Development and Performance Evaluation of a Deep Water Synthetic Based Drilling Fluid System

With the enhancement of environmental protection awareness, the requirements on drilling fluid are increasingly strict, and the use of ordinary oil-based drilling fluid has been strictly restricted. In order to solve the environmental protection and oil-gas reservoir protection problems of offshore oil drilling, a new synthetic basic drilling fluid system is developed. The basic formula is as follows: a basic fluid (80% Linear a-olefin + 20% Simulated seawater) + 2.5% nano organobentonite + 3.5% emulsifier RHJ-5# + 2.5% fluid loss agent SDJ-1 + 1.5% CaO + the right amount of oil wetting barite to adjust the density, and a multifunctional oil and gas formation protective agent YRZ has been developed. The performance was evaluated using a high-low-high-temperature rheometer, a high-temperature and high-pressure demulsification voltage tester, and a high-temperature and high-pressure dynamic fluid loss meter. The results show that the developed synthetic based drilling fluid has good rheological property, demulsification voltage ≥ 500 V, temperature resistance up to 160°C, high temperature and high pressure filtration loss < 3.5 mL. After adding 2% - 5% YRZ into the basic formula of synthetic based drilling fluid, the permeability recovery value exceeds 90% and the reservoir protection effect is excellent. The new synthetic deepwater drilling fluid is expected to have a good application prospect in offshore deepwater drilling.

New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.

Limit analysis of extended reach drilling in South China Sea

Extended reach wells （ERWs）, especially horizontal extended reach well with a high HD （horizontal displacement） to TVD （true vertical depth） ratio, represent a frontier technology and challenge the drilling limitations. Oil and gas reservoir in beaches or lakes and offshore can be effectively exploited by using extended reach drilling （ERD） technology. This paper focuses on the difficult technological problems encountered during exploiting the Liuhua 11-1 oil field in the South China Sea, China. Emphasis is on investigating the key subjects including prediction and control of open hole limit extension in offshore ERD, prediction of casing wear and its prevention and torque reduction, φ244.5mm casing running with floating collars to control drag force, and steerable drilling modes. The basic concept of limit extension in ERD is presented and the prediction method for open hole limit extension is given in this paper. A set of advanced drilling mechanics and control technology has been established and its practical results are verified by field cases. All those efforts may be significant for further investigating and practicing ERD limit theory and control technology in the future.

Structural Design and Performance Analysis of a Deep-Water Ball Joint Seal

To overcome the current difficulties of high-precision machining and the high manufacturing and maintenance costs of spherical seals for deep-water drilling ball joints,a new spherical seal technique is proposed in this paper.The spherical seal is mainly composed of silicone rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE).Rational structural design makes the seal independent from the ball and other components,making it easy to replace if leakage occurs at its surface.PTFE can elastically deform over a certain deformation range,which guarantees that two sealing surfaces fit tightly together.O-Ring and PTFE elasticity makes up for any lack of accuracy during spherical machining and decreases the machining precision requirements for spherical surfaces.Using a finite element technique and nonlinear theory,the performance of the spherical seal under the influence of various factors is determined.The results show that the spherical seal designed in this paper exhibits excellent sealing performance under lowtemperature and high-pressure conditions.The spherical seal,a combination of an O-ring and PTFE,has the advantages of cheap manufacturing and maintenance costs and excellent sealing performance.

The biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid system

As the base oil of the current flat-rheology synthetic drilling fluid is high in cost and not renewable, the biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid with low-cost, environmental protection and renewable advantage was studied. Based on the optimization of raw materials, a cheap, environment-friendly biodiesel of soybean oil ethyl ester with good fluidity at low temperature was selected as the base oil. By selecting high oil-water ratio and introducing cationic surfactant into the auxiliary emulsifier, the thickening of biodiesel-based emulsion caused by hydrolysis and saponification after high-temperature aging was effectively eliminated. The organoclay prepared with cationic modifier of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was used to improve the rheologic properties, stability and fluid loss of the drilling fluid while preventing low-temperature thickening. A flat-rheology modifier was synthesized with dimer fatty acid and cocoanut fatty acid diethanolamide, which could form strong network structure in the biodiesel-based drilling fluid to adjust effectively rheological properties of the drilling fluid. A biodiesel-based flat-rheology drilling fluid system with the density of 1.2 g/cm^(3) has been formulated which has constant rheology in the temperature range of 2-90 ℃, temperature tolerance of 160 ℃, seawater salinity tolerance of 5%, shale cuttings tolerance of 10%, and is environmentally friendly.

