Bacterial and archaeal communities in deep sea waters near the Ninetyeast Ridge in Indian Ocean

Depth-dependent distribution patterns of bacterial and archaeal communities in deep sea water column around the Ninetyeast Ridge in the Indian Ocean were investigated using 16S rRNA gene profiling.Sampling was conducted at the northern Ninetyeast Ridge(1°59.89′N–9°59.70′S,87°58.90′E–88°00.03′E)from September to November 2016 where samples were collected from the bathyal(1000 m)to bathypelagic depths(>4000 m)in four different stations.A total of 1565405 clean data falling into 6712 bacterial OTUs and 1452727 clean data falling into 806 archaeal OTUs based on 97%similarity level were analyzed.Most of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria,followed by Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia.The archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences mostly affiliated to Nitrososphaeria(Thaumarchaeota)dominated with relative abundances ranging from 52.68%to 97.2%,followed by Thermoplasmata(Euryarchaeota).Vertical partitioning of bacterial and archaeal communities among different water layers was observed.Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)and Spearman’s correlations revealed that depth(P=0.003),dissolved oxygen(P=0.019),and nitrite(P=0.033)were the main environmental factors affecting bacterial community structure at genus level in the Ninetyeast Ridge.On the other hand,the first two CCA axes accounted for 74.4%of the explained total variance,it seems that the archaeal communities at genus level were heavily influenced by the environmental variables including depth,dissolved oxygen(DO),nitrite,salinity,phosphate,ammonia,nitrate,and silicate,but none of them exhibited any significant correlation on the structuring(P>0.1).

Deep-water Fan Systems and Petroleum Resources on the Northern Slope of the South China Sea

The shallow shelf delta/strand arenaceous-pelitic deposit region in the north of the Pearl River mouth basin, sitting on the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea, has already become an important oil production base in China. Recent researched has revealed that a great deal of deep-water fans of great petroleum potentiality exist on the Baiyun deep-water slope below the big paleo Pearl River and its large delta. Based on a mass of exploration wells and 2-D seismic data of the shallow shelf region, a interpretation of sequence stratigraphy confirmed the existence of deep-water fans. The cyclic falling of sea level, abundant detrital matter from the paleo Pearl River and the persistent geothermal subsidence in the Baiyun sag are the three prerequisites for the formation and development of deep-water fans. There are many in common between the deep-water shelf depositional system of the northern South China Sea and the exploration hotspots region on the two banks of the Atlantic. For example, both are located on passive continent margins, and persistent secular thermal subsidence and large paleo rivers have supplied abundant material sources and organic matter. More recently, the discovery of the big gas pool on the northern slope of the Baiyun sag confirms that the Lower Tertiary lacustrine facies in the Baiyun sag has a great potentiality of source rocks. The fans overlying the Lower Tertiary source rocks should become the main exploration areas for oil and gas resources.

Deep waters warming in the Nordic seas from 1972 to 2013

The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin （GB） and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2000 and 3500 m. The ob-servations at a depth of 3000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from ？1.30°C in the early 1970s to ？0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C （the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C） in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin （LB） has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin （NB）, only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2000 m since the early 1980s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water （GSDW） is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.

New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.

