Control of Deep Tectonics on the Superlarge Deposits in China

Seventy-three large-superlarge deposits in China were formed in 4 metallogenic epochs, and located in 6 metallogenic domains. By combing their time-space distribution and the relevant data of crustal thickness, we discuss the control conditions of deep tectonics on superlarge deposits. The various spatial variation of the crustal thickness where deposits locate is closely related to their different tectonic setting. The crustal thickness of the region where deposits are in the Precatnbrian metallogenic epoch is 37.1 km and shows double-peak distribution, which is related to the different tectonic-mineralization processes in the Tarim-North China and Yangtze metallogenic domains. The crustal thickness of the region where deposits are in the Paleoproterozoic metallogenic epoch is 43.4 km and shows normal distribution, which is the result of 'pure' mineralization setting. The crustal thickness of the region where deposits are in the Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic metallogenic epoch is about 41.2 km and shows multi-peak distribution, which can be related with dispersing distribution in the metallogenic domain of these superlarge deposits. The crustal thickness of the region where deposits are in the post-Indosinian metallogenic epoch is 37.3 km, and shows skew distribution, which resulted from different tectonic settings in eastern and western China.

Microfacies of Deep-water Deposits and Forming Models of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling-SKII

Extensive transgression of lake water occurred during the Cretaceous Qingshankou Stage and the Nengjiang Stage in the Songliao basin, forming widespread deep-water deposits. Eleven types of microfacies of deep-water deposits have been recognized in the continuous core rocks from the SKII, including mudstone of still water, marlite, dolostone, off shale, volcanic ashes, turbidite, slump sediment, tempestite, seismite, ostracoda limestone and sparry carbonate, which are divided into two types： microfacies generated due to gradually changing environments （Ⅰ） and microfacies generated due to geological events （Ⅱ）. Type Ⅰ is composed of some special fine grain sediments such as marlite, dolomite stone and oil shale as well as mudstone and Type Ⅱ is composed of some sediments related to geological events, such as volcanic ashes, turbiditie, slump sediment, tempestite, seismite, ostracoda limestone. The formation of sparry carbonate may be controlled by factors related to both environments and events. Generally, mudstone sediments of still water can be regarded as background sediments, and the rest sediments are all event sediments, which have unique forming models, which may reflect controlling effects of climatics and tectonics.

Geophysical-Geological Interpretation and Deep-Seated Gold Deposit Prospecting in Sanshandong-Jiaojia Area, Eastern Shandong Province, China

Integrated gravitational, electrical-magnetic surveys and data processing carried out in the Sanshandao-Jiaojia area, Eastern Shandong Province, northeast China, aim to illuminate the geological characteristics of this shallow-covered area and delineate deep-seated gold prospecting targets. In this region, altogether 12 faults exert critical control on distribution of three types of Early Precambrian metamorphic rock series, i.e. those in the metamorphic rock area, in the granitic rock area underlying the metamorphic rock, and in the remnant metamorphic rock area in granites, respectively. Additionally, the faults have major effects on distribution of four Mesozoic Linglong rock bodies of granite, i.e. the Cangshang, Liangguo, Zhuqiao-Miaojia and Jincheng granites. The Sanshandao and Jiaojia Faults are two well-known regional ore-controlling faults; they have opposite dip direction, and intersect at a depth of 4500 m. Fracture alteration zones have striking geophysical differences relative to the surrounding county rocks. The two faults extend down along dip direction in a gentle wave form, and appear at some steps with different dips. These steps comprise favorable gold prospecting areas, consistent with a step metallogenic model. Six deep-seated gold-prospecting targets are delineated, i.e. Jincheng-Qianchenjia, Xiaoxizhuang-Zhaoxian, Xiyou-Wujiazhuangzi, Xiangyangling-Xinlicun, Panjiawuzi and Miaojia-Pinglidian.

