Prospect Conceiving of Joint Research and Development of Shale Gas and Coalbed Methane in China

Inspired by successful development of shale gas in USA and influenced by hydrocarbon resources shortage currently, China has strengthened shale gas research and accelerated its exploration process. In order to enrich coalbed methane (CBM) and shale gas geological theory and promote their development process, this paper compared shale gas with CBM in accumulation, distribution, reservoir and production. It expatiated on the background and significance of the combined research and development, and analyzed the geological foundation and future prospects. Our investigation demonstrated that there are many sets of coal-bearing strata in Shanxi formation of Permian system in Ordos in North China, Longtan formation of Upper Permian and Xujiahe formation of Upper Triassic in Southern Yangtze region, Xishanyao formation of Middle Jurassic in Turpan-Hami Basin and Junggar Basin in Northwest China, and Shahezi formation of Cretaceous in Songliao Basin in northeast China. In these regions, shales which are interbeded with coal seams have the characters of big thickness, continuous distribution, high content of organic matter, good parent material and high maturity, accord with the basic geological conditions to format shale gas and CBM reservoir and composite gas reservoir, thus form appropriate regions and layers to carry out joint research and exploration with good prospects for development.

Coalbed Methane-bearing Characteristics and Reservoir Physical Properties of Principal Target Areas in North China

The coalbed methane (CBM) resources in North China amounts up to 60% of total resources in China.North China is the most important CBM accumulation area in China, The coal beds of the Upper Paleozoic Taiyuan and Shanxi formations have a stable distribution. The coal reservoir of target areas such as Jincheng, Yanquan-Shouyang,Hancheng, Liulin, etc. have good CBM-bearing characteristics, high permeability and appropriate reservoir pressure, and these areas are the preferred target areas of CBM developing in China. The coal reservoirs of Wupu, Sanjiaobei, Lu'an,Xinmi, Anyang-Hebi, Jiaozuo, Xinggong and Huainan also have as good CBM-bearing characteristics, but the physical properties of coal reservoirs vary observably. So, further work should be taken to search for districts with high pressure,high permeability and good CBM-bearing characteristics. Crustal stresses have severe influence on the permeability of coal reservoirs in North China. From west to east, the crustal stress gradient increases, while the coal reservoirs permeability decreases.

Drilling and completion technologies of coalbed methane exploitation: an overview

Coalbed methane(CBM)drilling and completion technologies(DCTs)are signifcant basis for achieving efcient CBM exploration and exploitation.Characteristics of CBM reservoirs vary in diferent regions around the world,thereby,it is crucial to develop,select and apply the optimum DCTs for each diferent CBM reservoir.This paper frstly reviews the development history of CBM DCTs throughout worldwide and clarifes its overall development tendency.Secondly,diferent well types and its characteristics of CBM exploitation are summarized,and main application scopes of these well types are also discussed.Then,the key technologies of CBM drilling(directional drilling tools,measurement while drilling,geo-steering drilling,magnetic guidance drilling,underbalanced drilling and drilling fuids),and the key technologies of CBM completion(open-hole,cavity and under-ream completion,cased-hole completion,screen pipe completion and horizontal well completion)are summarized and analyzed,it is found that safe,economic and efcient development of CBM is inseparable from the support of advanced technologies.Finally,based on the current status of CBM development,the achievements,existing challenges and future prospects are summarized and discussed from the perspective of CBM DCTs.

Apatite fission-track study on the thermo-tectonic history of the Huainan Coalfield in Anhui Province, China: Tectonic implications for the potential coalbed methane resource

