Roof collapse mechanism of weak surrounding rock for deep-buried tunnels under high geostress conditions

High geostress,a typical attribute of tunnels located at significant depths,is crucial in causing stress-induced failure and influencing the stability of the tunnel crown.This study developed an analytical method for the failure mechanism that occurs in deep-buried tunnel roofs,taking into account the influence of geostress.The limit analysis theory was utilized for deriving analytical solutions about the geometry of the collapsing surface and the limit supporting pressure.The collapsing surface obtained by the analytical solution was validated by the findings of the physical model test,which shows a high level of agreement with the actual one.An extensive investigation was done to explore the effects of the lateral pressure coefficients,the tunnel buried depth,the geological conditions of the surrounding rock,the long-short axis ratio,and the size of the tunnel profile.The findings indicate that an increase in the lateral pressure coefficient from 0.5 to 1.5 results in a reduction in the height of the collapsing zone by 2.08 m and the width of the collapsing zone by 1.15 m,while simultaneously increases the limit supporting pressure by 18.9%.The proposed upper bound method accurately determines the limit supporting pressure and the geometry of the collapsing surface,which aligns well with the results acquired through numerical modelling and on-site monitoring in actual engineering applications.The proposed analytical method can serve as a reference for similar crown failure issues of deep-buried tunnels.

Impact of surface-reflected seismic waves on the seismic isolation performance of circular tunnel isolation layers

Seismic isolation is an effective strategy to mitigate the risk of seismic damage in tunnels.However,the impact of surface-reflected seismic waves on the effectiveness of tunnel isolation layers remains under explored.In this study,we employ the wave function expansion method to provide analytical solutions for the dynamic responses of linings in an elastic half-space and an infinite elastic space.By comparing the results of the two models,we investigate the seismic isolation effect of tunnel isolation layers induced by reflected seismic waves.Our findings reveal significant differences in the dynamic responses of the lining in the elastic half-space and the infinitely elastic space.Specifically,the dynamic stress concentration factor(DSCF)of the lining in the elastic half-space exhibits periodic fluctuations,influenced by the incident wave frequency and tunnel depth,while the DSCF in the infinitely elastic space remain stable.Overall,the seismic isolation application of the tunnel isolation layer is found to be less affected by surface-reflected seismic waves.Our results provide valuable insights for the design and assessment of the seismic isolation effect of tunnel isolation layers.

Analytical solution for steady seepage into a circular deep-buried mountain tunnel with grouted zone in anisotropic strata

Due to the existence of a large number of discontinuous fractures and interfaces in tunnel surrounding rocks,the groundwater inflow into tunnel generally presents significant anisotropy.Therefore,it is of great significance to consider the anisotropic permeability when dealing with water gushing-induced engineering accidents in water-rich mountain tunnels with large burial depth.In this study,based on the complex variable method and the seepage flow theory,a theoretical model of water inflow into a deep-buried circular tunnel in a fully saturated,anisotropic and semi-infinite aquifer is developed.The influence of grouted zone,initial support and secondary lining is fully considered.By comparison to the existing analytical methods and numerical results,the reliability of this proposed analytical solution is well validated.It is indicated from the parametric study that the groundwater inflow into tunnel presents an upward trend with an increasing value of the strata permeability in the vertical direction.Moreover,the water inflow rate and the total water head decrease with the growth of the thickness of grouting circle.It is suggested that reasonable grouting thickness and permeability should be controlled to enhance the grouting effect.This study provides a practical method for estimating the water inflow into a deep-buried,grouted and lined mountain tunnel considering the anisotropic strata permeability.

