Mechanism of anomalous low friction phenomenon in deep block rock mass

Deep rock mass has the unique "self-stressed" block-hierarchical structure,anomalous low friction(ALF) was one of the typical nonlinear geo-mechanical and dynamic responses in deep block rock mass,which occurred as the result of movements of large-scale geo-blocks under the impact of external pulses(such as a deep confined explosion,earthquakes,rock bursts and etc.).ALF phenomenon obtained its name to describe the curious phenomenon that the friction between interacting geo-blocks quasi-periodically disappears at some discrete points in time along the direction orthogonal to the direction of the external pulse.With the objective to confirm the existence of the ALF phenomenon and study the geo-mechanical conditions for its occurrence experimentally and theoretically,laboratory tests on granite and cement mortar block models were carried out on a multipurpose testing system developed independently.The ALF phenomenon was realized under two loading schemes,i.e.,blocks model and a working block were acted upon jointly by the action of a vertical impact and a horizontal static force,as well as the joint action of both vertical and horizontal impacts with differently delayed time intervals.We obtained the rules on variation of horizontal displacements of working blocks when the ALF phenomenon was realized in two tests.The discrete time delay intervals,corresponding to local maxima and minima of the horizontal displacement amplitudes and residual horizontal displacements of the working block,satisfied canonical sequences multiplied by(2～(1/2))i.Some of these time intervals satisfied the quantitative expression(2～(1/2))i Δ /Vp.At last,1D dynamic theoretical model was established,the analytical results agreed better with the test data,while the quantitative expression drawn from test data was not validated well in theoretical analyses.

Mechanism of Pendulum-type wave phenomenon in deep block rock mass

Pendulum-type ( μ wave) wave is a new type of elastic wave propagated with low frequency and low velocity in deep block rock masses. The μ wave is sharply different from the traditional longitudinal and transverse waves propagated in continuum media and is also a phenomenon of the sign-variable reaction of deep block rock masses to dynamic actions, besides the Anomalous Low Friction (ALF) phenomenon. In order to confirm the existence of the μ wave and study the rule of variation of this μ wave experimentally and theoretically, we first carried out one-dimensional low-speed impact experiments on granite and cement mortar blocks and continuum block models with different characteristic dimensions, based on the multipurpose testing system developed by us independently. The effects of model material and dimensions of models on the propagation properties of 1D stress wave in blocks medium are discussed. Based on a comparison and analysis of the propagation properties (acceleration amplitudes and Fourier spectra) of stress wave in these models, we conclude that the fractures in rock mass have considerable effect on the attenuation of the stress wave and retardarce of high frequency waves. We compared our model test data with the data of in-situ measurements from deep mines in Russia and their conclusions. The low-frequency waves occurring in blocks models were validated as Pendulum-type wave. The frequencies corresponding to local maxima of spectral density curves of three-directional acceleration satisfied several canonical sequences with the multiple of 2～(1/2), most of those frequencies satisfied the quantitative expression (2～(1/2))i V p/2△ .

深部块系岩体超低摩擦现象的机理分析

不规则超低摩擦现象是深部块系岩体典型动力学特征现象之一,集中反映了深部块系岩体非协调、非连续的动力学特性。基于俄罗斯Kurlenya M V院士的深部岩体超低摩擦实验建立了深部块系岩体一维动力模型,得出了工作块体水平位移的解析表达式。研究结果表明,一维动力模型理论计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,进一步揭示了深部岩体不规则超低摩擦现象产生的力学条件为分别作用于块系和工作块体上的竖向和水平冲击的时间间隔满足倍数为2的规范序列,指出超低摩擦现象产生机理在于强动载作用下块体间法向力重分布和动摩擦系数不断变化的共同作用,同时说明超低摩擦现象出现的离散周期和低频低速变位摆型波频谱具有密切联系。

深部块系岩体摆型波现象的研究进展

深部岩体具有独特的自应力块系等级构造特性,摆型波(μ波)现象是深部块系岩体特有的动力特征科学现象之一,集中反映了深部块系岩体非协调、非连续的动力学特性.摆型波是一种不同于传统纵波和横波的新型非线性弹性低频低速变位波,可以直接引发深部岩体岩爆和冲击地压等地质灾害,且无法用经典连续介质力学圆满解释.本文介绍了国内外对摆型波现象的实验和理论研究进展,归纳出摆型波的主要特征参数及其变化规律,并指出该领域的重点研究方向.