Status and Trends in Research on Deep-Water Gravity Flow Deposits

Deep-water gravity flows are one of the most important sediment transport mechanisms on Earth. After 60 years of study, significant achievements have been made in terms of classification schemes, genetic mechanisms, and depositional models of deep-water gravity flows. The research history of deep-water gravity flows can be divided into five stages： incipience of turbidity current theory; formation of turbidity current theory; development of deep-water gravity flow theory; improvement and perfection of deep-water gravity flow theory; and comprehensive development of deep-water gravity flow theory. Currently, three primary classification schemes based on the sediment support mechanism, the rheology and transportation process, and the integration of sediment support mechanisms, rheology, sedimentary characteristics, and flow state are commonly used.Different types of deep-water gravity flow events form different types of gravity flow deposits. Sediment slump retransportation mainly forms muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and surge-like turbidity currents. Resuspension of deposits by storms leads to quasi-steady hyperpycnal turbidity currents （hyperpycnal flows）. Sustainable sediment supplies mainly generate muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and hyperpycnal flows. Deep-water fans, which are commonly controlled by debris flows and hyperpycnal flows, are triggered by sustainable sediment supply; in contrast, deep-water slope sedimentary deposits consist mainly of debris flows that are triggered by the retransportation of sediment slumps and deep-water fine-grained sedimentary deposits are derived primarily from fine- grained hyperpycnal flows that are triggered by the resuspension of storm deposits. Harmonization of classification schemes, transformation between different types of gravity flow deposit, and monitoring and reproduction of the sedimentary processes of deep-water gravity flows as well as a source-to-sink approach to document the evolution and deposition of deep-water gravity flows are the most important research aspects for future studies of deep-water gravity flows study in the future.

Measurement of Metallogenic Depth and Deep Second Enrichment Belt Forecasting in Jiaodong Gold Deposit

The depth is important for ore finding in Jiaodong gold deposit. However, many geologists are still discussing how to confirm the depth for the tectonic and metallogenesis formation. The authors of this paper propose a new method-the correction of metallogenic depth via its structure to calculate the depth. This method, based on the crust rock in a solid stress state, emphasizes the elastic pattern rather than the static fluid pattern. In addition, this method is more appropriate to the actual situation in the crust than the method of weight/special weight. The authors of this paper illustrating, with the Jiaodong gold deposit as an example, the metallogenic depth correction via structure conclude that the depth of the most deposits, lower than 4-6 km, is often 2.5 km. Therefore, the authors suggest that there exists a second enrichment belt and that ore resources are more potential at the belt of Jiaodong area. These results have been demonstrated by years of exploration.

Cambrian- Ordovician Deep - Water Deposits in Southwest Jiangxi, China

The Cambrian-Ordovician rocks in southwestern Jiangxi are mainly composed of deep-water deposits, in which 5 facies have been recognized: sandstone facies, sandstone-mudstone facies, siltstone-mudstone facies, mudstone (slate)facies, and chert facies. They are of turbidity current origin and are related to pelagic and hemipelagic deposits. In the light of facies distribution, the Cambrian-Ordovician deposits can be classified into 3 facies associations formed in middle fan, outer fan and deep-sea plain environments respectively. The 3 different orders of vertical cycles in the stratigraphic sequence are considered to be controlled by factors such as sea-level fluctuation, basin subsidence and submarine fan progradation. The tectonic setting of the sedimentary basin is interpreted as passive continental margin based on the chemical composition analysis of the sandstone.

Further study on deep penetrating geochemistry over the Spence porphyry copper deposit,Chile

A study of deep penetrating geochemistry--the surface exploration techniques for finding concealed mineral deposits--was carried out over the Spence porphyry copper deposit in Chile by Australian, Canadian and Chinese laboratories using selective weak leach methods and is briefly reviewed here. Erratic and weak copper anomalies were obtained above the Spence deposit, which is concealed below a thick piedmont gravel cover. In the literature, such patterns are common in most of the weak selective leach studies carried out over known buried deposits. During exploration in unknown area, such weak leach techniques lead to some success and many dry holes. In this paper, stronger selective leaching methods are developed for oxides and sulfides, which may be the stable end products transformed and accumulated by a mobile precursor phase carried upward through the overburden by gas or water through long spans of geological time. The data obtained by the methods developed in this paper produced more significant and consistent anomalous data than previous efforts. Consequently, the leach approaches described here may increase the effectiveness of deep penetrating geochemistry in exploration for con- cealed ore deposits.

