ESTIMAING AMOUNT OF EXPLOSIVE FOR FRACTURE PLANE CONTROL BLASTING WITH NOTCHED BOREHOLES

With the development of fracture mechanics,the fracture plane control blasting with notched borcholes hascome into being.This technique is used to create a satisfactory presplit along the contour of an excavation inrock.However,the amount of explosive loaded in each hol usually is determined by trial and error.Because ofthis,two approaches estimating the amount of explosive for the blasting technique are suggested.

Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes

The cavity formation and propagation process of stress wave from parallel hole cut blasting was simulated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D nonlinear dynamic finite element software. The distribution of element plastic strain, node velocity, node time-acceleration history and the blasting cartridge volume ratio during the process were analyzed. It was found that the detonation of charged holes would cause the interaction of stress wave with the wall of uncharged holes. Initial rock cracking and displacement to neighboring uncharged holes become the main mechanism of cavity formation in early stage.2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

Modified scaled distance regression analysis approach for prediction of blast-induced ground vibration in multi-hole blasting

The blast-induced ground vibration prediction using scaled distance regression analysis is one of the most popular methods employed by engineers for many decades. It uses the maximum charge per delay and distance of monitoring as the major factors for predicting the peak particle velocity(PPV). It is established that the PPV is caused by the maximum charge per delay which varies with the distance of monitoring and site geology. While conducting a production blasting, the waves induced by blasting of different holes interfere destructively with each other, which may result in higher PPV than the predicted value with scaled distance regression analysis. This phenomenon of interference/superimposition of waves is not considered while using scaled distance regression analysis. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the predicted values of blast-induced ground vibration using multi-hole trial blasting with single-hole blasting in an opencast coal mine under the same geological condition. Further,the modified prediction equation for the multi-hole trial blasting was obtained using single-hole regression analysis. The error between predicted and actual values of multi-hole blast-induced ground vibration was found to be reduced by 8.5%.

Theoretical and numerical simulation investigation of deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting

Drilling and blasting methods have been used as a common driving technique for shallow-hole driving and blasting in rock roadways.With the advent of digital electronic detonators and the need for increased production efciency,the traditional blasting design is no longer suitable for deep hole blasting.In this paper,a disperse charge cut blasting method was proposed to address the issues of low excavation depth and high block rate in deep hole undercut blasting.First,a blasting model was used to illustrate the mechanism of the deep hole dispersive charge cut blasting process.Then,continuous charge and dispersed charge blasting models were developed using the smooth particle hydrodynamics-fnite element method(SPHFEM).The cutting parameters were determined theoretically,and the cutting efciency was introduced to evaluate the cutting efect.The blasting efects of the two charging models were analyzed utilizing the evolution law of rock damage,the number of rock particles thrown,and the cutting efciency.The results show that using a dispersed charge improves the cutting efciency by about 20%and the rock breakage for the deep hole cut blasting compared to the traditional continuous charge.In addition,important parameters such as cutting hole spacing,cutting hole depth and upper charge proportion also have a signifcant impact on the cutting efect.Finally,the deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting technology is combined with the digital electronic detonator through the feld engineering practice.It provides a reference for the subsequent deep hole cutting blasting and the use of electronic detonators in rock roadways.

Influence of delay interval on blasting efficiency of parallel hole cuts with an empty hole

Time interval of short delay ignition is an important factor to affect theefficiency of blasting cuts. The motion process of rock pieces in the cut cavity is analyzed, amechanical model to calculate the delay time of parallel hole cuts is presented for tunnel blasting,and a theoretical method to determine the volume ratio (the clearage rate) of the rock pieceswithin the cut cavity at different moments is proposed for the blasting cut with an empty hole.Numerical analysis results show that the optimal delay interval is proportional to the boreholedepth. The suggested results are of practical value to the optimal design of the delay interval inmillisecond blasting related to the parallel hole cuts with an empty hole.

Research on the control technology of medium-length hole blasting fragmentation in underground mine

The scalloped medium-length hole blasting mining method used in Dahongshan Copper Mine accounted for more than 61%of the total amount of mining,but the large boulder yield restricted the intensity of ore supply for mines,and the average boulder yield was as high as 22.7%.In order to develop the mine production efficiency,the circular medium-length hole blasting technology was proposed and field tests were carried out.The test results showed that circular medium-length hole blasting mining can reduce the average boulder yield to 10.3%.Compared with the traditional scalloped medium-length hole blasting mining,the average boulder yield was decreased by 12.4%.The daily yield of ore for the panel on duty was increased by 152.29 t,and the growth rate was 51.1%.The new technology can reduce the time for the handling of boulder and the consumption of explosives and detonators for recrushing,and increase the efficiency of mining while reduce the mining cost,which has received good blasting effects.

