Roof collapse mechanism of weak surrounding rock for deep-buried tunnels under high geostress conditions

High geostress,a typical attribute of tunnels located at significant depths,is crucial in causing stress-induced failure and influencing the stability of the tunnel crown.This study developed an analytical method for the failure mechanism that occurs in deep-buried tunnel roofs,taking into account the influence of geostress.The limit analysis theory was utilized for deriving analytical solutions about the geometry of the collapsing surface and the limit supporting pressure.The collapsing surface obtained by the analytical solution was validated by the findings of the physical model test,which shows a high level of agreement with the actual one.An extensive investigation was done to explore the effects of the lateral pressure coefficients,the tunnel buried depth,the geological conditions of the surrounding rock,the long-short axis ratio,and the size of the tunnel profile.The findings indicate that an increase in the lateral pressure coefficient from 0.5 to 1.5 results in a reduction in the height of the collapsing zone by 2.08 m and the width of the collapsing zone by 1.15 m,while simultaneously increases the limit supporting pressure by 18.9%.The proposed upper bound method accurately determines the limit supporting pressure and the geometry of the collapsing surface,which aligns well with the results acquired through numerical modelling and on-site monitoring in actual engineering applications.The proposed analytical method can serve as a reference for similar crown failure issues of deep-buried tunnels.

Dissolution mechanism of a deep-buried sandstone reservoir in a deep water area:A case study from Baiyun Sag,Zhujiang River(Pearl River)Mouth Basin

Dissolution mechanism and favorable reservoir distribution prediction are the key problems restricting oil and gas exploration in deep-buried layers.In this paper,the Enping Formation and Zhuhai Formation in Baiyun Sag of South China Sea was taken as a target.Based on the thin section,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,porosity/permeability measurement,and mercury injection,influencing factors of dissolution were examined,and a dissolution model was established.Further,high-quality reservoirs were predicted temporally and spatially.The results show that dissolved pores constituted the main space of the Paleogene sandstone reservoir.Dissolution primarily occurred in the coarse-and medium-grained sandstones in the subaerial and subaqueous distributary channels,while dissolution was limited in fine-grained sandstones and inequigranular sandstones.The main dissolved minerals were feldspar,tuffaceous matrix,and diagenetic cement.Kaolinization of feldspar and illitization of kaolinite are the main dissolution pathways,but they occur at various depths and temperatures with different geothermal gradients.Dissolution is controlled by four factors,in terms of depositional facies,source rock evolution,overpressure,and fault activities,which co-acted at the period of 23.8–13.8 Ma,and resulted into strong dissolution.Additionally,based on these factors,high-quality reservoirs of the Enping and Zhuhai formations are predicted in the northern slope,southwestern step zone,and Liuhua uplift in the Baiyun Sag.

秸秆绳不开沟深埋还田机切土刀的设计与试验

为解决北方寒地秸秆直接还田难腐解、还田均匀性差以及影响机械化作业播种质量等问题,提出先将作物秸秆加工成秸秆(草)绳后再应用专用设备将草绳深埋还田的新思路。介绍了秸秆绳不开沟深埋还田机整机结构与工作原理,重点对切土刀的结构参数进行了理论分析与设计,并对切土刀切削土壤进行了有限元动力学分析。以作业深度、作业速度为影响因素,以切削阻力为试验指标,进行仿真模拟试验,获得了两因素对切削阻力的影响规律及回归方程。通过田间试验验证了切土刀设计的合理性,为样机设计和新机型的开发提供参考。

浅埋深综放工作面采空区“三带”分布研究

为研究浅埋深综放工作面采空区“三带”分布规律,在串草圪旦煤矿6101综放工作面采空区埋设束管,对采空区“三带”进行了现场实测。实测结果表明:由于煤层埋深浅、地表起伏大、进风侧存在地表漏风,进风侧采空区“三带”明显滞后于回风侧,进回风两侧氧化带宽度分别为87.8 m和61.4 m。利用FLUENT软件对实测条件下该工作面采空区“三带”进行了数值模拟,模拟结果和现场实测结果基本一致。同时模拟了不漏风条件下该工作面采空区“三带”分布,此时采空区散热带、氧化带范围大幅度减小,进风侧采空区氧化带稍大,而工作面中部和回风侧“三带”分布基本一致。