Magmatism, Deep Processes and Gold Deposits in Eastern Hebei, China

The eastern Hebei Province of China is one of the major concentrating areas of gold mineralization in eastern China, which is an important part of the circum Pacific magmatic tectonic metallogenic belt. There are three types of gold deposits in terms of the characteristics of host rocks. Jinchangyu type gold deposit is situated in the Archean metamorphic basement. Yuerya type gold deposit occurs within the Yanshanian granite. Lengkou (or Wanzhuang ) type gold deposit is located within the covering strata of the Mesoproterozoic dolomitite. These 3 types of gold deposits are very similar in many respects. These deposits formed at Mesozoic and their spatial distribution is closely related to Yanshanian granite. The mineralization characteristics of these gold deposits are very similar. The characteristics of sulfur isotopic and lead isotopic compositions show that the gold deposits in this area are derived from the mantle and deep crust, and are related to Mesozoic magmatism. The gold deposits in this area are believed to be the products of crust mantle exchange and resulted from multistage gold mineralization. Finally a mineralization model of gold deposit in eastern Hebei of China is proposed.

基于地质三维建模的矿床蚀变带深部资源预测方法

随着矿产资源需求的持续增加,加之浅表矿产资源的逐渐匮乏,如何有效开发深部矿产资源成为国家重点研究课题之一。以往二维矿床信息无法确定精准的深部资源储量,阻碍矿产资源的开发进度,本文提出基于地质三维建模的矿床蚀变带深部资源预测方法研究。应用地质三维建模软件(GOCAD)与计算机技术,构建矿床蚀变带深部地质三维模型,以此为基础,确定最佳单元尺度,划分矿床蚀变带深部地质统计单元,提取矿床蚀变带深部地质变量,计算地质变量权重数值,探究深部地质统计单元之间的联系度,基于三维证据权法预测矿床蚀变带深部资源。实验数据显示:应用该方法获得的矿床蚀变带深部资源预测误差最小值为1.01%,充分证实了该方法的深部资源预测精度更高。

全球矿床数据库建设现状、应用与展望

基于大数据和人工智能技术的数据驱动科学范式推动地球科学研究发生了变革。作为地球科学的重要分支,现代矿床学经历了百余年的发展,已经积累了海量的数据资料,这些数据的流通和共享是发挥其资源价值的关键。文章介绍了中国“地质云”与全球矿产资源储量动态评估数据库、澳大利亚深部地球探测计划AuScope、美国矿产资源在线空间数据库、国际经济地质学家学会(SEG)Geofacets数据库、美国标准普尔公司SNL Metals&Mining数据库等国际主要矿床数据库的情况;同时,列举了应用大数据思维和人工智能方法在区域成矿规律、矿床成因机制、矿床类型判别、资源潜力评价、战略咨询等方面取得的若干重要进展。文章提出,未来在深时数字地球国际大科学计划的平台下,整合全球海量矿床数据,建设开放、共享、统一的矿床大数据平台势在必行。

Geological and geochemical indicators and prediction of deep-seated ore bodies in Jiudian gold deposit of Pingdu,Shandong Province

Based on the geology and geochemistry of gold-bearing quartz veins in the Jiudian gold deposit of Pingdu,Shandong Province,the geological and geochemical indicators of occurrence of deep-seated ore bodies in the Jiudian gold deposit have been summarized.Extent occurrence of wide,intensive,varied alteration zones around the gold-bearing quartz veins and continual presence of diorite porphyrite and lamprophyry indicate the probable occurrence of deep-seated ore bodies at depth of gold lodes.As,Sb and Hg belong to the head halo elements, and their anomalies could reveal the probable occurrence of the deep-seated ore bodies below.

胶西北金矿控矿断裂深部特征及对找矿的启示——来自地球物理探测的证据

[研究目的]胶东是全球著名的金成矿区,金矿床主要受断裂构造控制,该区尚有很多断裂是无矿的,以往对断裂的深部形态及赋矿断裂与无矿断裂的区别特征缺乏深入研究。[研究方法]本文通过在胶东西北部实施重、磁、电长剖面和穿越主要金矿集区的广域电磁剖面、反射地震剖面,揭示了断裂深部特征,为赋矿断裂和无矿断裂的识别提供了重要证据。[研究结果]地球物理探测表明,胶西北地区的断裂构造有陡倾角的深断裂、缓倾角的铲式断裂和陡倾角的小断裂,其中控矿的三山岛、焦家和招平断裂均是铲式断裂。结合对金矿床的研究发现,矿床主要赋存于缓倾角断裂中,矿体呈阶梯分布特征,陡倾角的深断裂中未见明显的金矿化蚀变,现今金矿床赋存的最大深度在5 km左右。[结论]综合分析认为,低角度拆离断层和连续性不好的高角度小断层有较好的物理圈闭条件,有利于矿化富集;而产状平直、陡倾的深断裂不具备物理圈闭的条件,不利于成矿。胶东型金矿的找矿方向应集中于缓倾角的铲式断裂及其派生、伴生的陡倾角小断裂附近。

