Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.

Surrounding Rock Control Technology of Strong Dynamic Pressure Roadway in Hudi Coal Industry

Aiming at the problems of large deformation and difficult maintenance of deep soft rock roadway under the influence of high ground stress and strong dynamic pressure, taking the surrounding rock control of 1105 lane in Hudi Coal Industry as an example, the deformation characteristics and surrounding rock control measures of deep soft rock roadway are analyzed and discussed by means of geological data analysis, roadway deformation monitoring, rock crack drilling and field test. The results show that the main causes of roadway deformation are high ground stress, synclinal tectonic stress, advance mining stress, roadway penetration and surrounding rock fissure development. Based on the deformation characteristics and mechanism of lane 1105, the supporting countermeasures of “roof synergic support, layered grouting, anchor cable beam support, closed hardening of roadway surface” are proposed, which can provide reference for the control of deep roadway surrounding rock under similar conditions.

Numerical analysis of deformation and failure characteristics of deep roadway surrounding rock under static-dynamic coupling stress

In actual production,deep coal mine roadways are often under typical static-dynamic coupling stress(SDCS)conditions with high ground stress and strong dynamic disturbances.With the increasing number of disasters and accidents induced by SDCS conditions,the safe and efficient production of coal mines is seriously threatened.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to study the deformation and failure characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock under SDCS.In this paper,the effects of different in-situ stress fields and dynamic load conditions on the surrounding rock are studied by numerical simulations,and the deformation and failure characteristics are obtained.According to the simulation results,the horizontal stress,vertical stress and dynamic disturbance have a positive correlation with the plastic failure of the surrounding rock.Among these factors,the influence of the dynamic disturbance is the most substantial.Under the same stress conditions,the extents of deformation and plastic failure of the roof and ribs are always greater than those of the floor.The effect of horizontal stresses on the roadway deformation is more notable than that of vertical stresses.The results indicate that for the roadway under high-stress conditions,the in-situ stress test must be strengthened first.After determining the magnitude of the in-situ stress,the location of the roadway should be reasonably arranged in the design to optimize the mining sequence.For roadways that are strongly disturbed by dynamic loads,rock supports(rebar/cable bolts,steel set etc.)that are capable of maintaining their effectiveness without failure after certain dynamic loads are required.The results of this study contribute to understanding the characteristics of the roadway deformation and failure under SDCS,and can be used to provide a basis for the support design and optimization under similar geological and geotechnical circumstances.

Bolt-grouting combined support technology in deep soft rock roadway

Analyzing the mineral composition, mechanical properties and ground stress testing in surrounding rock,the study investigated the failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway with high stress. The boltgrouting combined support system was proposed to prevent such failures. By means of FLAC3D numerical simulation and similar material simulation, the feasibility of the support design and the effectiveness of support parameters were discussed. According to the monitoring the surface and deep displacement in surrounding rock as well as bolt axial load, this paper analyzed the deformation of surrounding rock and the stress condition of the support structure. The monitor results were used to optimize the proposed support scheme. The results of field monitors demonstrate that the bolt-grouting combined support technology could improve the surround rock strength and bearing capacity of support structure, which controlled the great deformation failure and rheological property effectively in deep soft rock roadway with high stress. As a result, the long term stability and safety are guaranteed.

Deformation characteristics of surrounding rock of broken and soft rock roadway

A similar material model and a numerical simulation were constructed and are described herein. The deformation and failure of surrounding rock of broken and soft roadway are studied by using these models. The deformation of the roof and floor, the relative deformation of the two sides and the deformation of the deep surrounding rock are predicted using the model. Measurements in a working mine are compared to the results of the models. The results show that the surrounding rock shows clear theological features under high stress conditions. Deformation is unequally distributed across the whole section. The surrounding rock exhibited three deformation stages： displacement caused by stress concentration, theological displacement after the digging effects had stabilized and displacement caused by supporting pressure of the roadway. Floor heave was serious, accounting for 65% of the total deformation of the roof and floor. Floor heave is the main reason for failure of the surrounding rock. The reasons for deformation of the surrounding rock are discussed based on the similar material and numerical simulations.

