Failure mechanism and safety control technology of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses:a case study

The construction of coal mines often encounters deep composite soft rock roadways,which is characterized by significant deformation and poor stability.To deeply study the failure mechanism and large deformation challenges of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses,a numerical model of 3DEC tetrahedral blocks was established based on the method of rock quality designation(RQD).The results showed that original support cannot prevent asymmetric failure and large deformation due to the adverse geological environment and unsuitable support design.According to the failure characteristics,a coupling support of“NPR bolt/cable+mesh+shotcrete+steel pipe”was proposed to control the stability of the surrounding rock.The excellent mechanical properties of large deformation(approximately 400 mm)and high constant resistance force(bolt with 180 k N;cable with 350 k N)were evaluated by the tensile tests.The numerical results showed that the maximum deformation was minimized to 243 mm,and the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock of the roadway was enhanced.The field test results showed that the maximum deformation of the surrounding rock was 210 mm,and the forces of the NPR bolt and cable were stable at approximately 180 k N and 350 k N,respectively.This demonstrated the effectiveness of the coupling support with the NPR bolt and cable,which could be a guiding significance for the safety control of large deformation and failure in deep composite soft rock roadways.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Bolt-grouting combined support technology in deep soft rock roadway

Analyzing the mineral composition, mechanical properties and ground stress testing in surrounding rock,the study investigated the failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway with high stress. The boltgrouting combined support system was proposed to prevent such failures. By means of FLAC3D numerical simulation and similar material simulation, the feasibility of the support design and the effectiveness of support parameters were discussed. According to the monitoring the surface and deep displacement in surrounding rock as well as bolt axial load, this paper analyzed the deformation of surrounding rock and the stress condition of the support structure. The monitor results were used to optimize the proposed support scheme. The results of field monitors demonstrate that the bolt-grouting combined support technology could improve the surround rock strength and bearing capacity of support structure, which controlled the great deformation failure and rheological property effectively in deep soft rock roadway with high stress. As a result, the long term stability and safety are guaranteed.

Excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence:Similarities and differences between deep parallel tunnels with alternating soft-hard strata

Excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence in deep underground projects provide invaluable information that can be used to warn rockburst occurrence,facilitate rockburst mitigation procedures,and analyze the mechanisms responsible for their occurrence.Based on the deep parallel tunnels with the maximum depth of 1890 m created as part of the Neelum–Jhelum hydropower project in Pakistan,similarities and differences on excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence between parallel tunnels with soft and hard alternant strata are studied.Results show that a large number of microseismic(MS)events occurred in each of the parallel tunnels during excavation.Rockbursts occurred most frequently in certain local sections of the two tunnels.Significant differences are found in the excavation-induced microseismicity(spatial distribution and number of MS events,distribution of MS energy,and pattern of microseismicity variation)and rockbursts characteristics(the number and the spatial distribution)between the parallel tunnels.Attempting to predict the microseismicity and rockburst intensities likely to be encountered in subsequent tunnel based on the activity encountered when the parallel tunnel was previously excavated will not be an easy or accurate procedure in deep tunnel projects involving complex lithological conditions.

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

Failure analysis and control technology of intersections of large‑scale variable cross‑section roadways in deep soft rock

In deep underground mining,achieving stable support for roadways along with long service life is critical and the complex geological environment at such depths frequently presents a major challenge.Owing to the coupling action of multiple factors such as deep high stress,adjacent faults,cross-layer design,weak lithology,broken surrounding rock,variable cross-sections,wide sections up to 9.9 m,and clusters of nearby chambers,there was severe deformation and breakdown in the No.10 intersection of the roadway of large-scale variable cross-section at the−760 m level in a coal mine.As there are insufcient examples in engineering methods pertaining to the geological environment described above,the numerical calculation model was oversimplifed and support theory underdeveloped;therefore,it is imperative to develop an efective support system for the stability and sustenance of deep roadways.In this study,a quantitative analysis of the geological environment of the roadway through feld observations,borehole-scoping,and ground stress testing is carried out to establish the FLAC 3D variable cross-section crossing roadway model.This model is combined with the strain softening constitutive(surrounding rock)and Mohr–Coulomb constitutive(other deep rock formations)models to construct a compression arch mechanical model for deep soft rock,based on the quadratic parabolic Mohr criterion.An integrated control technology of bolting and grouting that is mainly composed of a high-strength hollow grouting cable bolt equipped with modifed cement grouting materials and a high-elongation cable bolt is developed by analyzing the strengthening properties of the surrounding rock before and after bolting,based on the Heok-Brown criterion.As a result of on-site practice,the following conclusions are drawn:(1)The plastic zone of the roof of the cross roadway is approximately 6 m deep in this environment,the tectonic stress is nearly 30 MPa,and the surrounding rock is severely fractured.(2)The deformation of the roadway progressively increases from small to large cross-sections,almost doubling at the largest cross-section.The plastic zone is concentrated at the top plate and shoulder and decreases progressively from the two sides to the bottom corner.The range of stress concentration at the sides of the intersection roadway close to the passageway is wider and higher.(3)The 7 m-thick reinforced compression arch constructed under the strengthening support scheme has a bearing capacity enhanced by 1.8 to 2.3 times and increase in thickness of the bearing structure by 1.76 times as compared to the original scheme.(4)The increase in the mechanical parameters c andφof the surrounding rock after anchoring causes a signifcant increase inσt;the pulling force of the cable bolt beneath the new grouting material is more than twice that of ordinary cement grout,and according to the test,the supporting stress feld shows that the 7.24 m surrounding rock is compacted and strengthened in addition to providing a strong foundation for the bolt(cable).On-site monitoring shows that the 60-days convergence is less than 30 mm,indicating that the stability control of the roadway is successful.