Blasting technologies of vibration damping in subway tunnel passing under upper buildings closely

Reducing the blasting vibration is important for blasting excavation in subway tunnel construction.Taking the 3rd bid section of Line 3 of Qingdao subway project as an example,the distance between tunnel vault and ground is 5 ~ 8 m.In order to insure the safety of the upper buildings,technologies of parallel cut with large diameter empty hole,one-time initiation and delay by parts,and multiple shallow holes were adopted in the project.The results showed that the maximum value of vertical vibration was limited in the criterion allowance,and the upper buildings were not damaged.Besides,problems were solved that the number of nonel detonator was difficult to meet the requirements of excavating a large cross-section tunnel by blasting,multiple cross-section could’t be initiated simultaneously,and construction efficiency was low,which ensure the construction safety and schedule.

Numerical simulation of blasting effect with divided charge structure

This paper numerically simulates the stress development and generates a three-dimensional model of the medium-length hole blasting in infinite rock mass for continuous charge and divided charge in blasting by using the large-scale nonlinear dynamic analysis software LS-DYNA and the elastic-plastic model ~*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC and JWO-EOS.The differences of the decreasing rate in Von Mises effective stress of blasting,element effective stress peak of free surface,bore wall stress and acceleration are investigated.It is shown that divided charge could greatly improve the blasting effect by engineering blasting practice.

Velocity of detonation measurement and fragmentation analysis to evaluate blasting efficacy

In holes, the measurement of the velocity of detonation（VOD） helps in comparing and evaluating relative performance of explosives. In this paper a blast performance assessment was conducted based on the results obtained from the steady state VOD measurement of emulsion explosives HEF100 and degree of blast fragmentation conducted on an open pit blast. The aim of this study was to compare the steady state VOD measured in the field and the published VOD of HEF100 under ideal laboratory conditions and ascertain its efficacy. In the trial, a resistance wire continuous VOD measurement system connected to a SpeedVOD was employed to measure and record the steady state VOD values from five different blast holes. Furthermore, a post fragmentation analysis was conducted using the existing fragmentation models and an image processing software. The steady state VOD values recorded from the field ranged between 4981 m/s to 5387 m/s consistent with the published VOD subjected to ideal laboratory conditions and the analyzed fragmentation size distribution indicates that 90% of the blasted muck pile was within the allowable and optimal 700 mm passing size.

STUDY ON THE ON－LINE OPTIMAL CONTROL OF PARAMETERS OF THREE－CONE BLAST HOLE DRILLS

A model recognition method for the on-line optimal control of the parameters ofthree-cone blast drills is developed. It takes a few of on-line measurements and has a rapidoptimization speed. The mathematic model for on-line optimal control of the parameters and thedetermination of the parameters in the model are also presented.

基于RHT本构模型的连续装药预裂爆破孔距优化研究

为解决北衙金矿在使用预裂爆破技术时整体爆破效果不佳的问题,基于RHT损伤本构模型,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件,开展了不同孔距下预裂爆破的数值模拟研究。结果表明:当预裂孔炮孔间距为120 cm时,孔间裂纹存在较为明显的分叉,且裂纹扩展范围较大;当炮孔间距为130 cm时,裂纹向四周扩展的范围减小,且炮孔周围岩石的损伤程度明显降低;当炮孔间距增加至140 cm时,相邻预裂孔连线上的裂纹仅在局部连通,无法实现孔间贯穿。上述结果说明,130 cm的炮孔间距在降低预裂爆破自身对岩体的扰动与实现有效爆破成缝之间达到了平衡。基于数值模拟试验结果开展了现场试验,爆破效果良好。研究结果可为矿山的预裂爆破设计和施工提供参考。