Failure analysis and control technology of intersections of large‑scale variable cross‑section roadways in deep soft rock

In deep underground mining,achieving stable support for roadways along with long service life is critical and the complex geological environment at such depths frequently presents a major challenge.Owing to the coupling action of multiple factors such as deep high stress,adjacent faults,cross-layer design,weak lithology,broken surrounding rock,variable cross-sections,wide sections up to 9.9 m,and clusters of nearby chambers,there was severe deformation and breakdown in the No.10 intersection of the roadway of large-scale variable cross-section at the−760 m level in a coal mine.As there are insufcient examples in engineering methods pertaining to the geological environment described above,the numerical calculation model was oversimplifed and support theory underdeveloped;therefore,it is imperative to develop an efective support system for the stability and sustenance of deep roadways.In this study,a quantitative analysis of the geological environment of the roadway through feld observations,borehole-scoping,and ground stress testing is carried out to establish the FLAC 3D variable cross-section crossing roadway model.This model is combined with the strain softening constitutive(surrounding rock)and Mohr–Coulomb constitutive(other deep rock formations)models to construct a compression arch mechanical model for deep soft rock,based on the quadratic parabolic Mohr criterion.An integrated control technology of bolting and grouting that is mainly composed of a high-strength hollow grouting cable bolt equipped with modifed cement grouting materials and a high-elongation cable bolt is developed by analyzing the strengthening properties of the surrounding rock before and after bolting,based on the Heok-Brown criterion.As a result of on-site practice,the following conclusions are drawn:(1)The plastic zone of the roof of the cross roadway is approximately 6 m deep in this environment,the tectonic stress is nearly 30 MPa,and the surrounding rock is severely fractured.(2)The deformation of the roadway progressively increases from small to large cross-sections,almost doubling at the largest cross-section.The plastic zone is concentrated at the top plate and shoulder and decreases progressively from the two sides to the bottom corner.The range of stress concentration at the sides of the intersection roadway close to the passageway is wider and higher.(3)The 7 m-thick reinforced compression arch constructed under the strengthening support scheme has a bearing capacity enhanced by 1.8 to 2.3 times and increase in thickness of the bearing structure by 1.76 times as compared to the original scheme.(4)The increase in the mechanical parameters c andφof the surrounding rock after anchoring causes a signifcant increase inσt;the pulling force of the cable bolt beneath the new grouting material is more than twice that of ordinary cement grout,and according to the test,the supporting stress feld shows that the 7.24 m surrounding rock is compacted and strengthened in addition to providing a strong foundation for the bolt(cable).On-site monitoring shows that the 60-days convergence is less than 30 mm,indicating that the stability control of the roadway is successful.

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

Numerical analysis on stability of surrounding rock mass around deep roadway

Numerical simulations of the deep roadway were carried out through application of the strain-softening constitutive model. Differences between the deep and shallow roadway of the rock bearing structure were analyzed. Influences of the supporting resistance on the rock bearing structure at the deep roadway were discussed. The results show that there is alternation of strong and weak strength-softening region in the surrounding rock of deep roadway. However, the increase in the supporting resistance cuts down the size of strength-softening region of surrounding rock, decreases its strength-softening degree, and im- proves the stress distribution condition of the surrounding rock mass. It is concluded that the supporting resistance can raise the self-supporting ability of surrounding rock through controlling its strength-softening so as to make the rock bearing structure of deep roadway stable.

Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts

The bolt support quality of coal roadways is one of the important factors for the efficiency and security of coal production. By means of a self-developed technique and equipment of random non-destructive testing, non-destructive detection and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts were performed in a number of mining areas. The measured data were obtained in the detection instances of abnormal in-situ stress and support invalidation etc. The corresponding relation between axial bolt load variation and roadway surrounding rock deformation and stability was summarized in different mining service stages. Pre-warning technology of roadway surrounding rock stability is proposed based on the detection of axial bolt load. Meanwhile, pre-warning indicators of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are offered and some successful pre-warning cases are also illustrated.The research results show that the change rules of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are quite similar in different mining areas. The change of axial bolt load is in accord with the adjustment of surrounding rock stress, which can consequently reflect the deformation and stability state of roadway surrounding rock. Through the detection of axial bolt load in different sections of roadways, the status of real-time bolt support quality can be reflected; meanwhile, the rationality of bolt support design can be evaluated which provides reference for bolting parameters optimization.

