High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids for deep wells

To maintain tight control over rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the theology of water-based drilling fluids. This paper examines temperature effects on the rheological properties of two types of high-density water-based drilling fluids （fresh water-based and brine-based） under high temperature and high pressure （HTHP） with a Fann 50SL rheometer. On the basis of the water-based drilling fluid systems formulated in laboratory, this paper mainly describes the influences of different types and concentration of clay, the content of a colloid stabilizer named GHJ-1 and fluid density on the rheological parameters such as viscosity and shear stress. In addition, the effects of aging temperature and aging time of the drilling fluid on these parameters were also examined. Clay content and proportions for different densities of brine-based fluids were recommended to effectively regulate the rheological properties. Four theological models, the Bingham, power law, Casson and H-B models, were employed to fit the rheological parameters. It turns out that the H-B model was the best one to describe the rheological properties of the high-density drilling fluid under HTHP conditions and power law model produced the worst fit. In addition, a new mathematical model that describes the apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure was established and has been applied on site.

Carbon nanotube enhanced water-based drilling fluid for high temperature and high salinity deep resource development

Drilling fluids face failure during drilling deep reservoir with high temperature and high salt.The experimental results show that high temperature and salinity reduce the negative charge on the surface of bentonite in the drilling fluid and cause the coalescence of bentonite particles.As a result,the particles coalesce,the grid structure is destroyed,and the rheological properties,rock-carrying capacity and filtration properties are lost.To resolve the foregoing,in this study,0.05-wt%carbon nanotubes are introduced into a 4%bentonite drilling fluid under conditions where the temperature and concentration of added Na Cl reach 180°C and 10 wt%,respectively.The carbon nanotubes adsorb on the bentonite surface and increase the space among bentonite particles.The steric hindrance prevents the coalescence of bentonite in high temperature and high salt environment.Thus bentonite maintains the small size distribution of bentonite and supports the bentonite grid structure in the drilling fluid.As a result,the rock-carrying capacity of the drilling fluid increases by 85.1%.Moreover,the mud cake formed by the accumulation of small-sized bentonite particles is dense;consequently,the filtration of bentonite drilling fluid reduced by 30.2%.

Rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure

The rheological properties of two kinds of oil-based drilling fluids with typically composition were studied at pressures up to 138 MPa and temperatures up to 204 ℃ using the RheoChan 7400 Rheometer.The experimental results show that the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point decrease with the increase of temperature,and increase with the increase of pressure.The effect of pressure on the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point is considerable at ambient temperature.However,this effect gradually reduces with the increase of temperature.The major factor influencing the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids is temperature instead of pressure in the deep sections of oil wells.On the basis of numerous experiments,the model for predict the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and pressure was established using the method of regressive analysis.It is confirmed that the calculated data are in good agreement with the measured data,and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.98.The model is convenient for use and suitable for the application in drilling operations.

Experimental Study on Water-rock Reactions with CO2 Fluid in a Deep Sandstone Formation under High Temperature and Pressure

Qiongdongnan Basin has a tectonic geological background of high temperature and high pressure in a deep reservoir setting,with mantle-derived CO2.A water-rock reaction device was used under high temperature and high pressure conditions,in conjunction with scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations,to carry out an experimental study of the diagenetic reaction between sandstone at depth and CO2-rich fluid,which is of great significance for revealing the dissolution of deep clastic rock reservoirs and the developmental mechanism of secondary pores,promoting deep oil and gas exploration.In this study,the experimental scheme of the water-rock reaction system was designed according to the parameters of the diagenetic background of the deep sandstone reservoir in the Qiongdongnan Basin.Three groups of single mineral samples were prepared in this experiment,including K-feldspar samples,albite samples and calcite samples.Using CO2 as a reaction solution,a series of diagenetic reaction simulation experiments were carried out in a semi-closed high temperature and high pressure simulation system.A field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to observe the microscopic appearance of the mineral samples after the water-rock reaction,the characteristics of dissolution under high temperature and high pressure,as well as the development of secondary pores.The experimental results showed that the CO2-rich fluid has an obvious dissolution effect on K-feldspar,albite and calcite under high temperature and high pressure.For the three minerals,the main temperature and pressure window for dissolution ranged from 150℃to 300℃and 45 MPa to 60 MPa.Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the dissolution effect of K-feldspar is most obvious under conditions of 150℃and 45 MPa,in contrast to conditions of200℃and 50 MPa for albite and calcite.Through the comparative analysis of experimental conditions and procedures,a coupling effect occurred between the temperature and pressure change and the dissolution strength and calcite.Under high temperature and high pressure,pressure changed the solubility of CO2,furthermore,the dissolution effect and strength of the sandstone components were also affected.The experiment revealed that high temperature and high pressure conditions with CO2-rich fluid has a significant dissolution effect on aluminosilicate minerals and is conducive to the formation of secondary pores and effective reservoirs.Going forward with the above understanding has important implications for the promotion of deep oil and gas exploration.