Study on strata control by delay grouting in soft rock roadway

The properties of broken rock before and after grouting reinforcement are studied. Testing results show that grouting can raise the residual strength of broken rock, and the broken rockness by grouting can keep the steady supporting capacity within a relatively large deformation range. Revealing of the characteristics of stage deformation and damage process comes to the conclusion that the supporting of soft rock roadway should be analyzed in a dynamic view, and the grouting should be delayed at a proper occasion. Based on the above, the stepwise reinforcement technology characterized by immediate shotcreting, timely bolting and delay grouting is put forward and illustrated with a successful engineering practice.

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.

Floor heave characteristics and control technology of the roadway driven in deep inclined-strata

Based on in-mine instrumentation and theoretical analysis of the unsymmetrical large-deformation that occurred in the roadway after excavation,Differential Floor Heave(DFH)was found to be the main reason for roadway failure.It needs to be pointed out that the specific roadway was driven in inclined rock strata.In addition,the factors that contribute to the occurrence of DFH are discussed in detail.It is believed that DFH is triggered by the unsymmetrical stress distribution in the floor and the different rock types encountered near the two floor corners.Hence,DFH control should be focused on the left floor corner where shearing failure occurs initially and the left floor surface where tensile failure is more severe.The proposed DFH control strategies include unsymmetrical grouting for the whole roadway,re-design of the roof and ribs support,reinforcement of the weak zones,and release of the concentrated stress in the earlier stage.Meanwhile,it is recommended that in the later stage,both bolts and cable bolts with higher strength and the backfilling technique using the coal measure rocks and concrete should be employed in the reversed-arch floor.The field instrumentation results,after using the proposed control strategies,indicate that large deformation in a DFH roadway has been successfully controlled.

Surrounding Rock Control Technology of Strong Dynamic Pressure Roadway in Hudi Coal Industry

Aiming at the problems of large deformation and difficult maintenance of deep soft rock roadway under the influence of high ground stress and strong dynamic pressure, taking the surrounding rock control of 1105 lane in Hudi Coal Industry as an example, the deformation characteristics and surrounding rock control measures of deep soft rock roadway are analyzed and discussed by means of geological data analysis, roadway deformation monitoring, rock crack drilling and field test. The results show that the main causes of roadway deformation are high ground stress, synclinal tectonic stress, advance mining stress, roadway penetration and surrounding rock fissure development. Based on the deformation characteristics and mechanism of lane 1105, the supporting countermeasures of “roof synergic support, layered grouting, anchor cable beam support, closed hardening of roadway surface” are proposed, which can provide reference for the control of deep roadway surrounding rock under similar conditions.

Development and verification of large deformation model considering stiffness deterioration and shear dilation effect in FLAC^(3D)

The existing constitutive models of rock with strain softening cannot successfully reflect the damageinduced anisotropy and nonlinearity of the post-peak failure behavior under progressive loading. In order to better reflect the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of rock, especially for the post-peak failure behavior,with expected stiffness degradation and large deformation, a modified constitutive model of rock considering stiffness degradation and dilatation behavior at large deformation was proposed in this study. This study analyzes and discusses various attenuation parameters in the proposed nonlinear plastic constitutive model using FLAC^(3D) software. The excavation-induced stress in rocks was calculated by FLAC^(3D) using the Mohr-Coulomb model, conventional strain model, and the proposed modified model. The obtained results of these models were analyzed and compared with field data. This study shows that the simulated results using the proposed new constitutive model matched much more closely with the measured field data, with an average error less than 5%. This new model can successfully reflect the damage-induced stiffness degradation at large deformation, and can provide a theoretical basis for stability design and evaluation of underground excavation.

