New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.

Chemical kinetics evaluation and its application of natural gas generation derived from the Yacheng Formation in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin,China

The natural gas generation process is simulated by heating source rocks of the Yacheng Formation, including the onshore-offshore mudstone and coal with kerogens of Type II2-III in the Qiongdongnan Basin. The aim is to quantify the natural gas generation from the Yacheng Formation and to evaluate the geological prediction and kinetic parameters using an optimization procedure based on the basin modeling of the shallow-water area. For this, the hydrocarbons produced have been grouped into four classes（C1, C2, C3 and C4-6）. The results show that the onset temperature of methane generation is predicted to occur at 110℃ during the thermal history of sediments since 5.3 Ma by using data extrapolation. The hydrocarbon potential for ethane, propane and heavy gaseous hydrocarbons（C4-6） is found to be almost exhausted at geological temperature of 200℃ when the transformation ratio（TR） is over 0.8, but for which methane is determined to be about 0.5 in the shallow-water area. In contrast, the end temperature of the methane generation in the deep-water area was over 300℃ with a TR over 0.8. It plays an important role in the natural gas exploration of the deep-water basin and other basins in the broad ocean areas of China. Therefore, the natural gas exploration for the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin shall first aim at the structural traps in the Ledong, Lingshui and Beijiao sags, and in the forward direction of the structure around the sags, and then gradually develop toward the non-structural trap in the deep-water area basin of the broad ocean areas of China.

The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

深水钢桁梁无承台特大桥无应力状态法合龙应用研究

深水区域钢桁梁特大桥无承台桩基施工需要特别考虑施工工艺及其受力体系控制。依托四川汉源兰家湾特大桥工程,基于无应力状态方法分析计算钢桁梁特大桥的无桩基承台施工技术以及合龙施工的若干力学研究。结果表明,通过搭建深水区域无承台的特大桥桩墩结合施工,在其上进行钢桁梁安装拼接的无应力状态法合龙施工可取得良好受力整体性效果。所述方法可解决在较深水流条件下的特大桥桩基施工与整体受力控制难题,可为类似工程提供技术参考和借鉴。

Experimental Simulation Study of the Dominant Enrichment Area of Terrestrial Organic Matter in the Shallow-Delta Sedimentary System of the Yacheng Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin

Shallow-delta sedimentary systems receive both terrestrial and marine organic matter. As oil and gas exploration activities determine that the source rocks of the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea, are generally rich in and even dominated by terrestrial organic matter, this has led many researchers to examine the rules governing terrestrial organic matter enrichment in shallow-delta sea sedimentary systems. However, the deep burial of source rocks in deep-water areas and the relatively small amount of drilling undertaken have greatly restricted the study of these rules. In this study, the ‘forward modeling' research method was used to observe and analyze the deposition and preservation of terrestrial organic matter through flume experiments, where the depositional results were carefully depicted and sampled. The total organic carbon content of selected samples was measured and when combined with qualitative observations and quantitative comparison results, the dominant enrichment areas of terrestrial organic matter were identified. The experimental results show that the overbank parts of the delta front, the dune countercurrent surface, the low-lying parts, the delta front slope area and the shallow-prodelta sea area are where terrestrial organic matter is predominantly enriched. This provides an important basis and guidance for the prediction of the development areas of marine source rocks with terrestrial input in the deep-water areas of the Qiongdongnan Basin.

极端环境隧道建造面临的主要问题及发展趋势

聚焦艰险山区、深水海域与城市敏感区3类极端环境,全面梳理和总结了在此环境下隧道建造面临的主要问题、相关技术突破和未来发展趋势。针对艰险山区中极高地应力、高地温、高海拔以及活动断裂带等极端条件,总结分析围岩和隧道的变形机制、破坏机制及防护措施,并指出未来可通过大数据、机器学习等手段建立更精准的预测模型,以实现隧道建造过程的实时监控和风险评估;针对深水海域中高水压、高烈度地震、强侵蚀环境等极端条件,分析多因素耦合下沉管法及盾构法隧道管片及接头的劣损和破坏机制,总结提升其力学和耐久性能的主要技术措施,并提出未来仍需针对海底隧道管片接头的防水、抗震及抗侵蚀性能开展更深入的研究,以形成完整的理论和技术体系;针对城市敏感区隧道穿越既有隧道、敏感建构筑物、地下障碍物等挑战,总结分析盾构法和顶管法施工环境响应规律、地层变形评估方法和控制技术措施,提出未来可采用机器学习等技术辅助隧道建设,以提升预测和控制的准确性,减小建设过程对城市环境的扰动。目前,相关研究成果为极端环境下的隧道工程建设提供了重要支撑,但部分技术仍需进一步在实践中完善并形成规范,以指导后续的工程建设;而随着新一代信息技术的发展,未来隧道建造必将朝着数字化、智能化、自动化的方向发展,从而保障极端环境下隧道建设的安全、绿色、高效。