Deepwater Ventilation and Stratification in the Neogene South China Sea

Combined data of physical property, benthic foraminifera, and stable isotopes from ODP Sites 1148, 1146, and 1143 are used to discuss deep water evolution in the South China Sea （SCS） since the Early Miocene. The results indicate that 3 lithostratigraphic units, respectively corresponding to 21-17 Ma, 15-10 Ma, and 10-5 Ma with positive red parameter （a^＊） marking the red brown sediment color represent 3 periods of deep water ventilation. The first 2 periods show a closer link to contemporary production of the Antarctic Bottom Water （AABW） and Northern Component Water（NCW）, indicating a free connection of deep waters between the SCS and the open ocean before 10 Ma.After 10 Ma, red parameter dropped but stayed higher than the modern value （a^＊=0）, the CaCO3 percentage difference between Site 1148 from a lower deepwater setting and Site 1146 from an upper deepwater setting enlarged significantly, and benthic species which prefer oxygen-rich bottom conditions dramatically decreased. Coupled with a major negative excursion of benthic δ^13Cat ～10 Ma,these parameters may denote a weakening in the control of the SCS deep water by the open ocean.Probably they mark the birth of a local deep water due to shallow waterways or rise of sill depths during the course of sea basin closing from south to east by the west-moving Philippine Arc after the end of SCS seafloor spreading at 16-15 Ma. However, it took another 5 Ma before the dissolved oxygen approached close to the modern level. Although the oxygen level continued to stabilize, several Pacific Bottom Water （PBW） and Pacific Deep Water （PDW） marker species rapidly increased since ～6 Ma,followed by a dramatic escalation in planktonic fragmentation which indicates high dissolution especially after ～5 Ma. The period of 5-3 Ma saw the strongest stratified deepwater in the then SCS, as indicated by up to 40﹪ CaCO3 difference between Sites 1148 and 1146. Apart from a strengthening PDW as a result of global cooling and ice cap buildup on northern high latitudes, a deepening sea basin due to stronger subduction eastward may also have triggered the influx of more corrosive waters from the deep western Pacific. Since 3 Ma, the evolution of the SCS deep water entered a modern phase, as characterized by relative stable 10﹪ CaCO3 difference between the two sites and increase in infaunal benthic species which prefer a low oxygenated environment. The subsequent reduction of PBW and PDW marker species at about 1.2 Ma and 0.9 Ma and another significant negative excursion of benthic δ^13Cto a Neogene minimum at ～0.9 Ma together convey a clear message that the PBW largely disappeared and the PDW considerably weakened in the Mid-Pleistocene SCS. Therefore, the true modern mode SCS deep water started to form only during the ＂Mid-Pleistocene climatic transition＂ probably due to the rise of sill depths under the Bashi Strait.

The tectonic differences between the east and the west in the deep-water area of the northern South China Sea

The deep-water area of the northern South China Sea, which has active and complicated tectonics, is rich in natural gas and gas hydrate. While the tectonic characteristics is different obviously between the east and the west because of the special tectonic position and tectonic evolution process. In terms of submarine geomorphology, the eastern shelf-slope structure in Pearl River Mouth Basin is characterized by having wide sub-basins and narrow intervening highs, whereas the western （Qiongdongnan Basin） structure is characterized by narrow sub- basins and wide uplift. As to the structural features, the deep-water sags in the east are all structurally half- grabens, controlled by a series of south-dipping normal faults. While the west sags are mainly characterised by graben structures with faulting in both the south and north. With regards to the tectonic evolution, the east began neotectonic activity when the post-rifting stage had completed at the end of the Middle Miocene. In the Baiyun Sag, tectonic activity became strong and was characterised by rapid subsidence and obvious faulting. Whereas in the west, neotectonic activity began at the end of the Late Miocene with rapid deposition and weak fault activity.

Deep water distribution and transport in the Nordic seas from climatological hydrological data

Deep water in the Nordic seas is the major source of Atlantic deep water and its formation and transport play an important role in the heat and mass exchange between polar and the North Atlantic. A monthly hydrolog-ical climatology—Hydrobase II—is used to estimate the deep ocean circulation pattern and the deep water distribution in the Nordic seas. An improved P-vector method is applied in the geostrophic current calcula-tion which introduces sea surface height gradient to solve the issue that a residual barotropic flow cannot be recognized by traditional method in regions where motionless level does not exist. The volume proportions, spatial distributions and seasonal variations of major water masses are examined and a comparison with other hydrological dataset is carried out. The variations and transports of deep water are investigated based on estimated circulation and water mass distributions. The seasonal variation of deep water volume in the Greenland Basin is around 22×103km3 whereas significantly weaker in the Lofoten and Norwegian Basins. Annual downstream transports of about 1.54×103 and 0.64×103 km3 are reported between the Greenland/Lofoten and Lofoten/Norwegian Basins. The deep water transport among major basins is generally in the Greenland-Lofoten-Norwegian direction.