深部极松软围岩沿空巷道稳定性控制及应用

针对深部高应力作用下极松软围岩变形量大、破碎程度高、巷道难支护等问题,以丁集煤矿1232(3)沿空巷道为工程背景,采用数值模拟、现场监测和井下试验相结合的方法,对深部高应力极松软围岩沿空巷道破坏特征及阶段性控制原理和技术进行研究。结果表明:随着距巷道迎头距离的不断增大,巷道两帮应力的不对称性逐渐增大,实体煤侧应力峰值为37.18 MPa大于煤柱侧35.21 MPa,1242(3)终采线50 m范围内存在应力集中,最大达33 MPa,巷道围岩塑性区发育程度为煤柱帮大于实体煤帮大于顶底板;从巷道掘进过程中所经历的复杂围岩变化过程,将全巷道划分为5种典型的围岩变化阶段来分析围岩变形破坏特征和破坏机理,揭示了在高应力作用下深部软岩沿空巷道围岩变形量大,在空间上呈现出明显的区域性和非对称性的特征;基于巷道初步设计方案和围岩变形破坏特征,及时有效的调整支护方案,对巷道进行分段式、非对称、区域化综合治理,形成深部软岩巷道围岩控制长效机制,为同类型深部软岩巷道地压治理提供了理论和技术支撑。

采动应力作用巷道交岔点稳定性分析及支护优化

深部软岩巷道交岔点稳定性控制是地下开采的难题,采区内巷道交岔点受采动应力作用更易发生变形破坏。针对该问题,依托805工作面下伏西二回风巷道交岔点工程背景进行研究,建立考虑工作面采动集中应力影响的巷道交岔点垂直应力计算式,采用数值计算方法分析不同采动应力集中系数、不同交岔角度下交岔点围岩应力及塑性区分布规律。得知随着采动应力集中系数增大,交岔点岩柱应力集中现象加剧、围岩塑性区发育范围增大、交岔点变形破坏加剧。基于上述分析,提出以全长预应力锚杆+锚索+围岩注浆的综合化主动支护方法。结合矿压监测,优化后支护效果良好。研究结果为类似采动应力影响下的巷道交岔点围岩稳定性控制提供技术参考。

深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术研究

为解决林西矿深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓问题,论文通过理论分析和现场实测相结合方法,研究分析出了深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术,得出了如下结论:(1)推导出了巷道两侧底板极限破坏深度、极限破坏宽度以及沿滑移面有效滑动力的计算公式;(2)判断出了林西矿1791-2工作面回风巷底板破坏为挤压流动性底鼓,全断面破坏鼓起形式;(3)分析出了巷道底鼓机理、底鼓原因以及控制途径;(4)提出了“顶、帮、底同治”控制巷道底鼓技术,顶帮采用高强预应力锚杆网+锚索支护,底板采用预应力锚索锚注加固+混凝土铺底技术;(5)现场工业试验表明巷道底鼓得到了有效遏止,能够满足正常使用要求。

膨胀性软破岩层深竖井施工分级支护研究

境外某铜金矿千米深竖井在通过膨胀性软破岩层(泥灰岩)时,围岩遇水膨胀压力极大,先后出现两次井壁垮塌和开裂的情况,对施工进度及施工人员安全产生极大影响。为解决该问题,查找相关文献资料及国内外类似施工案例,对通过膨胀性软破岩层的井壁破裂机理进行分析,针对性地制定井壁破裂修复方案;在此基础上,进一步调查施工地点的工程地质和水文地质情况,通过分析与总结,提出深竖井不良岩层的施工及分级支护方案,对其所穿过的膨胀性软破岩层的围岩制定分级表,根据不同岩体等级分别提出相应的施工及具体支护方案。通过对两次破裂处井壁的修复,较长时间内未出现裂缝及漏水现象,修复效果良好,达到预期;此外,竖井井筒后续施工中在采用分级支护方案后,井筒顺利通过厚度超过500 m的不良岩层,且在工期、质量、安全三个方面都取得良好效果,保障该深竖井工程的施工质量与施工安全。该工程为膨胀性软破岩层中的深竖井掘进施工积累了宝贵经验,对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。

某煤矿深部软岩巷道围岩破坏特征及控制技术研究

深部矿产资源开发面临地应力大、巷道支护困难等问题。山西某煤矿−590 m水平运输平巷支护结构失效,巷道变形量大,对井下安全生产造成了较大的影响。针对原支护方案存在的问题,提出“锚网索一体化”支护思路,综合采用现场测试、数值模拟、工业实验等手段研究了巷道围岩破坏特征及控制技术。研究表明:(1)巷道围岩水平主应力较高,达到了39.08 MPa,是影响围岩稳定性的主要原因;(2)对不同支护方案巷道周边围岩应力场与塑性区分析表明,优化后支护方案垂直应力较原方案降低了14%,塑性区范围缩小了20%,“一体化”方案支护效果较好;(3)工业应用和锚杆(索)应力测试表明,当锚杆、锚索应力分别达到53.9 kN、389.12 kN时,较原方案提高了14.6%和15.4%,受力效果较好,巷道变形在30 d内控制在200 mm内,较原方案下降了约57%,实现了良好的支护效果。“一体化”支护形式可有效控制围岩变形,为类似地质条件的巷道支护提供参考。