考虑“筒中筒”耦合作用的深水隔水管柱与钻柱碰摩运动规律

深水钻井时,旋转钻柱与海洋环境力作用下发生振动的隔水管柱易发生接触,造成钻柱与隔水管柱的碰撞或者摩擦。为了解隔水管柱与钻柱间的运动状态,减轻两者间碰摩,保证作业安全性,提出了一种模拟深水隔水管柱-钻柱组成的“筒中筒”耦合系统模型,通过分析二者间的位移与接触力,实现海洋深水钻井作业时隔水管柱与钻柱的耦合动力学模拟的建立。模拟结果表明,考虑隔水管柱与钻柱接触的情况下,海流作用和涡激作用对钻柱的动力学特征具有较大影响;海流速度增加,隔水管柱弯曲程度变大,隔水管柱的振动特征会限制钻柱运动;井口转速增加对钻柱的涡动特征影响小,但会增大钻柱与隔水管柱内壁的接触力,增大钻柱与隔水管柱的失效风险。该理论为海洋深水钻井摩阻分析提供了新的借鉴。

深水半潜式钻井平台水下设备作业虚拟仿真教学平台构建

深水油气钻井与陆地及浅水的同类作业存在显著差异,给海洋油气工程专业学生的现场实习、实践带来了诸多困难。为加深学生对深水油气钻井工程装备的认知,采用虚拟仿真技术,构建还原度高、实战性强的深水半潜式钻井平台水下设备作业虚拟仿真教学平台,实现隔水管运移存储及下放、隔水管与上部升沉补偿装置及底部立管总成的连接、水下防喷器结构及安装等功能,帮助学生在无需前往深水平台的前提下、在虚拟环境中系统掌握水下设备的操控方法及作业程序,提升学生的深水钻井作业的工程实践能力。

无黏土水基钻井液用超支化聚合物降滤失剂的合成及性能评价

在高温条件下,聚丙烯酰胺类降滤失剂分子易发生降解,导致降滤失效果大幅下降。为此,通过超支化单体季戊四醇三烯丙基醚(APE)与2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)共聚合成了一种耐高温的超支化聚合物降滤失剂JHPAS,以JHPAS为基础配制了一种新型的无黏土水基钻井液,分析其降滤失机理,评价其在高温、高盐条件下的流变性能和降滤失性能。结果表明:JHPAS具有很好的热稳定性,在水溶液中可形成网络结构,在无黏土水基钻井液中吸附于超细CaCO 3表面形成致密滤饼,并堵塞滤饼上的孔隙,进一步降低钻井液滤失量;构筑的无黏土水基钻井液在200℃老化16 h、饱和氯化钠盐水的条件下仍具有稳定的流变性和良好的降滤失性能,API滤失量和高温高压滤失量分别为5.5 mL和7.6 mL。研究成果有助于推动超支化聚合物在深层、超深层油藏钻井液中的研究与应用。

陵水区块超深水高性能恒流变油基钻井液技术

超深水钻井不仅面临低温、井壁不稳定、地层安全作业压力窗口窄以及井眼清洁困难等问题,还对钻井液的性能提出了更高的要求。通过对乳化剂的分子结构进行设计,研制出一种同时具备乳化和流型调控作用的新型乳化剂KMUL,并以此为主要处理剂,构建了一套适用于南海西部陵水区块超深水工况的高性能恒流变油基钻井液,并对钻井液性能进行了评价。结果表明:该钻井液具有良好的恒流变特性,在温度为2~150℃、压力为0~56 MPa范围内的流变性能较为稳定;钻井液的抗污染能力较强,当岩屑和海水的加量为15%时,钻井液的综合性能比较稳定;钻井液的储层保护效果较好,岩心渗透率恢复值能达到92%以上;钻井液的生物毒性较低,具备良好的环境保护性能。LS-C超深水井的现场应用结果表明,不同井深的现场钻井液流变性能和破乳电压均比较稳定,钻井液当量循环密度始终维持在低位,施工过程顺利,井筒直径规整,未出现井下复杂情况。研究结果表明,该高性能恒流变油基钻井液满足陵水区块超深水钻井施工的需求。

