Study on Load Bearing Characteristics of Novel Expandable Deepwater Drilling Conductor Based on Laboratory Experiment and Field Test

A novel expandable conductor was designed and applied in deep-water drilling to improve the vertical and lateral bearing capacity with a significant reduction of conductor jetting depth and soaking time. The vertical and lateral bearing capability of expandable conductors was depicted based on the ultimate subgrade reaction method and pile foundation bearing theory. The load-bearing characteristics of a laboratory-scale expandable conductor were analyzed through laboratory experiments. The serial simulation experiments are accomplished to study the bearing characteristics(vertical ultimate bearing capacity, lateral soil pressure, and lateral displacement) during the conductor soaking process. The laboratory experimental results show that the larger the length and thickness of expandable materials are,the higher the bearing capacity of the wellhead will be. During the conductor soaking process, the soil pressure around the three expandable conductors increases faster, strings representing a stronger squeezing effect and resulting in higher vertical bearing capacity. Furthermore, the lateral displacement of novel expandable conductor is smaller than that of the conventional conductor. All the advantages mentioned above contributed to the reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. Lastly, the application workflow of a novel expandable deep-water drilling conductor was established and the autonomous expandable conductor was successfully applied in the South China Sea with a significant reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. According to the soil properties and designed installation depth of the surface conductor, the arrangement of expandable materials should be designed reasonably to meet the safety condition and reduce the construction cost of the subsea wellhead.

Horizontal-Longitudinal Correlations of Acoustic Field in Deep Water

The horizontal-longitudinal correlations of the acoustic field in deep water are investigated based on the experi- mental data obtained in the South China Sea. It is shown that the horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficients in the convergence zone are high, and the correlation length is consistent with the convergence zone width, which depends on the receiver depth and range. The horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficients in the convergence zone also have a division structure for the deeper receiver. The signals from the second part of the convergence zone are still correlated with the reference signal in the first part. The horizontal-longitudinal correlation coeffi- cients in the shadow zone are lower than that in the convergence zone, and the correlation length in the shadow zone is also much shorter than that in the convergence zone. The numerical simulation results by using the normal modes theory are qualitatively consistent with the experimental results.

Prediction of wax precipitation region in wellbore during deep water oil well testing

During deep water oil well testing, the low temperature environment is easy to cause wax precipitation, which affects the normal operation of the test and increases operating costs and risks. Therefore, a numerical method for predicting the wax precipitation region in oil strings was proposed based on the temperature and pressure fields of deep water test string and the wax precipitation calculation model. And the factors affecting the wax precipitation region were analyzed. The results show that: the wax precipitation region decreases with the increase of production rate, and increases with the decrease of geothermal gradient, increase of water depth and drop of water-cut of produced fluid, and increases slightly with the increase of formation pressure. Due to the effect of temperature and pressure fields, wax precipitation region is large in test strings at the beginning of well production. Wax precipitation region gradually increases with the increase of shut-in time. These conclusions can guide wax prevention during the testing of deep water oil well, to ensure the success of the test.

Horizontal-Longitudinal Spatial Correlation of Acoustic Field with Deep Receiver in the Direct Zone in Deep Water

The horizontal-longitudinal correlation of acoustic field for the receiver near the bottom is analyzed by using nu- merical modeling. An approximate analytical solution of horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient is derived based on the ray method. Combining the characteristic of Lloyd＇s mirror interference pattern, the variability of acoustic field and its effect on horizontal-longitudinal spatial correlation are discussed. The theoretical pre- diction agrees well with the numerical results. Experimental results confirm the validity of analytical solution. Finally, the applicability of the analytical solution is summarized. The conclusion is beneficial for the design of bottom-moored array and the estimation of integral time for moving source localization.