基于围岩应力状态的超大断面隧道深浅埋判定研究

随着目前公路隧道跨度越来越大,而超大跨扁平隧道由于其特殊的形状,使得拱部受力较上圆形隧道更为不利且开挖的影响范围也更大,因此现有深浅埋分界方法的适用性尚需考证。研究采用数值计算与经验公式方法,对比不同跨度、不同围岩级别下超大跨扁平隧道的深浅埋分界,得到适用于此工程的判定方法,同时确定其深浅埋分界范围。研究结果表明:1)主应力旋转轴理论与规范经验法相互补充、相互验证,具有着一定的可操作性,大跨扁平隧道深浅埋分界的判定应结合2种方法综合得到;2)当隧道跨度在19 m左右时,Ⅲ级围岩深浅埋分界值为6 m,Ⅳ级围岩深浅埋分界值为14 m,Ⅴ级围岩深浅埋分界值为34 m。

深埋藏锌多金属矿床开拓方案的选择

随着中国社会的不断进步和发展,对资源的开发与利用更加的科学化、合理化、智能化和绿色化。我国目前依然处于工业化和城镇化的发展阶段,对金属资源有一定的需求。对于埋藏较深的锌多金属矿床的开发与利用显得尤为重要,合理的开拓方案更是重中之重,开拓方案的选择涉及到基建期工程量、矿山建设投资及矿山投产的时间。综合矿体的赋存条件、基建投资、经济效益等多方面因素,对该矿两个矿区同时建设或接续开采、对一矿是否分期开采进行了充分的论证与分析,为同类矿山提供参考。

船舶应急抛锚贯入深度计算方法对比分析

船舶应急抛锚贯入深度对海底管线的埋深有着重要的参考价值,为深入研究当前船舶应急抛锚贯入深度计算方法在相同工况下的特点及适用性,对基于Young公式和基于有限元模拟的船舶应急抛锚贯入深度计算方法进行分析并作对比。结果表明,两种方法的计算结果总体一致,但基于有限元模拟的船舶应急抛锚贯入深度计算方法得到的贯入深度值较大,这可为相关的海底原油管线保护埋深设置时,船舶应急抛锚贯入深度计算提供参考。

埋藏过程对深层-超深层碎屑岩成岩作用及优质储层发育的影响——以准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统清水河组为例

以准噶尔盆地南缘下白垩统清水河组为例,综合利用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针、稳定同位素组成及流体包裹体等技术手段,开展前陆盆地埋藏过程对深层—超深层碎屑岩成岩作用及优质储层发育影响的研究。研究表明,清水河组依次经历了“缓慢浅埋”、“构造抬升”、“渐进深埋”与“快速深埋”4个埋藏阶段。“缓慢浅埋”与“构造抬升”不仅能够缓解储层颗粒间的机械压实作用,还有利于长期保持开放型的成岩体系;既能够促进大气淡水对储层易溶组分的充分溶解,还能够抑制溶蚀产物的沉淀。晚期“快速深埋”过程促成流体超压的发育,一方面有效地抑制压实、胶结作用对原生孔隙的破坏,另一方面也促进储层微裂缝的大量发育,提高了晚期有机酸充注产生的溶蚀效果。基于孔隙度演化史的定量恢复,证实长期“缓慢浅埋”与“构造抬升”过程对深层—超深层优质碎屑岩储层发育的贡献最大,其次为晚期“快速深埋”过程,“渐进深埋”过程则几乎没有贡献。

深埋煤层回采巷道支护参数优化设计

深部煤层受高地应力及采动应力的影响,巷道围岩破碎松散,支护问题较为突出,围岩变形速度快,持续变形时间较长。以古城煤矿3103轨道顺槽的支护方案为研究对象,通过数值计算对支护参数进行优化,采用巷道顶帮强支、强护,底板弱支、弱护,围岩钻孔卸压的“强+弱+卸”三位一体综合围岩控制技术,巷道围岩变形量有所减小,两帮支护效果较为明显,围岩变形量分别减少了37%和14%,优化支护方案符合煤矿的安全生产要求,保证了巷道在掘进过程中安全可靠性。