Similar simulation device for unloading effect of deep roadway excavation and its application

The unloading effect of the excavation of deep roadways has been considerably studied, but most research methods have been limited to numerical simulations and field measurements. Only a few have adopted experimental methods for similar simulations. On the basis of the theory of mechanics,the testing system is designed considering initial geostress and dynamic unloading. The system includes an impact unloading gear and in-situ stress loading equipment, and a designed three-link structure and the impact hammer can effectively realize the dynamic excavation of roadways.Meanwhile, a cyclic excavation similar simulation experiment on a deep roadway is conducted in a laboratory. The testing system and the relevant monitoring facilities are utilized, and the unloading effect inside the surrounding rock under the cyclic dynamic excavation is studied. Results show that the cyclic dynamic excavation causes significant unloading only in the nearby rock mass, and the unloading indicators show nonlinear changes.Moreover, when the lateral pressure coefficient is 1.2,the damage is concentrated on both roadsides due to the excavation unloading. Meanwhile, the damage gradually decays as the span increases.

Deformation mechanism of high-stress and broken-expansion surrounding rock and supporting optimization based on the gray correlation theory

Aiming at the large deformation and support problems of high-stress and broken-expansion surrounding rock, and taking 1 000 m level roadway of Mine II in Jinchuan as the research object, an investigation on the deformation and damage of roadway surrounding rock and an analysis of its mechanism were carried out. The gray correlation theory was used in support scheme optimization design. First, causes and mechanism of deformation of the 1 000 m horizontal transport channel were analyzed through field investigation, laboratory test and data processing methods. We arguued that poor engineering geological conditions and deep pressure increases were the main factors, and the deformation mechanism was mainly the ground deformation pressure. Second, the gray correlation theory was used to construct supporting optimization decision method in the deep roadway. This method more comprehensively considers various factors, including construction, costs, and supporting material functions. The combined support with pre-stressed anchor cables, shotcrete layer, bolt and metal net was put forward according to the actual roadway engineering characteristics. Finally, 4 support schemes were put forward for new roadways. The gray relational theory was applied to optimizing the supporting method, undertaking technical and economic comparison to obtain the correlation degree, and accordingly the schemes were evaluated. It was concluded as follows： the best was the flexible retaining scheme using the steel strand anchor; the second best was the one using plate anchors on the top and rigid common screw steel bolt on the two sides; the ttiird was; the rigid common screw steel bolt in full section of roadway; and the worst is the planished steel rigid support. The optimized scheme was applied to the 1000 m level of new excavation roadway. The results show that the roadway surrounding rock can reach a stable state after 5 to 6 months monitoring, with a convergence rate less than 1 mm/d.

深部采矿岩石力学进展

随着煤炭开采日益向深部发展,深部采矿引发的围岩大变形破坏和强冲击动力灾害日益严峻。在深部高地应力、高地温、高渗透压、强采动、强流变及多场耦合的复杂地质力学环境下,深部采场的应力场特征、煤岩体破碎性质、岩层移动及能量的积聚释放规律等均发生了显著变化。针对深部采矿中的岩石力学问题,论述了笔者及团队在深部采煤方法、深部巷道破坏机理与围岩控制、深井热害与地热利用三大方向取得的进展,主要包括:(1)提出了平衡开采理论和实现平衡开采的110/N00工法,进行了千米深井现场工程应用;(2)构建了深部“非均压建井”模式,研发了实现深井稳定提升的SAP系统,形成了可大幅简化井巷工程量和提高矿井采出率的建井方法;(3)研发了多套适用于研究深部岩体在水、高温、高压、结构效应及多场耦合作用下发生宏观破坏的实验系统和可进行微观层面演算的超算系统,揭示了深部软岩大变形破坏机理及多尺度力学特性;(4)研制了深部岩体冲击型和应变型岩爆实验系统,阐述了深部岩体冲击能量沿开挖临空面瞬间释放的非线性动力学行为;(5)提出了深部巷道开挖补偿支护理论,进一步发展了具有高恒阻、高延伸率、强吸能和耐冲击超常力学特性的NPR支护材料和技术;(6)研发了模拟深部高温、高湿和高压环境下的岩体热力学实验系统,提出了热害治理和热能资源化利用方法,建立了深部热害治理与热能综合利用系统(HEMS)。相关研究成果已在深部开采领域得以应用,可为深部采矿面临的复杂岩石力学问题提供借鉴。