Coalbed methane (CBM) is a kind of burgeoning and enormously potential clean energy resource, and the temperature of the thermogenic CBM generation is close to that of the partial annealing zone (PAZ) of apatite fission tracks (AFT). In this study the thermo-tectonic history of the Huainan Coalfield and the potential CBM resource were studied and discussed by using the AFT method. The AFT data indicate that the apparent ages of AFT vary from 45.5 to 199.1 Ma. They are younger than the ages of their host strata (255–1800 Ma) except one sample, and the single-grain ages of AFT can be classified as a single age group for each sample. In combination with the geological setting, modeling results of the AFT ages, average lengths, and the thermal history based on the AFT single-grain ages and length distributions, some preliminary conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) at least three thermo-tectonic events (in the periods of ～240, 140 and 80 Ma, respectively) have occurred in the study area since the Late Paleozoic. The occurrence of both the first (during 240–220 Ma) and second (during 160–120 Ma) thermo-tectonic events is possibly responsible for the establishment of the patterns of gas generation and reservoir formation. The second thermo-tectonic event also led to slight accumulation of hydrocarbons and generation of thermogenic gas; (2) the AFT ages of most coal-bearing strata lie between 50 and 70 Ma. They should represent the cooling ages and the ages of inferred uplift and denudation, as well as the possible CBM release history. Therefore, the maximum burial depth of coal-bearing strata and the denudation thickness of the overlying strata are over 3000 and 2000 m in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene series, respectively; and (3) subsequently, a spot of secondary biogenic and scarcely thermogenic gas generation occurred due to negligible sedimentation during the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Thus, it can be presumed that subsequent tectonism would destroy the CBM reservoir after its formation in the Huainan Coalfield, especially in its structural development region. These AFT data may be helpful for a better understanding of the thermo-tectonic history of the Huainan Coalfield, as well as of CBM generation, storage and release in the Huainan Coalfield.

Characteristics of dissolved inorganic carbon in produced water from coalbed methane wells and its geological significance

Based on long-term dynamic tracing of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)and stable carbon isotope(δ13CDIC)in produced water from 20 coalbed methane(CBM)wells in western Guizhou,the spatial-temporal dynamic variations ofδ13CDIC of the GP well group produced in multi-layer commingled manner were analyzed,and the relationship between the value ofδ13CDIC and CBM productivity was examined.The produced water samples of typical wells in the GP well group were amplified and sequenced using 16S rDNA,and a geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from CBM wells with multi-coal seams was put forward.The research shows that:δ13CDIC in produced water from medium-rank coal seams commonly show positive anomalies,the produced water contains more than 15 species of methanogens,and Methanobacterium is the dominant genus.The dominant methanogens sequence numbers in the produced water are positively correlated withδ13CDIC,and the positive anomaly of v is caused by reduction of methanogens,and especially hydrogenotrophic methanogens.Vertical segmentation of sedimentary facies and lithology in stratum with multi-coal seams will result in permeability and water cut segmentation,which will lead to the segmentation ofδ13CDIC and archaea community in produced water,so in the strata with better permeability and high water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is abnormally enriched,and the dominant archaea is mainly Methanobacterium.In the strata with weak permeability and low water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is small,and the microbial action is weak.The shallow layer close to the coal seam outcrop is likely to be affected by meteoric precipitation,so theδ13CDIC of the produced water is smaller.The geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from multi-coal seams CBM wells in the medium-rank coal reveals the geological mechanism and microbial action mechanism of theδ13CDIC difference in the produced water from the multi-coal seams CBM wells.It also provides effective geochemical evidence for the superimposed fluid system controlled by sedimentary facies,and can also be used for the contribution analysis of the produced gas and water by the multi-layer CBM wells.

鄂尔多斯盆地神木–佳县区块深部煤层气地质特征及勘探开发潜力

我国深部(以下均指埋深大于2000 m)煤层气资源丰富,勘探开发潜力巨大。与中浅部相比,深部煤层气在富集成藏规律与开发方式方面均具有显著的差异性,急需针对重点区块开展解剖性分析研究。神木–佳县区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部,目前尚处于深部煤层气勘探的起步阶段,深部煤层气富集特征及开发潜力等尚不明确。基于研究区近期实施的地震资料、300余口井的测井资料和4口取心井的参数资料等,系统分析煤储层基础地质特征,总结煤层气富集主控因素与富集规律,类比剖析研究区深部煤层气勘探开发潜力。研究区深8号煤的镜质体反射率介于0.7%~1.8%,大部分区域煤层演化已处于热解生气高峰,区域上煤层净煤厚度高达7~8 m,煤层发育稳定,构造相对简单、水动力封闭性较强、顶底板封盖条件较好,为煤层气大面积连续成藏提供了优越条件,其中佳县南区的煤层气资源条件最好。与鄂尔多斯盆地东部其他区块深部煤层相比,研究区煤层中游离气占比明显更高(15.21%~46.47%),煤层中吸附气主要受吸附压力封存控制,而游离气受毛管力封闭与浮力重力分异双重控制,两种封存机制共同决定了深部煤层含气量的垂向分带与平面分区,以佳县南部为例总结了吸附气吸附压力主控、游离气毛管压力封闭与重力分异耦合控制的典型深部煤层气富集模式。与临兴区块和大宁–吉县区块类比分析结果表明,神木–佳县区块具有较好的煤层气资源基础、储层改造条件和高产潜力,预示了此区块深部煤层气规模化开发的美好前景。此外,大宁–吉县区块深部属典型的高煤阶煤,而神木–佳县深部为中煤阶煤,因此,该研究认识进一步丰富完善了深部煤层气富集理论,对于全国深部煤层气勘探开发实践有重要指示意义。