大变形巷道限阻耗能型支护结构研究

为了解决深部煤矿开采过程中所遇到的“高地应力、大变形、支护结构破坏”等问题,以朱集东矿东部辅助轨道大巷为工程背景,采用变形监测与数值模拟的方法研究深井软岩巷道围岩变形特征规律;依据围岩耗能支护理念,设计出控制巷道围岩能量释放与变形的“限制支护阻力阻尼器”(简称“限阻器”);通过数值分析与室内静压试验相结合的方式得到限阻器试件的性能指标与设计参数之间的关系,并验证限阻器的工作性能;最后通过数值模拟对比巷道常规支护与限阻耗能支护形式的变形与受力情况,验证巷道限阻耗能型支护方案的可行性。结果表明:限阻器的试验压缩量均达到了80%以上,具有较大的变形行程,在保证初期支护发生较大变形的前提下,达到降低围岩压力、耗散围岩能量的目的。限阻耗能支护较巷道常规支护最大主应力值分别降低51.2%、89.8%,提高了结构的安全性。

上软下硬地层近距离下穿既有盾构区间注浆加固关键技术

依托广州某新建大直径盾构隧道下穿既有盾构区间项目,研究了在富水花岗岩地层中复杂周边环境条件下的地层加固技术以及下穿过程中的关键施工措施。结合施工条件,对新建盾构区间采取水平定向钻注浆、先行洞预留注浆孔注浆、盾构机超前注浆结合的主动注浆方式;对既有线进行预注浆加固的被动注浆方式。施工过程中,采用控制掘进参数、渣土改良、同步克泥效等控制手段,保证了盾构下穿过程的顺利进行。

软硬交替地层超深竖井围护结构受力和变形特性

研究区地层条件以“硬岩”(泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩)与“软岩”(泥岩)互层为特征,形成了明显的软硬交替地层,使竖井的受力与变形尤为复杂。采用Flac3D数值模拟方法对竖井开挖施工全过程进行研究,详细分析了施工过程中圆形地连墙和内衬的受力及变形特性,结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,当开挖深度高于或处于“硬岩”时,地连墙在该软硬分界面位置处产生反弯点,向坑外发生弯曲变形,而当坑内“硬岩”被挖除后,整体向坑内产生水平位移。2)地连墙的环向应力和水平位移变形规律为“E”型,地连墙的最大环向应力和水平位移总是集中在“软岩”深度范围内,而在“硬岩”深度范围内环向应力和水平位移最小;同时,地连墙的最大弯矩总是出现在软岩岩层交界面深度附近。3)内衬的环向应力和水平位移变形规律为“阶梯”型增长,但在“硬岩”深度处出现减小;内衬受坑内岩体隆起影响明显,最大弯矩总是出现在内衬底部,同时向坑外产生位移。

深部煤系软岩大巷全断面锚注修复技术研究

为解决深部煤系软岩大巷变形剧烈、持续时间长且支护困难的问题,以王洼煤矿8煤层南深部集中运输大巷为工程背景,采用现场勘查、矿物组分分析、围岩应力测试、数值模拟分析等方式,揭示了造成深部煤系软岩大巷产生强烈变形的主要原因,得出加强深部煤系软岩大巷支护的控制思路,并在此基础上根据煤系软岩的劣化程度和支护失效特征,提出了基于全断面高强锚索支护+喷浆+全断面注浆锚索锚注支护+钢棚支护的主被动联合补强修复支护方案,并建立了修复支护的“三个阶段、四个步骤”工艺体系。研究结果表明:8煤层南深部集中运输大巷围岩成分复杂、质地软弱、遇水易膨胀崩解,且处于高地应力环境,应力集中系数达到1.46,总体表现出变形速率快、持续时间长、变形量大的特点;原支护设计存在支护强度不足、未针对软岩特性采取有效措施的缺陷,导致顶板、巷帮部分锚杆锚索破断失效;进行全断面锚注修复支护后,形成高强度、范围大、连续性强的预应力场,预应力场有效影响深度增大至原支护的1.5倍。现场试验监测显示:补强修复支护后,大巷巷帮及顶底板变形趋于稳定,表明全断面锚注修复支护工艺对深部煤系软岩大巷的稳定性控制效果显著。