Technological progress and development directions of PetroChina overseas oil and gas field production

This study reviews the development history of PetroChina’s overseas oil and gas field development technologies, summarizes the characteristic technologies developed, and puts forward the development goals and technological development directions of overseas business to overcome the challenges met in overseas oil and gas production. In the course of PetroChina’s overseas oil and gas field production practice of more than 20 years, a series of characteristic technologies suitable for overseas oil and gas fields have been created by combining the domestic mature oil and gas field production technologies with the features of overseas oil and gas reservoirs, represented by the technology for high-speed development and stabilizing oil production and controlling water rise for overseas sandstone oilfields, high efficiency development technology for large carbonate oil and gas reservoirs and foamy oil depletion development technology in use of horizontal wells for extra-heavy oil reservoirs. Based on in-depth analysis of the challenges faced by overseas oil and gas development and technological requirements, combined with the development trends of oil and gas development technologies in China and abroad, overseas oil and gas development technologies in the future are put forward, including artificial intelligence reservoir prediction and 3 D geological modeling, secondary development and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) of overseas sandstone oilfields after high speed development, water and gas injection to improve oil recovery in overseas carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, economic and effective development of overseas unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, efficient development of marine deep-water oil and gas reservoirs. The following goals are expected to be achieved: keep the enhanced oil recovery(EOR) technology for high water-cut sandstone oilfield at international advanced level, and make the development technology for carbonate oil and gas reservoirs reach the international advanced level, and the development technologies for unconventional and marine deep-water oil and gas reservoirs catch up the level of international leading oil companies quickly.

Efficient development strategies for large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China

Through analyzing the development of large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China,strategies for the efficient development of such gas fields are proposed based on their geological characteristics and production performance.According to matrix properties,fracture development degree and configuration between matrix and fractures,the reservoirs are classified into three types:single porosity single permeability system,dual porosity dual permeability system,and dual porosity single permeability system.These three types of gas reservoirs show remarkable differences in different scales of permeability,the ratio of dynamic reserves to volumetric reserves and water invasion risk.It is pointed out that the key factors affecting development efficiency of these gas fields are determination of production scale and rapid identification of water invasion.Figuring out the characteristics of the gas fields and working out pertinent technical policies are the keys to achieve efficient development.The specific strategies include reinforcing early production appraisal before full scale production by deploying high precision development seismic survey,deploying development appraisal wells in batches and scale production test to get a clear understanding on the structure,reservoir type,distribution pattern of gas and water,and recoverable reserves,controlling production construction pace to ensure enough evaluation time and accurate evaluation results in the early stage,in line with the development program made according to the recoverable reserves,working out proper development strategies,optimizing pattern and proration of wells based on water invasion risk and gas supply capacity of matrix,and reinforcing research and development of key technologies.

Sedimentary build-ups of pre-salt isolated carbonate platforms and formation of deep-water giant oil fields in Santos Basin,Brazil

In response to the problems of unclear distribution of deep-water pre-salt carbonate reservoirs and formation conditions of large oil fields in the Santos passive continental margin basin,based on comprehensive utilization of geological,seismic,and core data,and reconstruction of Early Cretaceous prototype basin and lithofacies paleogeography,it is proposed for the first time that the construction of pre-salt carbonate build-ups was controlled by two types of isolated platforms:inter-depression fault-uplift and intra-depression fault-high.The inter-depression fault-uplift isolated platforms are distributed on the present-day pre-salt uplifted zones between depressions,and are built on half-and fault-horst blocks that were inherited and developed in the early intra-continental and inter-continental rift stages.The late intra-continental rift coquinas of the ITP Formation and the early inter-continental rift microbial limestones of the BVE Formation are continuously constructed;intra-depression fault-high isolated platforms are distributed in the current pre-salt depression zones,built on the uplifted zones formed by volcanic rock build-ups in the early prototype stage of intra-continental rifts,and only the BVE microbial limestones are developed.Both types of limestones formed into mound-shoal bodies,that have the characteristics of large reservoir thickness and good physical properties.Based on the dissection of large pre-salt oil fields discovered in the Santos Basin,it has been found that both types of platforms could form large-scale combined structural-stratigraphic traps,surrounded by high-quality lacustrine and lagoon source rocks at the periphery,and efficiently sealed by thick high-quality evaporite rocks above,forming the optimal combination of source,reservoir and cap in the form of“lower generation,middle storage,and upper cap”,with a high degree of oil and gas enrichment.It has been found that the large oil fields are all bottom water massive oil fields with a unified pressure system,and they are all filled to the spill-point.The future exploration is recommended to focus on the inter-depression fault-uplift isolated platforms in the western uplift zone and the southern section of eastern uplift zones,as well as intra-depression fault-high isolated platforms in the central depression zone.The result not only provides an important basis for the advanced selection of potential play fairways,bidding of new blocks,and deployment of awarded exploration blocks in the Santos Basin,but also provides a reference for the global selection of deep-water exploration blocks in passive continental margin basins.