Deep-Sea Cobalt Crusts Water Jet Cutting Ability

Deep-sea cobalt crusts water jet cutting method is proposed to avoid cutter impact load. With simulation calculations and experimental tests, water jet system parameters and its cutting ability were studied. Simula-tion results show that working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle of water jet system are main parameters of its cutting ability. Its important degree is in turn the working pressure, ejection range and ejection angle. Increasing water jet system working pressure is the most effective way to improve its cutting ability. When water jet working pressure is constant, in order to improve its cutting ability, the ejection range should be less than 4mm (four times of nozzle diameter) and the ejection angle should be about 13o. Experimental results show that there is a threshold pressure during water jet cutting cobalt crusts simulation material. With the increase of water jet working pressure, its cutting ability increases dramatically. With the increasing of water jet ejection range, its cutting ability decreases sharply. The optimal ejection angle is about 13o

The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

极端环境隧道建造面临的主要问题及发展趋势

聚焦艰险山区、深水海域与城市敏感区3类极端环境,全面梳理和总结了在此环境下隧道建造面临的主要问题、相关技术突破和未来发展趋势。针对艰险山区中极高地应力、高地温、高海拔以及活动断裂带等极端条件,总结分析围岩和隧道的变形机制、破坏机制及防护措施,并指出未来可通过大数据、机器学习等手段建立更精准的预测模型,以实现隧道建造过程的实时监控和风险评估;针对深水海域中高水压、高烈度地震、强侵蚀环境等极端条件,分析多因素耦合下沉管法及盾构法隧道管片及接头的劣损和破坏机制,总结提升其力学和耐久性能的主要技术措施,并提出未来仍需针对海底隧道管片接头的防水、抗震及抗侵蚀性能开展更深入的研究,以形成完整的理论和技术体系;针对城市敏感区隧道穿越既有隧道、敏感建构筑物、地下障碍物等挑战,总结分析盾构法和顶管法施工环境响应规律、地层变形评估方法和控制技术措施,提出未来可采用机器学习等技术辅助隧道建设,以提升预测和控制的准确性,减小建设过程对城市环境的扰动。目前,相关研究成果为极端环境下的隧道工程建设提供了重要支撑,但部分技术仍需进一步在实践中完善并形成规范,以指导后续的工程建设;而随着新一代信息技术的发展,未来隧道建造必将朝着数字化、智能化、自动化的方向发展,从而保障极端环境下隧道建设的安全、绿色、高效。

深远海浮式风电装备对徐闻附近海域优势物种生理生化指标的影响

[目的]研究深远海浮式风电的建设及运营对周边海域渔业资源的影响。[方法]对徐闻罗斗沙海域深远海浮式风电装备机位点附近海域的S1站点(距机位点约4 km处)和S3站点(距机位点约5 km处)进行拖网取样,选择优势物种南洋舌鳎(Cynoglossidae lida)和哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)为试验对象,探讨深远海浮式风电装备运行对优势物种生理生化指标的影响。[结果]S3站点南洋舌鳎肝脏中褪黑素(MT)、多巴胺(DA)、白蛋白(ALB)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量及半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Casp-3)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于S1站点(P<0.05),S3站点南洋舌鳎鳃中ALB含量及Casp-3、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、ACP活性显著高于S1站点(P<0.05);S3站点哈氏仿对虾肝胰腺中DA、ALB、5-HT含量及Casp-3、ALP、ACP活性显著高于S1站点(P<0.05),S3站点哈氏仿对虾鳃中MT、ALB含量及ALP、ACP活性显著高于S1站点(P<0.05)。[结论]深远海浮式风电在一定范围内对徐闻附近海域优势物种的生理生化指标有一定的影响。