煤储层含气性深度效应与成藏过程耦合关系

埋深是影响煤层气富集程度的综合要素,理解含气性深度效应是认识深浅部煤层气赋存状态与聚集机制的重要基础。基于煤层气勘探现状,在剖析鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气探井资料的基础上,综合常规-非常规油气成藏地质学理论,探讨了煤层含气量、饱和吸附量、含气饱和度深度效应及其与成藏过程的耦合关系。煤层气成藏是构造沉降阶段生烃供气和回返抬升阶段相态转化、逸散的耦合结果,体现为自封闭成藏和浮力成藏的深度耦合,含气性变化存在饱和吸附量转折和游离气滞留两个关键深度界限,且二者不具备绝对同步性:(1)饱和吸附气量是煤在特定温压条件下的固有属性,不受保存条件的严格限制,其随深度的演化过程是控制相态转换的基础,压力梯度和变质程度补偿效应会引起现今区域饱和吸附量转折深度(带)的明显滞后。(2)游离气的运聚成藏与改造定型受控于地层回返抬升阶段的遮盖条件,涉及埋深-构造-水动力场三元耦合效应及浮力、储盖层毛管力的综合影响,抬升幅度小且改造强度弱时方可具备游离气滞留保存条件,滞留深度以浅地层封闭性降低,游离气普遍散失。鄂尔多斯盆地东缘柳林-延川南一带煤层总含气量随埋深增大近乎线性增高,深部收敛趋势不明显,不同变质程度煤理论饱和吸附量转折深度为1600~2200 m,但煤阶的区域分异致使原位饱和吸附量随埋深持续增大;大宁-吉县区块游离气滞留临界深度约2000 m,2500 m处含气饱和度平均约120%,3000 m处含气饱和度预计可达136%。不同地区煤层气成藏背景和地质条件存在差异,含气性深度效应需具体分析,分析重点应聚焦于甲烷相态转换、地层封闭条件的时空演化对现今气、水分布的综合影响,以实现深部煤层气的分区分带评价和高效开发设计。

沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气储层特征及开发技术对策

为了实现沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发,以郑庄北-沁南西区块为研究对象,基于参数井取心分析测试、注入/压降测试、地应力循环测试结果和大量动静态数据,通过与浅部对比,阐述了中深部煤储层特征,分析了从浅部到中深部煤层直井压裂和水平井分段压裂两种开发技术的改进,进而提出了中深部煤层气主体开发技术。结果表明,郑庄北-沁南西区块3号煤平均埋深1200 m左右,为中深部煤层气储层。随着埋深增加,研究区含气量和吸附时间均先增加后降低,含气量和吸附时间峰值分别位于埋深1100~1200 m和800~1000 m;随着埋深增加,研究区地应力场类型发生了2次转换,埋深小于600 m时,为逆断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成水平缝,利于造长缝;埋深大于1000 m时为走滑断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成垂直缝,裂缝延伸较短;埋深为600~1000 m时,地应力场由逆断层型向走滑断层型转换阶段,水力压裂形成的裂缝系统较为复杂。与浅层相比,中深部储层含气量、解吸效率和应力场发生明显转变。随着埋深增加,无论是直井(定向井)还是水平井,均应采用更大的压裂规模才能获得较好的效果。对于直井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂液量达到1500 m^(3)以上、排量12~15 m^(3)/min以上、砂比10%~14%以上,单井日产气量可以达到1000 m^(3)以上;对于水平井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂段间距控制在70~90 m以下,单段液量、砂量分别达到2000、150 m^(3)以上,排量达到15 m^(3)/min以上开发效果较好,单井产量突破18000 m^(3)。随着埋深增加,水平井开发方式明显优于直井,以二开全通径水平井井型结构、优质层段识别技术和大规模、大排量缝网压裂为核心的水平井开发方式是适用于沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发的主体工艺技术。