南非奥特尼夸盆地构造沉积演化与油气成藏

南非奥特尼夸盆地油气勘探程度非常低,2019年与2020年连续的天然气大发现吸引了国内外油气公司广泛关注。基于IHS数据库、新项目评价及文献等资料,综合分析表明:奥特尼夸盆地经历了二叠纪以来的前裂谷、同裂谷、过渡期和裂谷后4个演化阶段;主要沉积了裂谷期陆相碎屑岩及过渡期–裂谷后的海相碎屑岩。盆地主力烃源岩为豪特里维阶和巴雷姆–阿普特阶海相页岩;发育了同裂谷期凡兰吟阶顶部浅海相砂岩和漂移早期阿尔比阶海相深水碎屑岩两套重要的储集层,储盖组合条件优越;共形成了巴雷姆–阿尔比阶砂岩、凡兰吟−豪特里维阶砂岩、上侏罗统−下白垩统砂岩和基底4套成藏组合。油气分布呈“西多东少”格局,目前应以Bredasdorp次盆大陆边缘深水区白垩系透镜状浊积砂岩为勘探重点。

深水气田长距离混输模式下水相运动规律研究

陵水25-1深水气田混输管道距离长、管道爬坡段坡度大,初始投产阶段混输流体水相到达平台的时间长且预测困难,给管道安全运行带来风险。基于多相流计算模型,运用LedaFlow软件,对陵水25-1深水气田初始投产阶段的水相运动规律进行研究,并深入分析含水率、油量、气量、油水相间摩擦系数等因素对水相运行的影响。结果表明:初始投产阶段水相在爬坡段分离和积聚,形成长时间的停滞,管道坡度越大,水相波动越剧烈;含水率越高的物流,水相在爬坡段聚集时间越短;气量增大则会降低水相滞液程度,提高水相运行速度,有助于水相爬坡;油量变化对水相运行速度的影响较小,油水相间摩擦系数对爬坡段水相运动有直接影响,油水相间摩擦系数修正拟合,对实际管道运行有重要指导意义。研究结果可为深水气田开发研究提供借鉴。

深部煤层开采导水裂隙发育规律研究

导水裂隙发育规律是深部煤层安全开采的一个重要参数,以孔庄煤矿7303工作面为依托,采用相似模拟实验、钻孔注水漏失量探测和钻孔窥视相结合的方法,对工作面导水裂隙发育特征进行研究。结果表明:相似模拟实验表明工作面平均周期来压步距19.5 m,垮落带呈梯形,随着工作面推进,离层裂隙被压实,导水裂隙发育由低速向高速转变,导水裂隙最大发育高度69.8 m,裂采比21.8。通过现场实测得到导水裂隙最大发育高度65.27 m,裂采比18.13,与浅部煤层工作面裂隙发育特征进行对比分析,裂采比与煤层埋深呈正相关。该研究成果对孔庄煤矿防治水害具有重要的指导意义。