全球深水区富烃凹陷形成机理

进入21世纪以来,深水区已经成为全球常规油气储量增长的主要领域,目前处于发现期的早期,勘探潜力巨大。截至目前,全球深水区已发现的探明油气地质储量在10×10^(8)t以上的巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)共17个,其形成条件是影响/制约深水油气勘探的关键科学问题。基于对全球深水区已发现油气田分布和形成条件的综合研究,首次提出了控制深水巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)形成的“四广”成藏特征,即广烃源、广优储、广强盖、广圈闭。全球海洋深水区油气勘探存在两大领域:已证实的巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)的新领域和潜在的巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)。已证实的巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)的新领域主要包括盆地的超深水区、深层隐蔽圈闭及浅层隐蔽圈闭,是今后主要勘探领域,如大西洋陆缘盆地盐下深层、东非陆缘侏罗—白垩系碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩、南海北部深水区深层潜山、巴伦支海三叠系、东地中海盐下白垩系碎屑岩及侏罗系生物礁、澳大利亚西北陆架波拿巴盆地深层石炭—二叠系等,勘探程度低,是近期深水勘探的主攻方向。潜在的巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)资源潜力大,当前这些盆地或已钻井有油气发现、或没有钻井且勘探程度低,与已证实的巨型、大型富油气盆地(群)经历了类似的构造演化过程,油气地质条件相似,是未来深水油气勘探新的增长点。

深水中大型气田滚动勘探技术体系与成效——以琼东南盆地中央峡谷A边际气田为例

为了促进琼东南盆地中央峡谷深水A边际气田开发,引入目标搜索研究、目标评价研究、目标钻探研究等完整气田滚动勘探技术体系。A边际气田目标搜索除利用传统的区带油气潜力目标搜索技术外,提出评价过程目标搜索技术,共搜索了5个油气潜力区块,并优选A4构造进行油气目标评价。从圈闭解释与落实、圈闭烃类检测两方面对A4构造油气成藏主控因素开展研究。A4构造中部预测优势含气区具有强振幅属性、低密度、低速度、低纵波阻抗、低纵横波速度比等有利含气信息特征,总体为Ⅲ类AVO异常,且能够升级HL_0气组控制天然气地质储量,部署滚动探井A4-1井实施钻探,在黄流组钻遇气层超20 m,莺歌海组二段钻遇可疑气层近10 m,获得天然气探明地质储量近30亿立方米,钻探效果好。滚动勘探研究在深水A边际气田的应用,不仅有效地促进了A边际气田后续滚动勘探活动,而且证实了滚动勘探同样适用于深水油气勘探。

利用海底反射时延结构的深海海底反射区目标距离深度估计方法

针对收发深度关系未知时利用时延差进行距离深度估计可能会出现伪源的问题,提出了一种利用4个时延差直接进行距离深度估计的方法。该方法通过分析4条多径间4个时延差的关系,利用伪源与真实位置间同种时延差的差异,构造模糊平面进行定位,无需判断收发深度关系即可排除伪源,且在单水听器上即可实现。仿真实验与误差分析验证了该方法的有效性,海试结果表明,该方法在两个不同深度的单水听器上均成功实现了对11.0~16.5 km目标的距离深度估计,距离和深度的均方根误差分别小于1.1 km和54 m。

少断裂深水油气成藏模式与有利区优选——以圭亚那盆地上白垩统为例

为明确少断裂深水油气运移机理与成藏富集模式,以圭亚那盆地上白垩统为对象,利用地震、测井、钻井及烃源岩测试分析等资料,研究盆地上白垩统石油地质特征,明确研究区成藏模式,划分勘探有利区。结果表明:烃源岩为土伦阶—康尼亚克阶沉积的巨厚黑色页岩,TOC质量分数为4%~7%,有机质类型以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为主;储层为坎潘阶—马斯特里赫特阶水道、堤岸、朵叶亚相砂岩;主要盖层为古近纪早期沉积的泥岩与物性较差的巨厚粉砂岩。盆地陆坡区发育砂体叠置—断层斜向型运移体系,形成“源—储紧邻、断—砂匹配、水道聚集”的成藏模式;深水区发育砂体叠置—裂缝垂向型运移体系,形成“源—储分离、缝—砂匹配、高点聚集”的成藏模式。盆地中心深水区烃源岩发育与水道发育叠合区为勘探首选目标,北部堤岸发育与烃源岩发育叠合区或未与烃源岩重合的水道发育地区为勘探的第二选择。该结果对相似地质条件的盆地勘探具有指导意义。