中国锂矿的多旋回深循环内外生一体化成矿理论及其找矿应用

中国锂资源的分布具有卤水型与硬岩型相伴相随、若即若离的特点。“多旋回深循环内外生一体化”成锂理论,在多年三稀金属矿产找矿实践和理论研究的基础上不断丰富完善。中国锂矿的形成与“多旋回”构造运动密切相关,从前寒武纪到新生代均有成矿潜力,可构成一个完整的多旋回成矿谱系。锂的“深循环”,一是锂深度参与成岩成矿的物质循环;二是需要一个“圈闭”的构造背景将锂“捕获”以避免其过度分散,锂从开始加入到岩浆与最终定位的深度之差,是硬岩型锂矿成矿的关键之一,压差越大越有利于伟晶岩型锂矿的形成。大量锂矿实例显示锂的物质循环是“内外生一体化”的统一过程,高海拔地区(山上)的含锂地质体(花岗岩类甚至直接就是含锂矿床)经风化剥蚀之后,可能成为沉积型锂矿的物质来源之一;而富含锂的沉积岩经过埋藏、变质、深熔也可以形成含锂的岩浆岩、伟晶岩。我国西部塔里木盆地、四川盆地、扎布耶盆地及东部的江汉盆地、吉泰盆地、周田盆地等大小不一的盆地均含锂,而其周边造山带中也不同程度发育硬岩型锂矿,这就为区域找矿指明了方向。“多旋回深循环内外生一体化”成锂理论是三稀矿产成矿理论的重要组成部分,为我国锂矿找矿工作提供了指导和借鉴,在甲基卡、可尔因、阿尔金、幕阜山等锂矿矿集区的找矿实践中发挥了积极作用。

大东湖有压深隧淤积数值模拟研究

基于Godunov型有限体积法建立了能模拟有压管道冲淤的一维水动力-固体物输移-管道冲淤数学模型,并基于该模型模拟预测了大东湖深隧有压管道内的固体物淤积过程,探讨了深隧淤积后的水力冲刷效果。研究结果表明,深隧按现状条件下运行时,管道长期使用基本不会发生淤积,但当遇到极端情况致使固体物浓度达到一定程度时,管道发生明显淤积。当管道最大淤积厚度达到30 cm时,采用水力冲刷将前期淤积物全部冲刷完所需的时间约为16~24 h。

中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系几何学特征及演化

以中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系为研究对象,利用高精度二维地震资料开展地震精细解释与几何学分析,刻画水道-堤岸体系几何学特征及时空演化过程,探讨中新世以来上印度扇发育演化主要期次及特征。结果表明,中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系可划分为中新世、上新世及更新世至今三大期次,整体表现出“单期水道-侧向迁移-扁长型”到“多期水道-垂向叠置-厚窄型”的演化特征。深入探讨中新世以来上印度扇水道-堤岸体系的几何学特征及演化可为重力流水道的沉积构型样式研究提供新的例证,并为深海油气勘探开发提供参考。

东非海岸盆地第四系深水沉积特征、过程及沉积模式

东非海岸盆地深水区的研究主要集中在油气富集的深部地层,缺乏对第四系深水沉积的研究。文中利用二维地震资料,对东非坦桑尼亚和鲁伍马盆地第四系深水区的深水沉积开展研究,查明了沉积类型,划分了沉积单元,对深水沉积建立了沉积模式。研究表明:1)研究区发育深水重力流沉积、等深流沉积、等深流与重力流交互作用沉积,分为峡谷、水道、漂积体及块状搬运复合体4种沉积单元。2)研究区深水沉积由北至南差异明显,坦中地区深水沉积规模较大,主要发育重力流水道及丘状漂积体;坦南地区发育峡谷,深水沉积规模整体较小;鲁北地区深水沉积规模较大,发育有峡谷、水道及席状漂积体。3)海底地形的差异导致坦中地区的重力流能量较弱,坦南地区和鲁北地区的重力流能量较强;在海底地貌的限制下,等深流沉积在坦中地区形成丘状漂积体,在鲁北地区形成席状漂积体;坦中南部的等深流与重力流发生交互作用,发育向南迁移的侧向迁移水道。