深井松软围岩煤巷采动增跨效应及防控技术

针对深井松软煤巷围岩变形严重、巷道支护困难等问题,以城郊煤矿LW21106工作面沿空巷道为工程背景,建立了采动巷道增跨模型,揭示了采动增跨效应演化机理。通过构建巷道顶板横纵弯曲梁模型,指出顶板横向受力、巷道等效跨度、煤岩强度是巷道围岩损伤破坏的主控因素,提出了采动增跨效应防控对策并进行工业性试验。研究结果表明:受采动影响,巷道经历“初始围岩稳定—围岩裂隙发育扩展—围岩剪切破坏加剧—等效跨度增加”过程;巷道顶板最大正应力与应力集中系数、顶板等效跨度、巷道断面尺寸及埋深成正相关关系;巷道顶板在高应力环境下易发生拉剪破坏,增加顶板锚索数量以及锚索预紧力有利于增强顶板初期完整性。基于巷道变形破坏主控因素,提出“围岩加固–卸压–强化支护”协同防控策略;针对现场条件,采用煤柱侧向切顶+注浆加固并对破碎区域补充锚索强化支护的防控技术。现场监测结果表明,煤柱帮最大移近量为18.89cm,顶板下沉量为25.86cm,两帮移近量为29.65 cm,有效控制了煤巷围岩变形,为深井松软围岩巷道变形控制提供了参考。

深部软岩巷道围岩与锚喷U型钢支护结构相互作用研究

收敛-约束法(特性曲线法)是将理论解析、现场实测、工程经验相结合的一种地下工程结构设计方法,是目前分析围岩-支护相互作用关系及开展支护优化设计的常用方法。基于收敛-约束法的基本原理,总结给出了经典的支护特征与支护结构变形方程,理论计算获得了喷射混凝土、锚杆(索)、U型钢支架等支护结构的支护特征曲线,分析了支护结构的几何尺寸(直径、长度)、间排距、材料强度等参数对支护压力的影响特征;随着喷射混凝土厚度及强度等级的增加,喷射混凝土提供的支护刚度和支护压力逐渐增大;随着锚杆(索)直径、长度、杆体材料强度的增加及间排距的减小,锚杆的支护压力显著增加;U型钢支架的排距越小及材料强度越大,其提供的支护压力越大。采用FLAC^(3D)内嵌的莫尔库伦应变软化本构模型,建立了考虑岩石峰后应变软化与扩容特性的深部软岩巷道数值分析模型,计算获得了不同应力状态下巷道纵剖面变形曲线、围岩特征曲线,分析了锚喷、锚杆(索)喷、锚喷U型钢等3种联合支护技术对深部巷道围岩大变形控制的适用性,验证了锚喷U型钢联合支护技术应用于深部巷道支护工程的可行性。考虑岩石峰后应变软化与扩容特性的应变软化本构模型和经典的莫尔库伦本构模型的数值模拟结果相差较大,采用莫尔库伦本构模型的数值模拟结果保守,支护结构提供的支护压力无法满足深部巷道稳定性控制要求,支护后巷道围岩变形较大甚至会发生冒顶、片帮等安全事故。