Development of a High Temperature and High Pressure Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Emulsion Stability Tester

When drilling deep wells and ultra-deep wells, the downhole high temperature and high pressure environment will affect the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids. Moreover, neither the demulsification voltage method nor the centrifugal method currently used to evaluate the stability of oil-based drilling fluids can reflect the emulsification stability of drilling fluids under high temperature and high pressure on site. Therefore, a high-temperature and high-pressure oil-based drilling fluid emulsion stability evaluation instrument is studied, which is mainly composed of a high-temperature autoclave body, a test electrode, a temperature control system, a pressure control system, and a test system. The stability test results of the instrument show that the instrument can achieve stable testing and the test data has high reliability. This instrument is used to analyze the factors affecting the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids. The experimental results show that under the same conditions, the higher the stirring speed, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid;the longer the stirring time, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid;the greater the oil-water ratio, the better the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid. And the test results of the emulsification stability of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure show that under the same pressure, as the temperature rises, the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is significantly reduced;at the same temperature, the With the increase in pressure, the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is in a downward trend, but the decline is not large. Relatively speaking, the influence of temperature on the emulsion stability of oil-based drilling fluids is greater than that of pressure.

Research progress and development of deep and ultra-deep drilling fluid technology

The research progress of deep and ultra-deep drilling fluid technology systematically reviewed,the key problems existing are analyzed,and the future development direction is proposed.In view of the high temperature,high pressure and high stress,fracture development,wellbore instability,drilling fluid lost circulation and other problems faced in the process of deep and ultra-deep complex oil and gas drilling,scholars have developed deep and ultra-deep high-temperature and high-salt resistant water-based drilling fluid technology,high-temperature resistant oil-based/synthetic drilling fluid technology,drilling fluid technology for reservoir protection and drilling fluid lost circulation control technology.However,there are still some key problems such as insufficient resistance to high temperature,high pressure and high stress,wellbore instability and serious lost circulation.Therefore,the development direction of deep and ultra-deep drilling fluid technology in the future is proposed:(1)The technology of high-temperature and high-salt resistant water-based drilling fluid should focus on improving high temperature stability,improving rheological properties,strengthening filtration control and improving compatibility with formation.(2)The technology of oil-based/synthetic drilling fluid resistant to high temperature should further study in the aspects of easily degradable environmental protection additives with low toxicity such as high temperature stabilizer,rheological regulator and related supporting technologies.(3)The drilling fluid technology for reservoir protection should be devoted to the development of new high-performance additives and materials,and further improve the real-time monitoring technology by introducing advanced sensor networks and artificial intelligence algorithms.(4)The lost circulation control of drilling fluid should pay more attention to the integration and application of intelligent technology,the research and application of high-performance plugging materials,the exploration of diversified plugging techniques and methods,and the improvement of environmental protection and production safety awareness.

Laboratory Study on 210°C High Temperature and Salt Resistant Drilling Fluid

Combined with the current research status in this area at home and abroad, with the improvement of salt and high temperature resistance as the research goal, the laboratory research of salt and high temperature resistant drilling fluid system has been carried out, and lubricants, inhibitors and stabilizers have been optimized. The final drilling fluid formula is: water + 3% sepiolite + 0.3% Na2CO3 + 3% RH-225 + 3% KCOOH + 3% G-SPH + 3% CQA-10 + 1.5% ZX-1 + Xinjiang barite, density 2.2 g/cm3, using hot-rolling furnace, environmental scanning electron microscope, high temperature and high pressure plugging instrument and Zeiss microscopes and other instruments use core immersion experiments, permeability recovery value experiments, and static stratification index methods to perform temperature resistance, reservoir protection, plugging performance, and static settlement stability performance of the configured drilling fluid., Inhibition performance, biological toxicity, salt resistance, anti-pollution performance have been tested, and it is concluded that the temperature resistance is good under the condition of 210°C, and the salt resistance can meet the requirements of 20% NaCl + 0.5% CaCl2 concentration. It has a good reservoir protection effect, the permeability recovery value can reach more than 90%, the performance of restraining water dispersion and cuttings expansion is good, the heat roll recovery rate can reach more than 85%, and the SSSI value shows that its settlement stability performance is good;Its plugging performance is good under high temperature and high pressure. It laid the foundation for the next step to promote the field application of the drilling fluid system.