地应力影响下的五孔掏槽爆破岩石损伤效应研究

在地下矿山开采过程中,地应力对巷道掘进效率的影响日益显著。本研究以某地下铁矿为研究对象,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟不同地应力条件下五孔掏槽爆破掏槽孔孔间延期时间对岩石损伤程度的影响。通过现场爆破实验和块度识别软件验证模拟结果,探究了地应力、孔间延期时间与岩石损伤程度之间的关系。研究结果表明,地应力由0 MPa增加到10 MPa,五孔掏槽爆破掏槽孔最佳延期时间由60 ms减少为10 ms,相应的岩石损伤程度降低79%。地应力对爆破远区岩石裂纹的发育影响较大,而对近区影响较小。现场实验进一步证实了数值模拟的结论,表明可以根据实际地应力大小合理设置延期时间,有效降低大块率,提高爆破效率。

Continuous-discontinuous analysis of bench blasting in open-pit mining: Influences of hole packing and caving holes

Bench blasting is commonly used in open-pit mining.Some design parameters such as positions of hole packing and caving holes have great influences on the blasting effects.In this work,with a hybrid discrete-finite element method,numerical simulations of bench blasting are conducted,capturing the whole continuous-discontinuous processes.Considering two engineering cases,the influences of hole packing and caving holes are evaluated.The numerical results not only lead to some improved designs by relocating the packing positions and caving holes but also indicate the reliability of the adopted numerical tools.

孔内多分段掏槽爆破数值模拟及实验研究

针对传统煤矿巷道掏槽爆破成本高、炮孔利用率低等问题,提出了一种孔内多分段掏槽爆破技术。通过采用ANSYS/AUTODYN数值模拟软件建立直眼掏槽、楔形掏槽和孔内多分段掏槽3组仿真模型,结合SPH算法进行仿真计算,对比分析了不同掏槽爆破模型的进尺效果,并针对孔内多分段掏槽爆破方法进行了现场缩比实验。研究表明:孔内多分段掏槽爆破模型理论上具有改善掘进面掏槽区自由面形态、破除岩石夹制力、增强爆破作用力等多种优点;仿真结果显示孔内多分段掏槽模型炮孔利用率可达97%,高于直眼掏槽和楔形掏槽;现场缩比实验结果表明,孔内多分段掏槽爆破进尺效果良好,最高可达100%,充分证明了孔内多分段掏槽爆破技术的优越性。

Coal seam drainage enhancement using borehole presplitting basting technology——A case study in Huainan

Xinji No. 2 underground coal mine extracts the coal seams #4 and #5. These two seams are highly gassy and gas drainage is required to control mine gas emission and reduce outburst risk. Because the seam permeability coefficient is very low and around 0.1 m^2/(MPa^2·d), a number of technologies have been trialled to enhance the seam permeability prior to gas drainage. Of these technologies trialled, the deep borehole presplitting blasting technology has been proven to be quite effective in increasing permeability. In Xinji No. 2 mine it doubled or sometimes tripled gas drainage volume. This paper describes the technology, its application in the enhancement of seam permeability in Xinji No. 2 coal mine, and its effect on gas drainage performance.

炮孔间距对偏心不耦合装药贯通裂纹扩展的影响

为研究光面爆破中偏心不耦合装药炮孔间距对贯通裂纹扩展的影响,利用同心不耦合装药的孔壁压力计算公式并结合应力波叠加原理,推导偏心不耦合装药的炮孔间距计算方法。基于求得的炮孔间距范围,计算3种岩石介质在不同炮孔间距条件下贯通裂纹的扩展位置,并选择砂岩材料进行数值模拟。结果表明:偏心不耦合装药爆破中,贯通裂纹主要集中于偏心侧;抗拉强度大的岩石,贯通裂纹偏离炮孔连心线的程度也较大。砂岩的炮孔间距为60 cm时,贯通裂纹扩展方向与炮孔连心线重合,连心线下方出现裂纹比较集中的贯通区域;炮孔间距的增大导致贯通裂纹远离炮孔连心线,从而造成欠挖。偏心不耦合装药爆破后,偏心侧岩石的损伤明显大于非偏心侧。