叠落式暗挖隧道连接方法比选分析

在地铁叠落隧道中,上下层隧道的受力和变形是设计控制的核心问题,因为下层隧道在深埋情况下承担着上部结构传递的荷载,因此关乎着叠落隧道工程建设的成败。传统的叠落隧道模型无法考虑施工过程中下层隧道变形对上层隧道内力、变形的连带影响,且无法考虑上层隧道刚度、承载力、变形的发挥对下层隧道产生的“遮拦效应”。因此,针对目前叠落隧道在设计方法上的不足,为探究上下层隧道不同连接方式对工程的影响,提出了一种更为贴近实际且可以精确地计算下层隧道在深埋情况下承担上部结构传递的荷载的设计模型,并依托北京市某地铁区间暗挖段深埋叠落隧道,采用有限单元法分别建立了带有弹性连接的模型和传统的叠落隧道模型,并进行了计算,分析了不同方法得出的衬砌变形量与内力,然后通过与传统模型曲线进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性。分析结果表明:连接模型计算的内力大于传统模型,传统模型的计算结果受参数选取的影响偏于保守,不够安全;连接模型能够较为真实地反映岩石与上下层隧道开挖的相互作用,从而模拟出岩石地层中暗挖隧道的实际受力状态,所得结论对于同类型地铁叠落隧道工程的设计具有一定的指导意义,同时解决了在设计叠落隧道时传统模型选取单一隧道计算其内力与变形的局限性,提高了叠落隧道结构分析的准确性。

异形钢护筒围护大直径深埋地下管道改迁技术研究与应用

随着地下空间的快速开发,地下工程建设的深度也在增加,实际工程中面临着一大批大直径深埋管道的改迁问题。为了安全可靠地对大直径深埋地下管道进行改迁割接,研究1种异形钢护筒结构对地下管道改迁的施工技术;分别从异形钢护筒内径与企口尺寸、壁厚、下沉激振力、坑底MJS地基加固、地下管道走向边界定位等方面做出具体分析。在宁波市鄞州大道综合管廊工程中,运用该施工技术,对1条横穿盾构轴线的DN1600原水管,完成顺利改迁。通过工程实践,验证该技术适用于淤泥质软土地区大直径深埋地下管道改迁,并具有良好的经济效益与社会效益。

Mechanical Properties of Deep-buried Marble Material Under Loading and Unloading Tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show： in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hock-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.

晚期快速埋藏过程中微裂缝对深层不同成岩强度碎屑岩储集层的改造作用——来自准噶尔盆地南缘白垩系清水河组成岩物理模拟的启示

以准噶尔盆地南缘白垩系清水河组埋藏史为约束,利用露头区低成熟砂岩样品开展成岩物理模拟实验,并结合区域地质资料,探讨微裂缝对不同成岩强度储集层的改造作用及其对优质储集层发育的意义。研究结果表明:大尺度微裂缝主要形成于晚期快速埋深阶段,形成时间与有机酸充注基本发生在同一时期。微裂缝的发育为油气在深层、超深层碎屑岩中的运移创造了良好的条件,也为有机酸沿着微裂缝进入储集层促进胶结物与颗粒发生晚期持续性溶蚀提供了可能。快速埋深前储集层的基质孔隙、微裂缝的发育与否决定了快速埋深过程形成的微裂缝对储集层的改善程度。快速埋深前基质孔隙与微裂缝越发育、胶结程度越低,晚期快速埋深中的微裂缝越发育、溶蚀程度越高,储集层质量的改善程度越明显,实验中储集层渗透率最大增加55%。如果快速埋深前储集层胶结作用强烈、基质孔隙缺乏但已局部发育微裂缝,则晚期快速埋深中的微裂缝发育程度也相对较高,可使渗透率增加43%。但如果快速埋深前储集层的胶结作用强烈、基质孔隙缺乏,且不存在微裂缝,那么晚期快速埋深形成的微裂缝有限,渗透率仅增加16%。晚期快速埋深过程中大尺度微裂缝的形成及其对有机酸溶蚀的促进,是深层、超深层优质储集层发育的重要原因。