深水表层PDC钻头喷射钻井技术研究与应用

深水钻井二开表层套管入泥深度增加,地层可钻性降低,φ660.4 mm牙轮钻头钻井存在机械钻速低、牙轮钻头耐久性差等挑战,亟需设计专用PDC喷射钻头进行深水表层喷射钻井。在分析?444.5 mm PDC钻头喷射φ914.4 mm表层导管技术优势基础上,针对PDC喷射作业风险、作业难点,通过钻头选型与改进、喷射水力优化、钻具优化、井身结构优化等措施构建了深水表层PDC钻头喷射钻井技术,并在南海流花、白云、荔湾等区块6口深水井取得成功应用。应用效果表明,深水表层PDC钻头喷射钻井表层二开机械钻速较常规牙轮钻头可提升2倍,可为深水表层钻井作业提供参考。

深共晶溶剂抑制页岩水化的应用与展望

钻井过程中页岩水化常会诱发严重的井下安全事故,提高页岩井壁稳定性将极大地提高钻井成功率。深共晶溶剂(Deep eutectic solvent,DES)作为一种新型的绿色试剂,其性质与离子液体相类似,用途较为广泛。然而其作为水基钻井液添加剂在抑制页岩水化上的应用潜力尚未引起足够重视。相较于其他水基钻井液添加剂,DES具有不易燃、不易爆、无毒、易降解、电化学和热稳定性好等优点,并且DES价格便宜,来源广泛。在全面归纳总结DES的物理化学性质的基础上,讨论了DES作为水基钻井液添加剂抑制页岩水化的机理,并通过对DES的成本、对钻井液性能的影响进行分析,阐明了DES作为水化抑制剂在水基钻井液中的应用潜力。研究结果对DES在抑制页岩水化上的应用及其推广具有重要意义。

抗超高温220℃聚合物水基钻井液技术

我国深层油气资源丰富,其高效开发对保障国家能源安全具有重大意义。钻井液是深部地层钻探的关键,但目前常规聚合物钻井液的抗温能力普遍低于220℃,且盐会大幅降低钻井液性能,钻探过程中往往由于钻井液失效引发安全事故,对深层油气开发造成重大损失。针对钻井液高温高盐条件下性能恶化的难题,合成了具有协同作用的抗高温两性离子聚合物和抗高温阴离子聚合物,通过高强度的网架结构调控钻井液流变性;合成抗超高温高效封堵剂来提高钻井液封堵性能和滤失性能,封堵泥饼和砂床,阻止压力传递。以抗高温两性离子聚合物、抗高温阴离子聚合物和抗超高温高效封堵剂为核心处理剂,构建了一套抗超高温220℃的聚合物水基钻井液体系,并评价了该钻井液的性能。实验结果表明,该钻井液具有良好的流变滤失性、沉降稳定性、封堵性和润滑性,其高温高压滤失量仅为9.6 mL,高温高压下仍保持黏度和切力稳定,直立老化72 h沉降因子仅为0.5113,砂床侵入深度仅为6 mm,老化后润滑系数和泥饼黏滞系数分别为0.1224和0.0875。该钻井液具有良好的抗温性能和稳定性,对深部油气的开发具有重要意义。

香炉山隧洞不良地质段“L”型地面超前注浆方案研究

为解决隧道(洞)建设过程中不良地质段突泥涌水和软岩大变形等问题,依托滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞,提出一种采用全孔长度超过500 m的地面“L”型定向钻孔注浆并辅以洞内超前注浆的加固方法,在实际工程中确定这一方法的具体设计方案。首先,通过现场地质调查与分析,揭示不良地质区段香炉山隧洞建设的技术难点;其次,介绍“L”型定向钻孔注浆的施工过程及注浆工艺;然后,设计出一种能够提高地层稳定性的“L”型地面超前注浆方案,并对地层进行加固;最后,采用掌子面揭示、注浆技术以及大地电磁检测等手段证明现场注浆效果。研究结果表明:1)“Z1+Z2+Z4”钻场设计为最优地面超前注浆技术方案;2)“L”型定向钻孔注浆辅以洞内超前注浆技术可满足盲区注浆区域覆盖问题,实现真正意义上的超前治理。