我国深远海养殖高质量发展动力机制研究

论文基于动力来源的不同,分析深远海养殖高质量发展的内生动力机制和外生动力机制。其中,养殖企业的经济利益、创新发展和效率提升驱动力形成产业发展的内生动力机制,政策推动力、市场拉动力、技术资金支持力和协同合作力构成产业发展的外生动力机制。依据内外生动力发挥作用的大小不同,将其划分为外生动力主导和内生动力主导两种混合动力机制。通过分析我国深远海养殖案例发现,目前我国深远海养殖高质量发展主要由外生主导的混合动力机制驱动,并形成了“政策+技术+资金”的产业发展启动模式。为确保深远海养殖的高质量发展,未来应进一步激发内生驱动力。

深海静水压力对环氧涂层/907A低合金钢体系失效行为的影响

目的探究深海静水压力作为单一因素影响涂层/金属体系的失效过程。方法在深海环境模拟实验装置中开展环氧涂层/907A低合金钢体系的浸泡实验,从电化学阻抗谱、涂层湿附着力、涂层微观形貌及其化学结构等方面分析涂层的失效机理。结果当静水压力为0.1 MPa和15 MPa时,涂层阻抗值分别下降至3.83×10^(6)Ω·cm^(2)和6.28×104Ω·cm^(2),涂层湿附着力分别下降至2.76 MPa和2.31 MPa。在不同静水压力下,水在涂层中的前期扩散形式均符合Fick扩散定律,而涂层下水的扩散系数从1.05×10^(-9) cm^(2)/s增加至2.39×10^(-9) cm^(2)/s。随着静水压力的升高,环氧涂层表面的孔隙以及裂纹不断发展并出现了鼓泡。在静水压力为0.1 MPa条件下腐蚀产物以γ-FeOOH为主,静水压力升高后腐蚀产物Fe_(3)O_(4)含量明显增加,除锈后的腐蚀坑直径由15μm增加至25μm。结论高静水压力可以加速腐蚀性介质向涂层内部以及涂层/金属界面的渗透,涂层湿附着力迅速下降,涂层失效更加严重。高静水压力能够促进腐蚀产物中高电化学活性Fe_(3)O_(4)的生成。此外,静水压力下涂层失效的主要原因是物理结构受到破坏。

中国南海海域海洋深层水细菌多样性

中国南海与作为海洋生物多样性中心的印太珊瑚大三角区具有一定的环境与生物连通性,其生境多样,为各种生物类群提供了有利的热带和亚热带海洋环境栖息地,具有极其丰富的生物多样性,是中国海洋生物多样性热点地区,也是重要的海洋生物多样性资源宝库。海洋细菌在生态系统循环中发挥重要作用,通过对南海海洋深层水细菌的探测,可以更加清晰地了解西太平洋和印太交汇区的生物多样性。研究基于参加开放项目获得的南海的深海站点水样,采用高通量测序进行了16S rRNA基因序列测序,分析了南海深海海水细菌群落多样性、菌群构成和多样性特征。该站点南海海洋深层水测定的细菌分属于15门、20纲、24目、86科、140属、150种,表明该区海洋深层水细菌群落丰富。测得优势菌属包括类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、海旋菌属(Thalassospira)、噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、纤细芽胞杆菌属(Gracilibacillus)、海洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)、海源菌属(Idiomarina)、嗜油菌属(Oleiphilus)、食碱菌属(Alcanivorax),这些属的细菌在生物材料或药物、生物燃料、水处理、降解石油烃等方面均有开发利用的潜力。属内的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Lentibacillus amyloliquefaciens)、施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)、柴油食烷菌(Alcanivorax dieselolei)、三浦半岛盐乳杆菌(Halolactibacillus miurensis)、海迪茨氏菌(Dietzia maris)可以具体鉴定到种,这些深海细菌目前已在产抗生素、生物防治、石油降解、反硝化等方面被开发利用。基于高通量测序显示出采样点南海海洋深层水细菌具有独特菌群特征和多样性,有其极为丰富的生物学开发利用价值。