Lost circulation material for abnormally high temperature and pressure fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in Tazhong block, Tarim Basin, NW China

To effectively solve the problem of lost circulation and well kick frequently occurring during the drilling of abnormally high temperature and pressure fractured-vuggy reservoirs in the Tazhong block, a rigid particle material, GZD, with high temperature tolerance, high rigidity(> 8 MPa) and low abrasiveness has been selected based on geological characteristics of the theft zones in the reservoirs. Through static pressure sealing experiments, its dosage when used alone and when used in combination with lignin fiber, elastic material SQD-98 and calcium carbonate were optimized, and the formula of a new type(SXM-I) of compound lost circulation material with high temperature tolerance and high strength was formed. Its performance was evaluated by compatibility test, static sealing experiment and sand bed plugging experiment. The test results show that it has good compatibility with drilling fluid used commonly and is able to plug fractures and vugs, the sealed fractures are able to withstand the static pressure of more than 9 MPa and the cumulative leakage is 13.4 mL. The mud filtrate invasion depth is only 2.5 cm in 30 min when the sand bed is made of particles with sizes between 10 mesh and 20 mesh. Overall, with good sealing property and high temperature and high pressure tolerance, the lost circulation material provides strong technical support for the safety drilling in the block.

Tannin-Based Deflocculants in High Temperature High Pressure Wells: A Comprehensive Review

Clay deflocculants that are commonly used in water-based muds under high temperature high pressure (HTHP) oilwell drilling conditions have been found to contain chromium which is toxic. Tannin-based deflocculants are regarded as a more environmentally friendly and suitable alternative to the chrome-based deflocculants. However, tannin-based deflocculants have not been studied extensively and understood completely, and for the past two years, there have not been many active pieces of research in the area. To advance research in the area, there is a need to critically and holistically review research works that have been done so far on tannin-based deflocculants as drilling mud additives to identify research challenges and opportunities. This review paper provides an overview of tannin-based deflocculants used in water-based muds under HTHP drilling conditions, including the various forms, thermal stability, deflocculating ability and environmental acceptance of the deflocculant. The review revealed that under HTHP conditions, modified and unmodified tannin-based deflocculants both deflocculate water muds well and are thermostable. However, only a few studies have been conducted on their usage as deflocculants at temperatures of 150ºC or above. The research gaps identified if pursued could advance the use of tannin-based deflocculants as green substitutes for the conventional chrome-based deflocculants.

Hydrophobic silica nanoparticle-stabilized invert emulsion as drilling fluid for deep drilling

An oil-based drilling fluid should be stable and tolerant to high temperatures for use in deep drilling. An invert emulsion of water in oil is a good choice as an oil- based drilling fluid which is a mixture of a solid phase and two immiscible liquid phases stabilized by a polymeric surfactant. In deep drilling, due to high temperatures, the polymeric surfactant degrades and a phase separation occurs. Here, octadecyltrimethoxysilane-modified silica nanoparticles were used to form a stable invert emulsion of water in oil for the drilling fluid model which resulted in a milky fluid with the formation of 60 gm water droplets. In addition, rheological study showed that using hydrophobic silica nanoparticles resulted in a stable water in oil invert emulsion with desired properties for a drilling fluid that can be modified by adjusting the nanoparticle nature and content. Aging experiments at 120 ℃ indicated that they also have good stability at high temperatures for challenging drilling operations.