深部煤层气游离气饱和度计算模型及其应用

近几年全国深部煤层气基于精细地质研究和水平井多段加砂压裂取得重大突破,部分井日产气量高达十万方,给煤层气产业重新树立了信心。但是,由于深部煤储层处于高地应力、高地温、高孔隙压力、低渗透率的复杂地质环境,不同深度煤储层典型参数和煤层气赋存方式的分布特征以及对储量和产量的影响亟需揭示。基于Langmuir等温吸附式、亨利定律及物质平衡原理,考虑吸附层和溶解气的影响,建立了深部煤层气游离气饱和度计算模型;以国内鄂尔多斯盆地大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气藏为例,分析不同深度深部煤层气赋存方式及分布特征,并评价游离气饱和度对深部煤层气储量、产量与合理配产的影响。研究认为:当煤层埋深大于溶解饱和对应的深度,游离气才会出现,且随着埋深的增加,游离气饱和度先快速增加后缓慢增加,目标区块埋深1875 m处才出现游离气,在埋深2800 m处游离气饱和度高达90%,游离气的占比高达17.3%。游离气饱和度对深部煤层气储量计算、产气特征和合理配产影响很大,随着游离气饱和度的增大,煤层气储量线性增大,累产气量持续上升但后期上升幅度逐渐变缓,深部煤层气井最优配产增加,井底流压下降速度加快,压裂改造区的内外压差降低,未改造区动用程度增加。目标区块主力开发煤层埋深位于2100~2300 m,游离气饱和度介于48%~68%,游离气占比介于10%~13%,建议气井合理配产介于(4~10)×10^(4)m^(3)/d。研究结果可为深部煤层气进一步开发提供理论依据和方法支撑。

新疆准噶尔盆地白家海凸起深部煤层气勘探开发进展及启示

白家海凸起侏罗系煤是国内深部煤层气直井产量很早取得突破的地方,为准噶尔盆地的重要靶区。煤储层为特低灰、低水分、中高挥发性煤,孔渗系统较好。具有“古生新储”和“自生自储”两种成藏模式,煤层含气量高、游离气占比高、含气饱和度高,为优质煤层气储层。历经多年的勘探开发证明:多数直井试采无需排水降压即可快速见气(2~5 d),排采初期日产气量较高(2100~9890 m^(3)),日产水量少甚至不产水(<5 m^(3)),可自喷生产,返排率低,长期试采压力均衡下降,且具有一定的稳产期(25~60 d);煤层射孔层厚度、压裂液体系、压裂加砂比均可影响煤层气试气效果,其中冻胶、胍胶体系优于活性水-清洁压裂液体系。最新施工的彩探1H水平井试采表现出压裂开井后即高产,试采最高日产气量5.7万m^(3),日产水量少(0.5~3.0 m^(3)),表现出常规天然气特征,随后衰减稳定,表现为吸附气与游离气共同产出;与直井对比,水平井产量高、稳产时间长、压降速率小。基于研究区储层特征和含气性特征,及勘探开发历程,得到3方面启示。一是深部多类型气藏富集规律再认识:需重视油气运聚圈闭的成藏演化研究,重视深部位气水空间分配和富集规律的研究。二是深部中低阶煤储层可压性评价:针对凸起高部位孔渗系统好的中低煤阶储层,需形成适合的压裂工艺体系。三是深部多类型气藏开发方式优化:针对游离气占比高的气藏,实现游离气-吸附气的接续产出,保持降压面积稳定扩展,排采控制尤为关键。

鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬-宜探区深部煤层气成藏条件与勘探潜力

在充分调研国内深部煤层气勘探研究成果的基础上,依据鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬-宜探区钻井、地震和煤心实验分析资料,分析深部石炭系太原组煤层分布、煤岩煤质、储层条件、保存条件及含气性等关键成藏要素,系统评价了旬-宜探区太原组煤层气成藏条件与勘探潜力。结果表明,旬-宜探区太原组煤层厚度大、横向分布稳定、煤阶高、灰分中等、含气性较好,具备良好的煤层气成藏条件;太原组煤层气资源量1754×10^(8) m^(3),具备良好的勘探潜力;旬-宜探区中东部煤层发育、含气量高、断裂不发育、煤层埋深相对较浅,为煤层气勘探有利区带;在有利区优选基础上,开展了煤层气老井复查,优选了PZ2井实施太原组煤层压裂试气,压后取得了较好效果,对该区下一步煤层气勘探具有参考意义。

深部煤层气水赋存机制、环境及动态演化

准确认识深部条件下气体和水分的赋存状态、相对含量及分布特征,对煤层气高效勘探开发具有重要指导意义。基于理论模型、分子模拟和气水演变分析,明确了煤层中气、水的赋存状态,揭示了气、水动态运聚界限和动态演化过程。考虑煤-水界面作用、水的可动性及赋存状态,煤中水可分为可动水(重力水和毛细水)、束缚水(吸附水、沸石水、结晶水和层间水)、结构水,其中毛细水、重力水和吸附水由孔隙主导,沸石水、结构水、结晶水和层间水由矿物主导。分子模拟结果显示,水分子在0.7 nm孔隙中可以饱和充填,吸附和解吸路径一致,在更大孔隙中出现弱吸附层和自由态。水分子吸附过程表现为单分子含氧基团吸附、单层强吸附、多层弱吸附、水团簇形成和充填孔隙等阶段。甲烷分子在1.5 nm孔隙可存在3层稳定充填吸附,在较大孔隙中(>1.5 nm)即以单层吸附和游离态共存,游离态在介孔及更大孔隙中普遍存在。结合上述吸附-游离气存在界限,改进了游离气和吸附气理论计算公式,为含气量计算提供新思路。深部热成因煤层气是煤大规模生排烃之后的残余气,在排烃过程中发生气驱水和水分蒸发扩散,残余水分为束缚水和结构水,后期无法改变。假定静水压力20 MPa,在0、5、10、15和20 MPa储层压力下,外来水分可入侵最大孔径为7、9、13、27 nm和不侵入。受差异保存条件控制,煤成气除了形成超压和欠压等差异含气系统外,还可能在煤系形成多类型含气模式。上述研究明确了煤层气、水微观赋存机制及形成演化模式,对深部煤层气富集特征及高效开发设计具有指导意义。

宁武盆地南部深部煤层气临界深度与成藏特征

近年来,随着深部煤层气勘探开发技术的不断突破,深部煤层气已逐渐成为中国油气资源重要的勘探开发新领域。但是,关于煤层气深度界线的科学内涵、深部煤层气藏的地质特征、煤层气富集模式等基础科学问题仍处于初期探索阶段。为此,以宁武盆地宁武南区块上石炭统太原组9号煤层为研究对象,基于区块20余口煤层气井的钻井、测井及试井资料等,联合等温吸附、气体同位素等实验测试手段,探讨了宁武南区块深部煤层气临界深度与成藏特征。研究结果表明:①研究区深部煤层气临界深度为1200 m,临界深度以深,深部煤层气藏具有煤层厚度大、热演化程度高、含气量及含气饱和度高、煤体结构好和孔隙度低的地质特征。②地温梯度和热演化程度是影响研究区深部煤层气临界深度及煤层气成藏条件的重要因素。结论认为,该盆地的宁武南区块深部煤层气地质特征与鄂尔多斯盆地大宁—吉县、临兴、延川南等深部煤层气区块具有可比性,展现出宁武盆地深部煤层气良好的勘探开发前景。