近海深水区混凝土半潜型浮式风机一体化计算与耦合动力特性分析

[目的]文章旨在探索10 MW级半潜型浮式风机的一体化计算方法并分析其在40~50 m近海深水区的耦合动力响应特性。[方法]以10 MW混凝土半潜型浮式风机为例,构建一体化时域数值计算模型,统计分析其额定发电和极端工况下的平台动力响应和系泊张力特征。[结果]平台水平运动主要受波浪荷载、风荷载和系泊刚度特性的影响,最大水平运动和系泊张力发生在生存工况,垂向运动主要受波浪荷载影响,摇摆运动的均值主要受风荷载影响,上述浮式风机动力响应均满足设计指标。[结论]一体化数值计算方法较好地考虑浮式风机耦合动力特性,由于水深限制,近海深水区的海上漂浮式风机对水平运动约束和系泊非线性问题的优化更为重要,响应极值主要发生在极端工况,上述结论为此类漂浮式海上风机基础结构的研究与设计工作提供了一定的参考。

深水区浅覆盖层锚桩法钢栈桥设计及施工

从钢栈桥的设计理念出发,结合具体的工程案例,对深水区浅覆盖层区域钢栈桥的设计施工进行了探讨,对照使用区域的实际情况,采用锚桩法栈桥施工技术。经计算,栈桥的强度和刚度能够满足工程的施工要求,栈桥整体的稳定性可以得到保障。对钢栈桥锚桩法的施工流程和技术要点进行了讨论,顺利实现了施工目标。

Thermal-history reconstruction of the Baiyun Sag in the deep-water area of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea

The Baiyun Sag, located in the deep-water area of the northern South China Sea, is the largest and deepest subbasin in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and one of the most important hydrocarbon-accumulation depression areas in China. Thermal history is widely thought to be of great importance in oil and gas potential assessment of a basin as it controls the timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from the source rock. In order to unravel the paleo-heat flow of the Baiyun Sag, we first analyzed tectonic subsidence of 55 pseudo-wells constructed based on newly interpreted seismic profiles, along with three drilled wells. We then carried out thermal modeling using the multi-stage finite stretching method and calibrated the results using collected present-day vitrinite reflectance data and temperature data. Results indicate that the first and second heating of the Baiyun Sag after 49 Ma ceased at 33.9 Ma and 23 Ma. Reconstructed average basal paleo- heat flow values at the end of the rifting periods are -57.7- 86.2 mW/m2 and -66.7-97.3 mW/m2, respectively. Following the last heating period at 23 Ma, the study area has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase, and basal heat flow has cooled down to ～64.0-79.2 mW/m2 at present.

岩石物理模型约束下声波测井数据评价及处理

声波测井数据是石油天然气勘探开发中最为重要的基础资料,其数据质量受井壁环境、频散等因素影响较大,且部分钻井并未采集声波,这对后续开展速度分析、储层识别和烃类检测都带来较大影响。因此需要对声波测井数据进行环境校正、补齐、预测等处理。目前,主要依据研究区域内已钻井的统计规律对声波测井数据进行评估和预测。而在深水区,因钻井距离远、地质条件差异较大等原因,不同地区的声波变化较大,依据统计方法评估数据存在较大的多解性。该文提出采用岩石物理模型来评估声波质量和预测声波数据。基于Xu&White岩石物理模型,采用密度曲线反演计算泥岩孔隙度,改善了岩石物理模拟在储层段和非储层段的拟合效果,且在多口井的适用性更好。基于新方法,建立了可在区域内稳定适用的岩石物理模型,可计算多口井在不同岩性、不同深度下的速度,为在不同地区和不同深度的声波质量评估和预测提供依据,指导后期储层预测和含气性检测。

珠江口盆地超深水区LW21-A井烃源岩分子地球化学特征与油气成因

珠江口盆地超深水区勘探程度低,珠四坳陷仅LW21-A井有油气发现,通过对其进行系统地特征分子地球化学测试与分析,揭示了所钻遇烃源岩的类型和发现油气的成因。该钻井揭示,文昌组和恩平组发育海相(海侵)泥岩和微咸水浅湖相(近海湖盆)泥岩;LW21构造气藏中存在海相(海侵)和湖相2类凝析油;LW21构造气藏中天然气主要成分为CO_(2),属于CO_(2)气藏,含一定量烷烃气;CO_(2)主要是无机幔源型成因气,烷烃气主要是油型气与海相生物气的混合型干气。这一认识对珠江口盆地超深水区珠四坳陷带的进一步评价和勘探决策具有重要意义。