Study on a Polyamine-Based Anti-Collapse Drilling Fluid System

In complex strata, oil-based drilling fluid is the preferred drilling fluid system, but its preparation cost is high, and there are hidden safety risks. Therefore, the new progress of high-performance anti-collapse water-based drilling fluid at home and abroad is analyzed. It is difficult to prevent and control the well collapse. Once the well wall instability problem occurs, it will often bring huge economic losses to the enterprises, and the underground safety accidents will occur. In order to ensure the stability of the well wall and improve the downhole safety, the key treatment agent of water-based collapse drilling fluid is selected, the anti-collapse drilling fluid system is formulated, the evaluation method of drilling fluid prevention performance is established, and a set of water-based drilling fluid system suitable for easy to collapse strata in China is selected to ensure the downhole safety. The development trend of high performance anti-collapse water-based drilling fluid is expected to provide a reference for the research of high performance anti-collapse water-based drilling fluid system and key treatment agent.

抗高温包被剂PAAND的研制与性能评价

为了解决深井超深井钻进过程中水基钻井液包被剂抗温包被性能不足的问题,采用NVP、AM、DMDAAC制得了抗高温包被剂PAAND,优选最佳合成条件为:NVP、AM、DMDAAC质量比1∶6∶3,AM水解度60%,引发剂加量0.1%,反应温度55℃,反应时间5 h。利用红外、热重、扫描电镜等手段对其结构性能与作用机理进行了分析,并对其包被性能进行了评价。研究结果表明:PAAND分解温度为232℃,抗高温性性能优异,钻屑在0.2%PAAND水溶液中180℃热滚一次滚动回收率与二次滚动回收率分别为80.85%和79.16%,动切力上升率低至164%,性能优于市面上常用的KPAM和FA367。PAAND通过多点吸附包被在钻屑表面,形成了聚合物"保护膜",防止了钻屑与水分的直接接触。

塔里木油田超深层钻井技术进展及难题探讨

当前,塔里木油田以超深特深层为代表的深地油气资源开发对满足我国经济发展需求和保障能源安全至关重要。经过数十年的探索和实践,塔里木油田创新形成了超深复杂井井身结构设计、超深难钻地层钻井提速、超深大斜度井水平井钻井、超深复杂地层钻完井液、超深复杂地层固井、高温高压井完整性、超深复杂井井控等一系列超深层钻井技术,保障深地油气勘探获得重大突破并创造多项纪录。伴随超深井数量持续增加,工程地质条件更加复杂,井下环境更加苛刻,超深层钻井过程势必面临新的工程难题和挑战,严重制约深地油气资源安全高效开发。为此,通过概括塔里木油田钻井工程技术发展历程,系统梳理了深地钻井工程技术取得的主要技术进展,并结合新的勘探开发形势与油气开发要求,指出了塔里木油田钻井工程技术从超深层迈入特深层新时期的焦点问题及攻关发展方向,为国内外深地复杂油气井安全高效钻进提供借鉴和参考。

中国石化超深层钻完井关键技术挑战及展望

超深层是中国石化油气勘探开发的重要增储上产领域。针对超深层勘探开发需求和高温高压及复杂地质环境带来的工程挑战,中国石化持续开展关键技术攻关,在钻完井基础理论和方法、钻完井装备、高温井筒工作液、耐高温井下工具仪器和完井测试等方面取得关键技术进展,保障了120口超8 000 m油气井的安全钻探,钻深能力突破9 000 m,助推塔里木盆地顺北大型超深油气田建设、四川盆地海相特深层油气勘探开发突破,为保障超深层油气勘探开发提供了有力的工程技术支撑。随着油气勘探开发不断向更深层推进,技术升级转型需求日益迫切,需进一步夯实理论研究基础,突破耐高温关键工具仪器和井筒工作液,加快推进钻完井工程技术向数智化转型,为保障深层、超深层油气高效勘探开发和加快技术升级转型提供工程技术支撑。

基于多臂结构抗高温高盐降滤失剂的合成及作用机制

以季戊四醇烯丙基醚为核心,合成具有多臂结构的超支化聚合物降滤失剂JHPAN,研究和分析JHPAN配制的钻井液在高温、高盐条件下的流变性能、降滤失性能和降滤失作用机制。结果表明:在加量(质量分数)为1.0%时,220℃老化前后,淡水浆的表观黏度分别为10.5和10.0 mPa·s,塑性黏度分别为9.0和11.0 mPa·s,动切力分别为1.5和1.0 Pa;在加量为1.0%时,220℃老化16 h后,饱和NaCl盐水浆的API滤失量和高温高压滤失量分别为11.8和25.5 mL;JHPAN的多臂结构中含有大量的吸附基团和抗温耐盐基团有助于钻井液高温、高盐环境下形成致密的泥饼,从而提升其降滤失效果。