Analytical solution for steady seepage into a circular deep-buried mountain tunnel with grouted zone in anisotropic strata

Due to the existence of a large number of discontinuous fractures and interfaces in tunnel surrounding rocks,the groundwater inflow into tunnel generally presents significant anisotropy.Therefore,it is of great significance to consider the anisotropic permeability when dealing with water gushing-induced engineering accidents in water-rich mountain tunnels with large burial depth.In this study,based on the complex variable method and the seepage flow theory,a theoretical model of water inflow into a deep-buried circular tunnel in a fully saturated,anisotropic and semi-infinite aquifer is developed.The influence of grouted zone,initial support and secondary lining is fully considered.By comparison to the existing analytical methods and numerical results,the reliability of this proposed analytical solution is well validated.It is indicated from the parametric study that the groundwater inflow into tunnel presents an upward trend with an increasing value of the strata permeability in the vertical direction.Moreover,the water inflow rate and the total water head decrease with the growth of the thickness of grouting circle.It is suggested that reasonable grouting thickness and permeability should be controlled to enhance the grouting effect.This study provides a practical method for estimating the water inflow into a deep-buried,grouted and lined mountain tunnel considering the anisotropic strata permeability.

塔里木盆地深层碳酸盐岩建造-改造作用与多类型储层有序性分布

我国深层海相碳酸盐具有埋藏深度大、地质时代老、地质演化过程复杂等特点,其储层形成和分布受到众多因素制约,是海相油气勘探面临的关键问题之一。本文总结了团队在塔里木盆地长期研究成果,从深层碳酸盐岩建造和改造作用出发,揭示塔里木盆地多类型碳酸盐岩储层的主要发育条件和有序性分布。(1)塔里木盆地台地格局、地层发育演化及后期的埋藏与改造,均是盆缘构造事件在盆内的构造-沉积作用响应。早古生代盆地经历了地貌张裂分化与小型裂陷群形成、地貌挤压分化与层间不整合发育、古隆起与大型不整合作用、多期不整合叠加与古隆起埋藏改造等演化过程。(2)碳酸盐岩台地沉积过程中存在着不同尺度、不同类型的分异演化作用,可分为雏形期、建造期、鼎盛期和分解-消亡期,相应的台地边缘演化经历了缓斜坡、进积镶边、加积镶边和退积陡坡等建造过程,控制着台缘礁滩、台内滩、早期白云岩化潮坪等有利于规模化储集岩发育的沉积相带分布。(3)多级次不整合和断裂-流体改造是优质储层形成的重要机制。多期区域构造活动和周期性海平面变化控制了不同级别的不整合面发育,海平面下降主导的层序界面导致碳酸盐岩周期性暴露,形成了不同规模的层间岩溶和同沉积岩溶,区域构造运动所对应的大型不整合控制了大规模表生岩溶储层发育,不同规模的断裂和裂缝既是储层发育带,也是流体活动和改造的主要区带。(4)塔北-顺北地区不整合发育强度和断裂活动强度由北向南有序变化,控制了碳酸盐岩储层类型与分布的有序性变化,自北向南依次发育雅克拉断凸潜山型白云岩储层、塔河主体区古风化壳型岩溶储层、塔河斜坡区层控型岩溶储层、塔河覆盖区断溶型储层和顺北断控型储层,反映出由剥蚀区至覆盖区不整合控储作用逐渐变弱,而断裂控储作用增强。