桑托斯盆地盐下孤立碳酸盐台地沉积建造与深水大油田

针对桑托斯被动陆缘盆地深水盐下碳酸盐岩储层分布特征及大油田成藏规律不清的难题,综合利用地质、地震及岩心等数据资料,通过早白垩世原型盆地与岩相古地理恢复重建,提出盐下碳酸盐岩沉积建造受控于坳间断隆型和坳中断凸型两类孤立台地。坳间断隆型孤立台地分布于现今盐下坳间隆起带上,建造于早期陆内和陆间裂谷两个原型阶段继承性发育的单断式和双断式垒式断块上,早白垩世陆内裂谷晚期沉积的ITP组介壳灰岩和陆间裂谷早期沉积的BVE组微生物灰岩为连续建造;坳中断凸型孤立台地分布于现今盐下坳陷带中,建造于早期陆内裂谷原型阶段火山岩建隆所形成的凸起带上,发育BVE组微生物灰岩。两类孤立台地灰岩所形成礁滩体均具有储层厚度大、物性好的特点。结合盐下已发现大油田解剖,发现两类台地均可形成大型构造-岩性复合圈闭,周缘为优质湖相和潟湖相烃源岩环绕,上覆为巨厚的优质蒸发盐岩盖层高效封堵,形成了“下生中储上盖”式最佳生储盖组合关系,油气富集程度高。已发现大油田均为具有统一压力系统的底水块状油田,且均处于充满状态。未来勘探重点目标是西部隆起带和东部隆起带南段上的坳间断隆型孤立台地及中央坳陷带中的坳中断凸型孤立台地。该项研究成果为在桑托斯被动陆缘盆地超前选区选带、新项目评价及中标区块探区勘探部署提供了重要依据,也为今后在全球被动大陆边缘盆地深水勘探战略选区提供借鉴。

深松与秸秆覆盖还田对半干旱区土壤碳组分和玉米产量的影响

为促进黑龙江省西部半干旱区土壤固碳和玉米增产,以黑龙江省农业科学院耕作与秸秆长期定位试验田为研究对象,以CK(常规种植)、NFG(秸秆覆盖还田)、SFG(深松+秸秆覆盖还田)3种处理对土壤有机碳、不同粒径有机碳、水溶性有机碳含量及玉米产量的影响进行分析,研究深松与秸秆覆盖还田对半干旱区土壤碳组分和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,(1)本试验中,在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量顺序均为SFG>NFG>CK。(2)<0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量明显高于>0.250 mm和0.053~0.250 mm粒级,在0~10 cm土层,SFG、NFG处理土层>0.250 mm、<0.053 mm和0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量均比对照CK提高10%以上。(3)在10~20 cm土层,SFG处理>0.250 mm粒级和NFG处理0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量增加较为明显。(4)不同处理之间玉米穗长、穗粗和穗行数差异不显著,穗粒数和产量差异达到显著水平,其中SFG和NFG处理分别较CK产量提高了28.57%和15.10%。产量与土壤有机碳含量之间呈极显著正相关关系,与团聚体有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系。