四川盆地深层页岩气钻井关键技术新进展及发展展望

四川盆地页岩气资源丰富,目前深层页岩气已成为该盆地天然气增储上产的重点领域,但随着埋深增加和构造背景变化,地质工程条件将更加复杂,钻井过程中将面临井漏风险高、井下工具高温易失效、水平井轨迹控制难度大等技术难题。为此,在系统分析已完钻井实钻数据的基础上,依据深层页岩气区块地质工程特征,系统梳理了影响安全优快钻井的关键技术难点,形成了以地质工程一体化导向技术、钻井提速技术、防漏治漏与复杂防治技术为主体的深层页岩气安全优快钻井关键技术系列。研究结果表明:(1)以精细地质建模优选地质工程“双甜点”、实时靶体追踪为主的地质工程一体化导向技术,实现了地质目标的精准优选和精确追踪;(2)以“高效PDC钻头选型+个性化优化+大扭矩螺杆”高效破岩技术、“MSE+CCS”参数实时优化技术、油基钻井液地面降温+高温旋转导向技术为主的钻井提速技术,实现了页岩气钻井提速提效;(3)以井壁稳定性评价、裂缝性漏层识别、井漏与复杂防治为主的复杂防治技术,从源头降低了井下漏失和卡钻风险。结论认为:(1)形成的深层页岩气安全优快钻井技术,显著提高了机械钻速和铂金靶体钻遇率,在现场规模化推广应用200余口井,单井平均钻井周期降低42.7%,钻井提速效果显著,有力支撑了深层页岩气效益规模开发;(2)深层页岩气钻井将聚焦“地质工程一体化、水平段一趟钻、防漏治漏及智能钻井决策”等方面的技术攻关。

干热岩定向钻井关键技术研究与应用

为推动干热岩产业化步伐,中国地质调查局在青海共和盆地部署了我国首例干热岩试验性开发工程,采用一口直井注入和两口定向井采出的开发模式,文章就定向井钻井关键技术进行研究与应用。青海共和盆地干热岩主要为花岗岩,地层硬度大、研磨性强、温度高,加上大规模储存改造的影响,定向井钻井作业存在机械钻速低、碎岩工具寿命短、测量仪器耐温差、信号不稳定、井眼轨迹控制难度大等技术难题。为保证钻井作业顺利推进,从井眼轨迹控制、提高井下工具耐温耐磨能力、提高钻井液高温流变性能、钻井液主动降温等技术手段入手,创新研发了耐高温MWD、抗高温聚合物钻井液体系、螺旋板式钻井液冷却装置等关键技术与装备,优选了“牙轮钻头+单弯螺杆+MWD”钻具组合,安全高效地完成了双靶点定向井施工,AB靶心的中靶精度分别为4.85 m和8.97 m,钻井周期缩短20%以上,并取得了最高进尺175.00 m、最快机械钻速3.74 m/h的提速增效成果。

防漏堵漏低密度水泥浆技术

跃进3-3XC井完钻井深达9432 m,水平钻进距离超过3400 m,刷新了亚洲最深和超深水平大位移井的纪录。该井地质结构复杂,施工难度大,对水泥浆性能要求高,除了高温、高压外,地层承压能力低,极易发生漏失。针对此类问题,通过研发新型功能性材料,构建了C-Lo PSD(1.30 g/cm^(3))、C-Lite STONE(1.60 g/cm^(3))与C-Hi PSD(1.40 g/cm^(3))三套低密度水泥浆体系,涵盖了中低温、高温等应用条件,并在跃进3-3XC井中成功应用,水泥浆性能满足固井需求。与之前用水泥浆体系相比,混浆效率、流变性、悬浮稳定性、水泥石抗压强度等明显提升。其中,C-Lite STONE(T_(BHC)=75℃/T_(TOC)=30℃)与C-Hi PSD(T_(BHC)=145℃/T_(TOC)=105℃)水泥浆体系在温差分别为45℃和40℃下,顶部48 h抗压强度达到8.1 MPa和14.3 MPa。跃进3-3XC井在施工期间多次遭遇漏失,通过使用自研的新型堵漏材料C-B62和C-B66,成功封堵裂缝,保证了固井施工的顺利进行。

深层地热能丛式多分支U型井采热技术及传热算法

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