基于大厚度六方氮化硼中子探测器的制备

六方氮化硼是一种中子敏感材料。介绍了使用低压气相化学沉积在1673K下以大约20μm/h的生长速率制备了高质量203μm厚的六方氮化硼。在氮化硼的两侧沉积厚度为100nm的金电极,制备了垂直结构的六方氮化硼中子探测器。该器件的电学性质表明制备的六方氮化硼材料的迁移率寿命的乘积(μτ)为2.8×10^(-6)cm^(2)/V,电阻率为1.5×10^(14)Ω·cm。在850V电压下,该探测器对热中子的探测效率为34.5%,电荷收集效率为60%。

胶东西岭金矿床黄铁矿热电性特征及深部找矿意义

西岭金矿床位于三山岛金矿床东侧,是当前胶东金矿集区内新发现的单一矿体规模最大、埋藏最深的金矿床。在地质观察的基础上,开展了不同深度的黄铁矿热电性特征研究。结果表明:西岭金矿床黄铁矿热电系数离散范围和离散度整体较大且相对稳定;浅部黄铁矿热电导型均为N型,而深部均为P型;成矿温度主要集中在250~360℃之间,属中—高温热液型金矿床;计算得出黄铁矿热电导型变化梯度值较小,并估算出矿体剥蚀率约为75%。综合黄铁矿各类热电性特征参数,认为西岭金矿床深部仍有较大的找矿前景,矿体最大埋深可达-3000 m标高。已知金矿体具有向NE侧伏的规律,认为沿着NE侧伏方向至-3000 m标高处是有效的深部找矿靶区位置。西岭金矿床黄铁矿热电性特征研究可为胶东地区金矿床的深部找矿预测提供科学依据。

辽宁新房金矿床原生晕地球化学特征及对深部找矿的指示

辽东半岛南部的新房金矿床由22、23、24、25、27号5条矿脉带组成,矿区内主要矿体已被发现,提能增储成为制约矿山持续服务的因素,矿床勘查过程中的钻探工程部署迫切需要科学、有效的成矿预测依据。以新房金矿床106线14个钻孔原生晕数据为研究对象,研究地球化学特征和元素分带规律,建立轴向分带序列,在研究原生晕地球化学特征基础上开展深部找矿预测。结果表明,新房金矿的前缘晕元素为As、Sb、Hg,近矿晕元素为Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn,尾晕元素为W、Mo、Bi。采用分带指数法计算了22、23、24、25、27号5条矿脉带的轴向分带序列,指示5条矿脉带均出现“反分带”现象,可能是不同矿化阶段的矿体在空间上叠加导致正常的轴向分带序列出现错位。22、23、24、27号矿脉带的中下部出现较强的前缘晕和近矿晕,结合地球化学参数特征,这4条矿脉带的As/W、As/Mo、Sb/W、(As×Sb)/(Mo×W)评价指标出现多次振荡波动,并且在深部由降转升,指示深部有较好的找矿潜力。综合以上分析认为,新房金矿床经历多次成矿热液活动,在106勘探线东侧矿体还有一定的延伸。

山东栖霞笏山-西陡崖金矿地质特征及资源潜力分析

栖霞笏山西陡崖金矿位于蓬莱栖霞金成矿带南侧,是产于新太古代变质基底与中生代燕山期花岗岩接触带附近的破碎蚀变岩型金矿。本次研究在矿区外围开展了详细的野外地质调查,并对该矿床进行了详细研究,在Ⅰ号主矿体深部施工DKZK03钻孔,控制金矿体4层,累计真厚度6.85 m。其中,Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2号金矿体埋深分别为1273.80~1275.45 m、1072.95~1076.55 m,Ⅰ-1号金矿体为该区目前最深金矿体。采用趋势外推法对区内深部金矿体进行定位预测,为今后在栖霞地区金矿深部找矿勘查提供了依据,该地区金矿深部具有较大的找矿潜力。