深水表层PDC钻头喷射钻井技术研究与应用

深水钻井二开表层套管入泥深度增加,地层可钻性降低,φ660.4 mm牙轮钻头钻井存在机械钻速低、牙轮钻头耐久性差等挑战,亟需设计专用PDC喷射钻头进行深水表层喷射钻井。在分析?444.5 mm PDC钻头喷射φ914.4 mm表层导管技术优势基础上,针对PDC喷射作业风险、作业难点,通过钻头选型与改进、喷射水力优化、钻具优化、井身结构优化等措施构建了深水表层PDC钻头喷射钻井技术,并在南海流花、白云、荔湾等区块6口深水井取得成功应用。应用效果表明,深水表层PDC钻头喷射钻井表层二开机械钻速较常规牙轮钻头可提升2倍,可为深水表层钻井作业提供参考。

低速大扭矩水液压马达的深海性能迁移特性

为实现深海水液压机械手回转关节的稳定输出,研制了一种新型阀配流低速大扭矩水液压马达。搭建了其数学及物理模型,完成了马达与机械手腕部关节的集成设计,通过马达的AMESim仿真模型分析了深海环境对马达输出性能的影响。研究发现:随着海深的增加,马达的输出扭矩显著降低,输出转速也出现一定变化,环境压力从0 MPa增加至120 MPa的过程中,马达的输出扭矩累计降低了34%,最大稳定转速却较陆上工况增加了13%。此研究为马达的结构优化与深海作业控制提供了理论依据。

深远海超深水钻井井控风险防控技术研究进展

海洋蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,开发海洋油气具有广阔的前景,但也面临着巨大的风险和挑战。尤其是深远海、超深水油气开采作业海域离岸远、自然环境恶劣、人员设施集中,一旦发生井喷爆炸等事故易产生连锁效应,处置不当将会造成人员伤亡、环境污染等重大生产安全事故,甚至可能引起外交争端。中国海油立足科技自主创新,通过理论研究和技术攻关,初步形成了深远海超深水钻井井控风险防控技术体系,包括深水钻井重大事故形成演化机理及场景推演技术,深海钻井溢漏同存机理及压力智能调控技术,超深水钻井风险智能监测预警技术和超深水钻井应急救援技术等。文章在总结上述井控应急关键技术研究进展的基础上,展望了行业未来的发展方向,提出了持续加强井控安全及应急救援能力建设,加快推进核心井控软件和装备国产化,持续提升深水钻井井控应急智能化水平等发展建议,以进一步推动深远海井控技术的发展和进步,为保障国家能源安全,实现海洋强国战略目标贡献力量。

深水斜坡沉积特征与控制因素——以澳大利亚柔布克盆地为例

深水斜坡沉积规律对深水油气勘探开发以及深水地质灾害防护具有重要的研究意义。为揭示澳大利亚柔布克盆地新近纪深水斜坡沉积特征与控制因素,利用高分辨率二维地震资料,划分了斜坡沉积地层层序,在地震剖面上识别出7个三级层序界面和6个地震层序。研究结果表明:研究区新近纪主要形成了进积型、加积-进积混合型和退积型沉积层序;柔布克盆地深水区发育前积型碳酸盐岩、硅质碎屑三角洲和滑塌3种斜坡沉积;研究区深水斜坡沉积受多种因素共同控制,中渐新世—晚中新世,斜坡沉积主要受相对海平面升降、古气候变化和物源供给的控制,而晚中新世之后,向北漂移的澳大利亚板块与班达岛弧发生碰撞,深水斜坡沉积主要受构造活动的控制。