深部巷道围岩裂隙注浆加固浆液扩散规律研究

目的为了解决深部巷道围岩裂隙注浆加固难题,方法采用现场矿压观测、数值模拟等方法,结果研究得到深部巷道围岩破坏特征:深部巷道呈现“顶、帮、底”全断面大变形现象,围岩破坏深度显著增加;深部巷道围岩由浅至深形成裂隙发育区、裂隙扩展区和原生裂隙区,其中裂隙扩展区裂隙较小,注入难度较大。采用数值模拟方法,分析裂隙特征、注浆压力、浆液水灰比等因素对浆液扩散特征的影响规律,结果表明:裂隙开度对浆液扩散半径影响显著,而裂隙粗糙度的影响较小;对于裂隙开度较大的裂隙发育区,采用常规注浆压力;对于裂隙扩展区,裂隙开度较小(小于0.10 mm),应采用高于10 MPa的注浆压力;浆液扩散半径与注浆压力、水灰比呈正比,但对于深部微围岩裂隙而言,注浆压力存在临界点,不应盲目增大注浆压力,选取水灰比时,应综合考虑浆液扩散半径和浆液析水效应。结论对于注浆工程而言,选取浆液配比及注浆压力时,应考虑巷道开挖后围岩裂隙开度的发育状态。

渗流作用下深部高温巷道围岩温度场分布规律

为探究渗流作用下深部高温巷道围岩温度场分布规律,以新城金矿为工程背景,运用Fluent软件模拟不同渗流因素下围岩温度场分布规律。结果显示:深部巷道围岩在渗流作用下温度场分布特征发生改变,等温线沿渗流方向分布;随着围岩孔隙率增大,温度场受扰动范围及调热圈半径不断增大,围岩径向温度和壁面温度随之降低;渗流水速度对围岩温度场分布特征影响较大,当渗流水速度≥2×10^(-8)m/s时,等温线沿渗流方向分布,渗流水速度<2×10^(-8)m/s时,等温线呈对称分布;随着渗流水速度增加,围岩温度场受扰动范围、调热圈半径、壁面温度升高,围岩径向温度随之降低;水流温度对围岩温度场分布特征、调热圈半径、温度场受扰动范围影响较小,围岩径向温度、壁面温度随水温升高而升高。

深部极松软围岩沿空巷道稳定性控制及应用

针对深部高应力作用下极松软围岩变形量大、破碎程度高、巷道难支护等问题,以丁集煤矿1232(3)沿空巷道为工程背景,采用数值模拟、现场监测和井下试验相结合的方法,对深部高应力极松软围岩沿空巷道破坏特征及阶段性控制原理和技术进行研究。结果表明:随着距巷道迎头距离的不断增大,巷道两帮应力的不对称性逐渐增大,实体煤侧应力峰值为37.18 MPa大于煤柱侧35.21 MPa,1242(3)终采线50 m范围内存在应力集中,最大达33 MPa,巷道围岩塑性区发育程度为煤柱帮大于实体煤帮大于顶底板;从巷道掘进过程中所经历的复杂围岩变化过程,将全巷道划分为5种典型的围岩变化阶段来分析围岩变形破坏特征和破坏机理,揭示了在高应力作用下深部软岩沿空巷道围岩变形量大,在空间上呈现出明显的区域性和非对称性的特征;基于巷道初步设计方案和围岩变形破坏特征,及时有效的调整支护方案,对巷道进行分段式、非对称、区域化综合治理,形成深部软岩巷道围岩控制长效机制,为同类型深部软岩巷道地压治理提供了理论和技术支撑。

深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制

为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

基于损伤理论的深井巷道围岩松动圈计算方法

在岩体开挖过程中,岩体内部的许多微小裂隙会发生扩张或者闭合等变化,因此在计算巷道围岩应力场时,有必要考虑岩石材料的损伤特性。损伤理论考虑了岩石材料峰值后的软化特性,结合实际深井工程,验证了在深部巷道围岩松动圈计算中应用损伤理论的可行性和准确性。在围岩弹塑性理论基础上,着重推导了基于Sidoroff损伤模型的围岩应力状态的损伤理论解析解。利用基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的塑性理论以及分别基于Sidoroff损伤模型和双直线损伤模型的损伤理论,对巷道围岩松动圈厚度进行了计算。对比理论计算结果与现场测试数据,发现基于Mohr-Coulomb塑性理论的计算值误差约为19.77%,利用损伤理论得出的松动圈厚度误差仅为6.43%。验证了利用损伤理论对深部巷道软化岩石围岩松动圈厚度进行预测的可行性,且得到的松动圈厚度更接近现场实测值,具有重要的推广意义。