四川盆地上二叠统龙潭组深-超深部煤层气资源开发潜力

准噶尔盆地彩南地区、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县和延川南区块1000~2500 m埋深煤层气井实现高产气流突破,昭示了深部煤层气开发的巨大潜能。四川盆地上二叠统龙潭组薄-中厚煤层群(7~15层)主体埋深2000~4500 m,川中一带北倾单斜,局部发育低幅隆起,煤层含气量、含气饱和度、储层压力等开发关键参数均优于浅部,具备支持“增储上产”国家天然气发展战略的强大潜力。研究表明:(1)龙潭组煤系煤-泥岩互层频繁,煤层多,累计资源量大,19号煤层侧向发育稳定(平均3.2 m;>4 m有利面积700 km^(2));(2)煤的热演化程度高(2.53%~3.18%),生烃能力强,煤系气测全烃显示良好,2500 m埋深处实测含气量16.64~17.61 m^(3)/t,含气饱和度达138%~151%,游离气含量4.84~5.60 m^(3)/t;(3)川南800 m以深实测储层压力系数>1.1,川中一带预测储层压力系数>1.8,为潜在的异常超高压储层。立足四川盆地煤层深-超深部、超压、超饱和等资源禀赋特征,借鉴鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁一带深部煤层气成功经验,以19号煤层为风险勘探目标,落实资源潜力和气藏特征,探索构建深-超深部薄煤层立体勘探开发技术体系,对煤层气规模化建产意义重大。

煤层气水平井开发的理论技术初探——兼论煤层气和页岩气开发条件对比

经过30 a的不懈探索,我国煤层气开发井型逐渐由直井向水平井开发过渡,水平井开发煤层气的基础理论是制约当前煤层气开发的主要问题。和页岩相比,煤层页理和脆性矿物不发育,非均质性更强,不利于体积缝网的形成。但煤层顶底板封盖强,机械强度高,具备较好的水力压裂条件。部分煤层裂隙被方解石等填充,酸化有利于储层渗透率改善和复杂裂缝形成。因此,建立一套适合煤层气储层特征的水平井开发工艺尤为重要。针对煤层地质特征,从水平井长度优化、簇间距优化、压裂液选择、支撑剂选择、返排率、最终可采储量(EUR)特征6个方面,系统分析煤层气水平井开发技术经济政策,认为煤层气水平段长度一般不超过1000 m,簇间距15~30 m储层改造效果较好;深部煤层气压裂液中加入滑溜水破胶剂及少量低温辅助破胶剂可提高破胶效率;相比中浅部煤层气储层,深部煤层压裂支撑剂应提高大粒径(0.425/0.850 mm)比例;深部煤层(如大吉区块8号煤)达到最高产气时的压裂液返排率与威远-长宁页岩气相近;煤层气EUR偏低,但用液强度、加砂强度大,应提高煤层气开发效率及经济效益等。煤层气开发效果受地质特征和开发工程技术协同控制,从地质工程一体化角度,提出下步煤层气水平井开发的对策,指出应进一步优化煤层气水平井开发工艺;完善水平井钻完井与配套技术,降低单井钻完井成本;依据煤粉迁移规律,实现煤层气水平井控粉有序返排,提高排采效果;依据游离与吸附气赋存比例,优化生产控制技术提升单井EUR。

沁水盆地南部郑庄区块中北部煤层气直井增产新技术研究与应用

为提高沁水盆地郑庄区块中北部煤层气直井产量,基于研究区评价井地应力测试资料、压裂裂缝监测资料,分析了研究区直井增产效果差的原因,提出了针对性增产技术,开展了现场对比试验,并对结果进行了分析,结果表明郑庄中北部直井产量低、措施增产效果差的主因为:①研究区以垂直裂缝为主、压裂缝长较短,且随着埋深增加,相同压裂规模形成的裂缝尺寸减小;②随着埋深增加,支撑剂嵌入深度增加,裂缝闭合加快,导致稳产时间短,产气曲线主体形态为“单峰型”;③经初次压裂后煤体结构更加破碎,新裂缝容易进入初次压裂裂缝,造新缝难度增加。针对上述原因,创新提出的充填预堵+大规模压裂+远端支撑增产技术,“充填预堵”即先采用相对较低的排量、砂比、规模充填初次压裂裂缝,然后再进行大规模重复压裂,实现堵老缝、造新缝。“大规模”压裂即大排量、大液量、高砂比压裂,将压裂液量由600~800 m^(3)提高至1300~2000 m^(3)以上,增加改造体积;将排量由6~8 m^(3)/min提高至10~14 m^(3)/min以上,增加裂缝长度和携砂性能;采用低黏压裂液体系配合低密度支撑剂,将砂比由7%~8%提高至10%~15%以上,提高铺砂强度,降低裂缝闭合程度。“远端支撑”即采用自悬浮支撑剂与大排量相结合,增长支撑剂运移距离,提高支撑裂缝比例。充填预堵+大规模压裂+远端支撑增产技术实施后平均单井日产量达到1380 m^(3),比措施前增产1190 m^(3),比邻井稳产气量增加近1000 m^(3),实现了郑庄中北部中深储层连片低产区直井产量突破。现场对比试验表明:实施“充填预堵”后再进行大规模压裂,平均净施工压力比初次压裂增加了3.3 MPa,形成了新裂缝,比直接进行大规模压裂增量提高1000 m^(3)。总体上,充填预堵+大规模压裂+远端支撑增产技术关键参数数值越大,增产效果越好。