新形势下中非油气合作建议

非洲油气资源丰富,随着近年陆续在毛里塔尼亚、莫桑比克、南非、纳米比亚等国家发现大型油气田,油气储量规模进一步增大,非洲西海岸北段、东非、南非成为勘探新兴区域。近年来受局部区域政局动荡、已发现剩余油气可采储量品质变差、天然气商业化困难等因素影响,非洲油气生产形势低迷。经过近30年的发展,中非油气合作已具备一定规模,但对标国际大型石油公司,无论是生产项目还是勘探项目,仍有一定差距。伴随俄乌冲突加剧,地缘政治变化,拥有大量油气资源的非洲在全球的能源地位日益凸显。同时国际石油公司由于能源转型,纷纷缩紧非洲投资,这给中资石油公司在非洲的进一步发展提供了机遇。建议中资石油公司要加大前期勘探投入,聚焦前沿成藏区带,力求获得大面积、大资源量、经济效益可观的勘探目标;着力提升海上深水-超深水区域的研究能力和作业能力;积极关注非洲LNG产业发展,优化资产结构;同时要正确认识非洲非资源风险,提升风险防范能力。

面向“23·7”特大暴雨的北京市门头沟、房山、昌平流域单元划分

2023年7月末至8月初,北京市受台风影响,遭遇了历史罕见的特大暴雨并引发流域性特大洪涝灾害,造成了重大损失和影响。特大暴雨落区主要集中在西部山区,其中门头沟、房山、昌平区受灾严重,为快速响应灾后重建规划需求,本文提出基于2m分辨率的地形数字高程模型(DEM)数据、数字正射影像图(DOM)、沟渠、道路、2010年第一次水务普查成果等多源数据,面向深山区、浅山区的流域提取方法,应用于北京市受灾区域,划定了房山、门头沟、昌平区的山区流域单元,并基于流域单元数据进行了村庄及特大暴雨时期的人口分析等应用研究。经过试验证明,本文与传统水文模型提取算法相比,提取结果更符合实际地形,也和第一次水务普查成果进行比对,证明了本研究方法的可靠性。

蒙陕深埋煤层首采工作面顶板富水性和涌水量差异研究

针对蒙陕接壤区存在水文地质条件不清、水害问题多发、水资源漏失严重等问题,通过分析区内呼吉尔特矿区4个矿井首采工作面顶板地质水文地质特征、回采过程中涌水量变化及差异性,查清了矿区煤炭开采初期扰动下的水文地质条件,结果表明:四个矿井首采工作面涌水量,均随着工作面回采呈逐渐增加趋势,其中葫芦素和巴彦高勒矿井首采工作面最大涌水量分别为645.0 m^(3)/h和494.0 m^(3)/h,且七里镇砂岩含水层不同区域存在富水性差异,导致涌水量的增加呈台阶式,波动性较大,与该区域七里镇砂岩含水层厚度较薄、富水性较弱的特征一致;门克庆和母杜柴登矿井首采工作面最大涌水量分别为1372.0 m^(3)/h和938.0 m^(3)/h,且七里镇砂岩含水层整体富水性较强、富水性较均一,涌水量的增加呈平稳增加态势,波动性较小,与该区域顶板七里镇砂岩含水层厚度较大、富水性较强的特征一致。

渝西地区高含水页岩气藏特征、形成机理及地质意义

渝西地区深层龙马溪组页岩气藏是四川盆地海相页岩气增储上产的主要领域,然而该区域局部页岩气藏高含水给深层页岩气勘探开发带来了挑战。为此,通过基础地质、地球化学、孔隙结构、连通性、断裂活动期、页岩气成藏调整期、高含水页岩的高角度方解石脉体与上下石灰岩地层锶同位素等分析,对高含水页岩气藏形成的关键因素、页岩中水的来源及路径进行了研究,并通过数值模拟明确了高含水页岩气藏的含水饱和度下限及高含水页岩气藏与低含水页岩气藏的平面边界,揭示了高含水页岩气藏的形成机理及地质意义。研究结果表明:①断穿龙马溪组地层且终止于二叠系岩溶储层的断裂是研究区局部页岩气藏高含水的关键因素。②断裂活动期与页岩气成藏调整期匹配,页岩气先散失,下二叠统栖霞组底部地层水再沿断裂进入龙马溪组页岩储层,进而形成局部高含水。③高含水页岩的含水饱和度下限为40%,断裂附近外来水供给充足时,断裂破碎带的5 km外为高含水页岩气藏与低含水页岩气藏的边界;外来水供给不充足时,可根据高含水井位向外推0.78~5.10 km,即为页岩气勘探有利区。结论认为,渝西地区二叠系岩溶储层与切穿龙马溪组且终止于二叠系地层的活动断裂是局部页岩气藏高含水的原因,该研究成果为规避渝西地区深层高含水页岩气藏、确定页岩气有利区边界及评价井井位部署提供了理论指导。