周边眼偏位空孔爆破设计优化研究与应用

依据已有研究对空孔效应和设置空孔时裂纹扩展规律进行探讨,发现空孔有利于裂纹贯通,对提升爆破效果有一定帮助,但也发现传统的直线型空孔布置会导致裂纹偏向,即在空孔附近转向、偏离原发展路径,影响原设计开挖轮廓。若设置偏位空孔,则可充分利用空孔效应及导向作用以提高开挖质量。对于偏位空孔在爆破中的效应,采用数值模拟研究了不同炮孔间距、空孔偏位角下的裂纹扩展规律和炮孔间贯通情况,探讨了最优偏位角度设计,并根据模拟结果对现场爆破方案进行优化,研究实际应用效果。研究结果表明:偏位空孔对爆生裂纹具有较直线空孔更明显的导向作用,主要表现在爆生裂纹尖端向空孔本身发展或被空孔裂纹引导偏向、最终主裂纹与空孔连通或在空孔范围之外主裂纹相贯通,更利于炮孔主裂纹扩展与贯通;通过提取模拟结果并测量裂纹范围,对于孔间距在60 cm及以下时,适用于周边眼爆破设计的最优偏位角为15°,在此情况下炮孔连线方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,能显著提升贯通效果;对于优化后的福厦铁路某隧道爆破施工方案,通过振速监测及超欠挖断面扫描分析,发现周边眼起爆引起的爆破振速降低了超过50%,超欠挖值也由平均25 cm降低至15 cm以内,整体应用效果良好。该项研究可为隧道爆破减振及超欠挖控制研究提供一定参考。

中凯矿业大直径深孔爆破落矿装药结构优化研究

装药结构对厚大矿体大直径深孔爆破落矿效果具有重要影响。中凯矿业帮中矿区现行装药结构(空气间隔长度比例24.2%)存在爆破后冲破坏作用严重的问题,造成后一排炮孔堵塞、坍塌甚至报废,严重影响生产效率;而盲目增大空气间隔长度比例则存在爆破大块率增加的风险。以矿山实际的炸药和岩石参数为基础,采用数值模拟软件LSDYNA开展大直径深孔爆破落矿装药结构优化研究。选择常用空气间隔器作为间隔材料,以空气间隔长度比例为研究对象设计了12种装药结构方案进行数值模拟,得到了装药结构与爆破后冲作用、大块率、自由面质点振动峰值速度以及峰值有效应力等评价指标之间的关系。结果表明:自由面质点振动峰值速度以及峰值有效应力随空气间隔长度比例增加逐渐下降;当空气间隔长度比例小于等于30.5%时后冲作用明显,后排炮孔可能出现塌孔现象,当空气间隔长度比例大于等于45.3%时,存在大块率增加的风险,最优装药结构的空气间隔长度比例为44.2%。现场深孔爆破落矿试验表明,优化的装药结构爆破后大块率为7.1%且爆破后冲作用得到有效控制。

3种现场混装炸药耦合装药炮孔壁峰值压力计算

炮孔壁峰值压力是产生炮孔周围应力场的源头,是造成孔壁附近岩石破坏的强动载荷。对于耦合装药,炮孔壁峰值压力是由爆轰波碰撞孔壁而生产的,通常这种碰撞是斜碰撞,并不是正碰撞。基于这样的物理事实,通过对现有耦合装药孔壁压力计算方法行了评述,并提出斜碰撞的炮孔壁峰值压力计算方法。结果表明,爆轰冲击理论计算结果接近实测值和数值模拟值;引入斜入射系数可计算爆轰波斜入射时孔壁压力,爆轰波碰撞在炸药与孔壁的分界面上,在不同的入射角度下,作用在孔壁的压力是不同的。孔壁压力与炸药特性、岩体特性、爆轰波曲率半径、爆轰波入射角等有关。

双孔切缝爆破裂纹扩展机理及损伤特性研究

为研究双孔切缝爆破控制断裂损伤效果,开展现场双孔切缝爆破试验,结合ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件构建试验双孔切缝爆破模型,对比分析其裂纹扩展与孔壁气体单元压力变化。现场结果表明:爆后两炮孔间在切缝方向形成贯穿相交断裂面,半眼残痕更加明显;改变切缝角度至157°,裂纹仍会向切缝方向发展,切缝导向作用不受角度改变而影响;增设孔间空孔时断裂效果优于无空孔切缝爆破,说明空孔的存在能有效改善切缝爆破的定向断裂效果。模型结果显示:裂纹扩展与损伤与现场结果基本拟合,对比分析双孔切缝爆破与普通光面爆破模型,应力波的叠加作用使得孔间裂纹发育发生偏转,在两炮孔间形成裂纹空白带;分析孔壁0°~90°周围气体单元压力峰值,切缝方向达到压力峰值的时间早于非切缝方向,切缝爆破在0°~15°区间内,压力峰值下降幅度较大,随后曲线逐渐趋于平缓,角度越大,峰值变化也越来越小;切缝管在爆炸过程中有效地控制爆炸能量的分布,在切缝处形成应力集中,最大应力峰值约为垂直方向4倍以上。