大宁–吉县区块深部煤层气多轮次转向压裂技术及应用

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气资源丰度高,煤储层天然裂缝与煤自身割理裂隙发育、煤体结构好、机械强度高、顶底板封盖能力强,为大规模体积压裂缝网的形成提供了有利条件。超大规模压裂改造工艺使深部煤层气单井产量获得重大突破,但示踪剂监测结果显示,水平井各压裂段产气效果贡献不均一、资源动用存在盲区、综合效益未达预期。指出深部煤储层形成超大规模有效缝网面临两类主要挑战:(1)深部煤层裂缝扩展规律认识不清;(2)现有压裂技术存在过度改造及改造不充分区域。基于此问题,提出适合深部煤储层改造的多轮次转向缝网弥合压裂技术。首先,分析深部煤层超大规模缝网形成的可行性;其次结合现场压裂数据与微地震监测结果,分析地层曲率、倾角等对压裂裂缝扩展的影响;最后建立应力场计算方法,以此为依据,进行多轮次转向工艺优化及现场试验。在大宁-吉县区块现场进行试验验证,井周微应力场非均匀区域水力裂缝实现了较为均匀的扩展,增大了裂缝整体改造体积,单井产气效果较周边井有明显提升,其中DJ55井5轮次压裂,储层改造体积达到243.6×10^(4)m^(3),生产340 d累产气量970.5×10^(4)m^(3),平均日产气量2.85×10^(4)m^(3),日产量和压力均保持稳定,改造效果较好,预计采收储量(EUR)大于3000×10^(4)m^(3),产气潜力较大;JS8-6P05井第1-7段采用2~3轮次压裂,压后日产气量8.59×10^(4)m^(3),相比各段均采用单轮次压裂的JS8-6P04井加砂规模降低41.9%、压裂费用降低21%,但2口井水平段千米日产气量相当。试验效果表明,多轮次压裂工艺在一定程度上解决了水平井两侧应力差异而导致的裂缝单侧扩展问题,促进井筒两侧压裂裂缝趋于均匀扩展,极大程度上保障了深部煤储层资源动用程度和压后产量,是深部煤层气压裂工艺降本增效的主要技术途径。

深部煤层原位保压保瓦斯取心技术装备及初步应用

深部煤层瓦斯含量精准测定是矿井瓦斯灾害防治和煤层气高效开发利用的基本前提。煤层传统取心技术普遍采用开放式取心,需利用估算方法获得煤层取心过程中的瓦斯损失量,难以保证煤层瓦斯原位参数的准确性和有效性。基于“原位保真取心”学术思想,开发了深部煤层原位保压保瓦斯取心技术,研制了深部煤矿原位保压保瓦斯取心器,并基于三维数值仿真对取心器外管、保压舱体结构与关键薄弱部件进行了强度校核。同时,依托自主研发的保压取心实验室模拟测试平台,测定并分析了保压控制器的保压能力,通过煤矿现场试验验证了取心器的可靠性。研究结果表明:自主研制的取心器具有保压能力强、保压时间长、防扰动性能稳定等优势;取心器在内部流体压力20 MPa和1000 N m扭矩作用下等效应力为121.1 MPa,远小于材料屈服强度,满足强度设计要求;取心器在20 MPa荷载作用下等效应力为63.9 MPa,满足强度设计要求;取心器整体在19.4 MPa压力条件内可持续稳定运行,可以满足大部分深部煤矿瓦斯测试需求;现场测试表明保压保瓦斯取心器的保压控制器闭合情况良好,现场取心率达100%。研究成果可为深部煤层瓦斯含量精准测定奠定理论、技术和装备基础,对于煤矿瓦斯灾害防治和煤层气勘探开发具有重要意义。