深部巨厚承压含水层采动疏水诱冲机理

陕蒙地区覆岩普遍赋存较厚承压含水砂岩层,工作面涌水量大、承压含水层水位显著下降,巨厚覆岩承压含水层下冲击地压和高能矿震监测表明覆岩承压水的采动疏放具有一定的诱冲效应。为揭示覆岩承压含水层采动疏水诱冲机理,开展了流固耦合数值模拟,分析了不同孔隙水压岩体力学行为及巨厚覆岩承压含水层采动疏水条件下围岩应力-能量场演化特征,揭示了覆岩承压含水砂岩层采动疏水对围岩应力场作用机制;并考虑巨厚覆岩对围岩动静载应力作用效应,提出了覆岩承压含水层采动疏水诱冲机理。研究结果表明:覆岩巨厚承压含水砂岩层下动力显现均发生在覆岩承压水位快速下降期间,覆岩承压水的采动疏放对围岩产生应力扰动;采动疏水条件下覆岩承压含水岩层孔隙水压降低,岩层强度和承载能力增大,覆岩载荷向采场两侧转移,导致围岩应力升高、能量进一步积聚,其对围岩应力场-能量场作用程度与采场尺度和疏放程度正相关,与煤层-承压含水层距离、承压含水层岩层厚度及强度负相关;巨厚覆岩承压含水层下顶板大尺度悬臂-铰接结构导致采场围岩高静载及强动载,在覆岩承压含水层采动疏水对围岩应力场作用下,煤岩体中叠加应力超过其临界载荷且释放的总能量超过其破坏所消耗能量,诱发冲击地压,其中高静载是冲击地压发生的应力基础,矿震动载和覆岩承压含水层采动疏水导致的应力扰动是重要诱因。针对覆岩承压含水层采动疏水及巨厚承压含水层覆岩结构对冲击风险的影响特征,提出了巨厚承压水含水层注浆堵水和优化盘区尺寸的防冲措施,通过地面注浆和降低采场尺寸能够降低覆岩承压含水层采动疏水对围岩应力场的作用效应、避免巨厚覆岩形成大尺度悬臂-铰接结构,从而降低巨厚承压含水层下冲击地压风险。

中国海油油气勘探新进展与下步勘探方向

地质认识创新为油气勘探发现提供理论指导和科学依据。2023年,中国海油在隐蔽型潜山成圈机制、深水超浅层天然气富集模式等方面取得一系列地质新认识,指导渤海浅层岩性和隐蔽型潜山原油、珠江口盆地深水深层原油、琼东南盆地深水超浅层天然气、北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷页岩油、陆上鄂尔多斯盆地深煤层气等10个领域获重大发现,落实了4个亿吨级油田和1个千亿方气区。未来面对勘探领域日趋复杂、用海矛盾日益突出及海外勘探领域单一等诸多挑战,中国海油将加大风险勘探与甩开勘探力度,全力推动国内勘探和海外勘探协同发展,为油气增储上产提供坚实储量基础。

国内深水气田首次降压开采应用实践

在深水气田开发过程中,随着天然气的采出,气藏能量逐渐衰减,导致气田产量逐渐下降,难以满足下游需求。为了提高气田采收率,南海某深水气田新增湿气压缩机流程,并同时采用降低深水气田登陆平台整体压力的方式,有效提高了气田采收率。该深水气田降压开采是国内深水气田首次实施降压生产,在实施中操作人员创新性地开发了在线切换流程降压模式,并应用了先进的工业模拟软件OLGA,避免了停产降压对下游用户影响,避免了深水海管泄压放空的能源浪费,避免了对新增设备的损害,避免了平台意外关停。最终,该深水气田的降压生产取得了较好的效果,对国内其他深海气田开发有较高借鉴意义。

中国海上气田开发与提高采收率技术

中国海上目前在生产气田共计有30个、气井总数为288口,主要分布在莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地、东海陆架盆地和渤海湾盆地。海上气田的勘探成本、工程建造成本、钻完井和生产操作费用均较高,加之开发调整及生产措施实施难度大,因而陆上气田开发采用的相关方法和技术在海上推广应用便受到诸多限制。为了提高中国海上气田开发的效益,有必要归纳和总结我国海上气田在开发技术与提高天然气采收率技术方面的研究成果与实施经验。按照气藏特点,将中国目前的海上气田分为凝析气藏、低渗透气藏、边底水气藏、高温高压含酸气气藏、深水气藏等5种类型;在此基础上,对其地质特征、开发特点及存在的问题分别进行了探讨;进而结合典型案例对各类气藏的配套开发技术与提高天然气采收率技术及实施经验进行了总结;最后对中国海上天然气开发技术的发展方向及潜力给予了展望。