深部巷道块系围岩分析模型及稳定性探讨

深部岩体具有典型的不均匀、不连续的自应力块系等级构造结构。由于浅部巷道围岩应力场分析是基于连续介质力学理论,没有考虑岩体的块体特性,因而无法应用于深部巷道块系围岩的应力场分析。考虑到深部巷道块系围岩破坏类型主要表现为峰后岩块沿软弱接触面的剪切滑移破坏,通过建立深部巷道的平面应变块系围岩模型,得到了轴对称条件下岩块相互作用的解析解;分别假设岩块之间的接触满足刚塑性和Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件,推导得出上述两种屈服条件下的块系围岩模型和连续介质模型的围岩支护力的计算公式。对比分析表明:围岩块体构造特性对深部巷道施工和承载力设计计算有重要的影响;通过假设块体间剪应力与剪切滑移满足分段线性关系,得到了块系围岩径向位移,剪应力和剪切滑移量的解析表达式,引入无量纲化的深部巷道块系围岩稳定性参数λ,并得出当λ<1时块系围岩是稳定的,当λ>1时块系围岩是不稳定的。

一维块系地质块体波动特性的试验和理论研究

深部岩体具有块系等级构造特性,俄罗斯深部矿山原位量测得到的摆型波(μ波)产生于动力冲击作用下(如深部地震、岩爆和封闭核爆等)块系岩体的运动,是一种不同于传统纵波和横波的新型非线性弹性波。为了证明μ波的存在,并对块系块体介质中应力波传播特性及块体材料、尺寸和结构形式的影响进行研究,利用自主研发的深部岩体动态特性试验系统,分别对6种具有不同特征尺寸的花岗岩和水泥砂浆块系块体模型和连续块体模型进行一维低速冲击试验。试验表明:对于两种结构形式的介质,一维冲击作用下,块体(测点)三向加速度幅值均随冲击能量提高近似线性增加。对于块系块体介质,块体三向加速度幅值随块体个数增加呈一阶指数衰减,并且衰减系数与冲击能量无关;冲击能量仅仅改变加速度波谱密度幅值,而对三向振动极值频率没有影响,并且块体越多,能量越大,块体振动波谱趋于低频波的趋势越强;通过对比试验结果和原位量测结论(关于μ波无量纲冲击能量判据,波速和振幅,波谱峰值频率等),证明了块系介质中出现的低频低速波就是μ波;通过对5种块系块体模型三向加速度频谱进行分析,证明其振动极值频率满足定量的规范序列关系(2^(1/2))i f 0,推广了原位测量试验结论。并且上述规律中,块体材料和尺寸效应不明显,而对于连续块体介质上述规律均不成立。最后,分别采用黏弹性夹层和刚性块体、集中质点以及弹性块体三种理论计算模型对冲击作用下块系块体运动参数进行分析,计算结果和试验曲线吻合较好,并讨论了夹层参数的敏感性。

考虑上覆岩层压力的深部岩体块系介质超低摩擦效应理论分析

深部开采条件下,岩体块系介质超低摩擦效应与深部岩体动力灾害密切相关。基于我国矿山深部开采的实际情况,建立了法向荷载冲击作用下,考虑上覆岩层压力的深部岩体块系介质模型,理论推导了含岩层深度参数h的块体运动函数和位移时间函数的解析表达式,据此给出了地下800m煤系地层,岩体超低摩擦效应发生的最大载荷降速率为1.06×105N/s,岩体法向荷载波动周期为0.1 s。研究结果表明:随着岩体法向荷载的显著波动,岩体相对压紧程度趋于减弱,岩体超低摩擦效应易于触发,载荷降速率急剧增大,这可以作为岩体超低摩擦效应的重要表征指标之一。