,强调开发扰动与地质体结构的整体研究,理解原位开发时空效应范畴的多相场耦合损伤机制,从多圈层角度揭示原位开发扰动效应下地质风险模式,破解资源开发与地质环境制约之间矛盾,对于推动未来煤炭低碳开发,实现煤炭工业高质量发展具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。

基于FLAC3D的深埋隧道围岩-支护相互作用研究

基于陕西宝汉高速公路石门隧道实际工程,通过FLAC3D建立数值模型进行计算,对考虑蠕变作用的深埋软岩隧道围岩-支护结构相互作用规律以及埋深条件的影响开展研究,得到结论如下:随着蠕变的发展,隧道衬砌变形整体呈现出竖向沉降变形及逐渐被压扁的趋势,衬砌拱顶和拱底的位移更为显著;最小主应力极大值出现在拱腰内侧,随着蠕变时间延长,衬砌的最小主应力极大值逐渐增大,即衬砌的拱腰位置的压应力较大;最大主应力极值分布于拱顶和拱底位置,随蠕变的发展变化不大;随着埋深的增大,竖向变形达到稳定变形阶段后的变化率逐渐增大,同时衬砌的最小主应力极值也逐渐增加,引起衬砌结构上的压应力值增大。

深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响

深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

基于回线源地-井瞬变电磁法和磁梯度法的非开挖深埋燃气管道精确定位应用研究

管道非开挖技术现已被广泛地应用于城市基础设施建设之中,但设计资料缺失、管理不善等原因致使无法对原有管线进行定位,增加了第三方施工对其造成破坏的可能。非开挖管线埋深大、地质条件复杂,使得常规管线定位技术如管线探测仪、探地雷达法、地震面波法及高密度电法等,极难实现对其精细定位。针对该问题,本文提出一种通过综合应用回线源地-井瞬变电磁法及磁梯度法实现深部管线精细探测的方法,并将其应用于天津地区某深埋燃气管线探测工程之中;通过识别数据曲线的“单峰”顶点特征,最终确定目标管线实测水平位置与设计水平位置偏移约2 m,中心埋深高程为标高-14.37 m(测量极差0.1 m)。实践表明,该方法的提出对提升非开挖深埋铁磁性管道探测效率、减小探测误差具有指导意义。