江西相山矿田铀成矿的特征、演化及启示

寻找富大硬岩型铀矿一直以来面临挑战。据深大断裂-临界水耦合成矿机制等新认识,重新梳理相山矿田火山杂岩铀成矿的主要特征,结合其他富大热液矿床的研究,探索富大热液矿床的共同规律。富大热液矿床多具有以下特征:首先,常有深大断裂与岩浆杂岩隆起组合的“一刀加一饼”的外形,深大断裂这“一刀”具多期次活动特点,因降压、升温、聚水,改变了周边区域的物理化学环境,驱动成岩成矿相关的物质运移、相变等,从而控制着与成矿密切相关的赋矿岩浆杂岩的形成、热液蚀变和铀成矿期次。其次,有3个主要构造层及与其相对应的三阶段式演化。再次,有2个主成矿期,早期高温成矿期(在相山铀矿田是115±0.5 Ma)与岩浆杂岩形成相关,而晚期低温成矿期(在相山铀矿田是98±8 Ma)与控盆断裂活动、盆地脱水相关,2期成矿叠加是富大矿体形成的必要条件。上述富大热液矿床的特征主要体现为具有“一刀加一饼”外形的、由深大断裂与岩浆杂岩隆起组成的构造岩性组合,其形成机制实质上仍是深大断裂多期活动成岩成矿。这些认识可能给中国富大热液铀矿成矿和找矿研究带来一些启示。

深厚承压水层下临江深大基坑工程支护结构设计与实践

基于上海世博B06地块深大基坑工程,根据场地临近黄浦江、场地分布有深厚承压水层、周边环境非常敏感等条件,采取了分坑施工、悬挂式止水帷幕和坑外设置回灌井等一系列技术措施。通过现场单井抽水试验,取得了承压水含水层的详细水文力学参数;通过现场群井抽水试验,获得了承压水水位降深与地面沉降的初步关系。采用数值分析方法建立三维渗流模型,研究了不同止水帷幕深度下,坑内降压对坑外环境的不利影响,并结合坑外环境对象的保护要求,确定了合理的悬挂式止水帷幕深度(42m)。实施结果和监测数据表明,采取的技术措施有效地减小了基坑坑内降压引起的坑外水位降深,保证了周边环境的安全。

基于深度学习和随机场的临水基坑支护结构响应分析

为得到临水基坑工程支护结构的响应,从而对支护结构安全性进行评价,考虑土体的空间变异性,建立临水基坑随机有限元模型,并将模型中参数符合随机场分布的特征单元图像化,构造多通道灰度图像数据,将其输入到构建的CNN网络中进行训练,对临水基坑随机有限元计算结果进行学习,并预测不同随机场参数的临水基坑变形响应,进而得到具有统计意义的临水基坑支护结构响应。结果表明,基于深度学习和随机场的临水基坑分析方法能够准确预测支护结构的响应概率分布。

上海地区特深圆形竖井开挖承压水控制技术及效果

苏州河段深层排水调蓄工程云岭综合设施和苗圃综合设施竖井基坑施工首次要求对上海地区第三层承压含水层水位进行控制。结合云岭综合设施特深圆形竖井开挖承压水控制工程实例,在分析承压含水层的分布特点和工程采取的降水措施的基础上,以工程实测数据为基础,分析软土地区深层承压水控制工艺和控制效果。结果表明:工程采取的竖井地墙和外侧防渗墙两层隔水措施,首次实现了上海地区第三层承压水降水,最大水位降深达到57.8 m,保证了基坑的稳定性。实测数据显示防渗墙外的水位降深小于防渗墙与围护结构之间的水位降深,水位降深速率具有相同的规律;各土层孔隙水压力变化与承压水降水相对应,承压水水位开始恢复后,迎土面深层孔隙水压力明显增大,且深度越深,孔隙水压力增大的趋势越明显,迎坑面水压力变化则较为平缓。所得结论可为今后上海地区类似工程施工和深层地下空间开发提供参考。