Forecasting of water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong

This paper compares analytical and numerical methods by taking the forecasting of water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong as an example. Regarding the analytical method, the equation of infinite and bilateral water inflow boundary is used to forecast the water yield, and in the case of numerical simulation, we employed the GMS software to establish a model and further to forecast the water yield. On the one hand, through applying the analytical method, the maximum water yield of mine 1 500 m deep below the surface was calculated to be 13 645.17 m3/d; on the other hand, through adopting the numerical method, we obtained the predicted result of 3 816.16 m3/d. Meanwhile, by using the boundary generalization in the above-mentioned two methods, and through a comparative analysis of the actual hydro-geological conditions in this deep-buried mine, which also concerns the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods respectively, this paper draws the conclusion that the analytical method is only applicable in ideal conditions, but numerical method is eligible to be used in complex hydro-geological conditions. Therefore, it is more applicable to employ the numerical method to forecast water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong.

CCUS-EOR开发同步埋存阶段长度的确定方法

CCUS-EOR开发周期分为同步埋存和深度埋存两大阶段,确定同步埋存阶段长度是CCUS-EOR开发方案设计的一项重要内容。根据CO_(2)驱产油量变化情况,可将同步埋存阶段进一步划分为上产期、稳产期和递减期。上产期的时间长度由见气见效时的累积注入量与年注气速度计算,稳产期的时间长度即稳产年限借助气驱“油墙”集中采出时间测算,递减期内的阶段采出程度变化情况则利用典型产量递减规律研究,气驱产量递减率和稳产期采油速度需根据气驱增产倍数概念确定,从而建立了CO_(2)驱阶段采出程度评价数学模型,提出将阶段采出程度逼近最终采收率的时刻作为同步埋存阶段与深度埋存阶段的转换点并引入阶段转换判据;同步埋存阶段长度扣除上产期和稳产年限即为递减期的时间长度。

Numerical simulation of zonal disintegration of surrounding rock in the deep-buried chamber

Zonal disintegration is the phenomenon of cyclical rupture zone and nonrupture zone in the surrounding rock of a deep-buried chamber,which is different from that of a shallow chamber.Based on the finite difference software FLAC3D,the numerical simulation of surrounding rock with different mechanical parameters was conducted by using the SU model(Bilinear Strain-Softening Ubiquitous-Joint).The influences of buried depth,cohesion,and internal friction angle of surrounding rock on zonal disintegration were analyzed to reveal the influence law.The results show that:(1)after the chamber excavation,multiple rupture zones gradually extend from the chamber surface or adjacent periphery to the deep surrounding rock.In the extension process,a single rupture zone may be forked into two or even multiple rupture zones,which cross each other and form the zonal disintegration zone.(2)Zonal disintegration is affected by bothσ(in situ stress)and U_(cs)(uniaxial compression strength).Smaller U_(cs)and largerσwill lead to zonal disintegration.(3)The zoning fracture is not obvious in the case ofσ≤U_(cs).In the reverse case,zoning fracture appears remarkably in the surrounding rock around the chamber.These results reveal the influence law of zonal disintegration and provide theoretical support for the design of deep-buried chambers.

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

塔里木盆地构造变形迁移与三大地质事件的关系及其地质意义

塔里木盆地经历多期构造运动,形成多期断裂系统和隆凹构造,在地质历史的演化过程中,均发生了横向迁移。通过大量二维地震资料解释和断裂分析,结合地层残余厚度及分布状况,参考重点层系构造图,经研究发现,不同地质时期的断裂系统具有按照先后顺序有规律的横向迁移特征。同时,不同时期塔里木盆地隆凹格局也发生了巨大变化。随着塔里木盆地独有的早期深埋、中期二叠纪火山活动及晚期快速沉降三大地质事件的发生,地层沉积沉降和构造隆升的不均衡性,使得烃源岩在平面上的演化程度呈现不均一性。按现今构造单元可分为古隆起生烃终止区、古隆起阶段生烃区、凹陷生烃衰竭区、凹陷阶段生烃区和凹陷周期持续生烃区等5类烃源岩演化区。现今台盆区仅有阿满过渡带、塔北隆起中段、草湖次凹、麦盖提斜坡及塔西南山前等5个地区发育有效烃源岩,持续生烃或阶段生烃,为塔里木盆地台盆区晚期成藏提供了不竭的烃源。