极地深层热水钻回水软管及注热软管热流特性研究

深层热水钻是开展极地冰下湖洁净钻探取样的重要工具。井下回水系统是深层热水钻的关键组成部分,主要包括回水软管、注热软管、潜水泵和回水腔等。回水软管用于抽取回水腔中的融水至地表以实现循环利用,而注热软管则用于将地表热水注入回水腔以防止其冻结。回水软管和注热软管的热流特性对井下回水系统设计十分重要,但目前还未开展系统研究,其压力损失和温度损失的变化规律尚不清楚。本文首先基于达西-魏斯巴赫公式和苏霍夫温降公式提出了回水软管和注热软管热流特性的理论计算方法;然后,在COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6软件建立了两种软管热流特性的数值模拟方法,并与理论计算结果进行了对比;最后,系统分析了流量、内径、长度、进口水温、导热系数、内壁粗糙度、冰层温度、壁厚等因素对回水软管与注热软管压力损失和温度损失的影响规律。研究结果指出了影响回水软管与注热软管热流特性的主导因素,得到压力损失和温度损失的大小,从而为设计安全高效的井下回水系统提供了理论支撑。

一种具有“盐响应”特性的两性离子聚合物增黏降滤失剂

随着深层、超深层及非常规油气开采的不断深入,钻井过程中盐污染已成为水基钻井液在极端盐度和高温条件下面临的严峻挑战,盐污染会导致钻井液流变性和滤失性能的急速恶化。为避免上述问题发生,通过自由基聚合反应研发了一种具有“盐响应”特性的两性离子聚合物增黏降滤失剂(PAMN),并利用红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱分析(1H-NMR)、热重分析(TGA)、分子模拟技术(MS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及钻井液流变和滤失分析等实验方法,表征了PAMN的分子结构、热稳定性及增黏降滤失性能,并揭示了PAMN的“盐响应”机理。研究结果表明:①合成的PAMN热降解温度高达285℃,PAMN分子链在饱和盐水中的均方位移、扩散系数及回转半径远大于其在纯水中,其回转半径分别为12.5Å和3.8Å;②当氯化钠含量为0时,PAMN分子链内或分子链间正负离子基团通过静电吸引力形成空间网络形态而卷曲成类球状结构,随着氯化钠含量增加,其分子链逐渐转变为溶解性更好的柔性链状结构,对氯化钠表现出正响应性;③PAMN可将饱和盐水钻井液表观黏度增加542.9%,滤失量从194 mL降低至4.8 mL,具有良好的增黏和降滤失性能。结论认为,PAMN的研发成功从根本上实现了传统钻井液处理剂从“抗盐”到“盐响应”的转变,该产品在含盐膏的深层、超深层油气开发工程中具有广阔的应用前景。

高含水钻井固废超细颗粒过滤分离实验研究

针对钻井固废处理的难点在于其含有大量10μm以下的超细颗粒难以分离问题,结合振动筛分和深层过滤处理方法,从减少整体固相含量和分离超细颗粒出发,开发了一种能有效去除高含水钻井固废中超细颗粒的新型处理方法。结果表明,在优选工艺参数下,高含水钻井固废经过振动筛分处理后,10μm以上的较大颗粒被去除,固相含量从30.42%降低至9.55%。筛下液再经过深层过滤处理,92.77%的超细颗粒被去除。研究结果表明,新型处理方法对高含水钻井固废超细颗粒有良好的去除效果,有利于实现高含水钻井固废回收利用要求。

石油钻修井作业打捞技术的应用探究

钻井和修井作业的安全性和效率至关重要。随着石油勘探和开采的深入,作业环境变得越来越复杂,特别是在深水和高温高压环境下的钻修井作业,其技术挑战和风险管理要求日益严峻。探讨了打捞技术在深水超深水环境、高温高压井,以及管道和设备堵塞问题中面临的挑战。此外,还系统地分析了打捞技术的应用策略,包括常用工具、技术,以及非常规落物打捞技术的应用和先进技术设备的采用。基于此,在综合分析石油钻修井作业中打捞技术的应用原则、挑战与策略,以期为该领域的研究和实践提供新的视角和思考。

深水钻井礁灰岩地层失返性井漏处理与认识

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