Rockburst process and strength-weakening effect of the high-stress circular tunnel under internal unloading

To investigate the influence of unloading effect of a circular tunnel face on rockburst process,by innovatively combining rock drilling unloading devices and triaxial systems,the strain rockburst simulation under the entire stress path of“high initial stressþinternal unloadingþstress adjustment”(HUS test)was realized for the intact cubic red sandstone samples(100 mm×100 mm×100 mm).Comparative tests were conducted on cubic red sandstone samples with prefabricated circular holes(425 mm)under the stress path of“prefabricated circular hole+þhigh initial stress+stress adjustment”(PHS test),thereby highlighting the influence of internal unloading on rockburst failure.The test results revealed that with an increase in vertical stress,the sidewalls in both the HUS and PHS tests suffered strain rockburst failure.Compared with the PHS test,the initial failure stress in the HUS test is lower,and it is easier to induce sidewall rockbursts.This indicates that the internal unloading influences the sidewall failure,causing an obvious strength-weakening effect,which becomes more significant with an increase in buried depth.The strain rockburst failure was more severe in the HUS test owing to the influence of internal unloading.V-shaped rockburst pits were formed in the HUS tests,whereas in the PHS test,arcshaped rockburst pits were produced.It was also found that strain rockburst failure may occur only when the rock has a certain degree of rockburst proneness.

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

Elasto-plastic analysis of the surrounding rock mass in circular tunnel based on the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory

The present paper aims to establish a versatile strength theory suitable for elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock. In order to analyze the effects of intermediate principal stress and the rock properties on its deformation and failure of rock mass, the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory and elasto-plastic mechanics are used to deduce analytic solution of the radius and stress of tunnel plastic zone and the periphery displacement of tunnel under uniform ground stress field. The results show that: intermediate principal stress coefficient b has significant effect on the plastic range,the magnitude of stress and surrounding rock pressure. Then, the results are compared with the unified strength criterion solution and Mohr–Coulomb criterion solution, and concluded that the generalized nonlinear unified strength criterion is more applicable to elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock.

Numerical Simulation of Rock Burst in Circular Tunnels Under Unloading Conditions

Rock burst in a circular tunnel under high in-situ stress conditions was investigated with a numerical method coupled the rock failure process theory (RFPA) and discontinuous deformation theory (DDA). Some numerical tests were carraied out to investigate the failuer patterns of circular tunnel under unloading conditions. Compared the results under loading conditions,the shapes of failure zones are more regular under the unloading conditions. The failure pat-terns in the same type of rock mass are clearly different because of non-homogeneity of the rock material. The extension of cracks shows some predictability with an increasing of in-situ stress. When the homogeneity index of rocks (m) is ei-ther relatively high or low and lateral pressure coefficients (λ) is high,the number of regular shear slide cracks decreases and the probability of a rock burst also becomes lower. Our numerical simulation results show that the stability of sur-face rock and the natural bedding stratification of rock material greatly affect rock bursts. Installing bolts with due dili-gence and suitably can effectively prevent rock bursts. However,it is not effective to control rock bursts by releasing the strain energy with normal pre-boreholes.

Elasto-plastic Analysis of Circular Tunnels in Jointed Rock Masses Satisfy the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion

The relationship between the Hoek-Brown parameters and the mechanical response of circular tunnels is il-lustrated. Closed-form and approximate solutions are given for the extent of the plastic zone and the stress and dis-placement fields under axisymmetrical and asymmetric stress conditions. For the same rock masses and under axisym-metrical stress conditions,the radius of the plastic zone in terms of Hoek-Brown criterion is generally an approximation of the radius in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The radius in terms of the Hoek-Brown criterion is larger under low stress conditions. For poor quality rock masses (GSI<25),measures (such as grouting,setting rock bolts,etc.) that improve the GSI of rock masses are effective in improving the stability of tunnels. It is not advisable to improve the sta-bility of the tunnels by providing a small support resistance p through shotcrete,except for very poor quality jointed rock masses. Without reference to the quality of the rock mass,the disturbance factor D should not less than 0.5. Meas-ures which disturb rock masses during tunnel construction should be taken carefully when the tunnel depth increases.

MECHANISM AND CATASTROPHE THEORY ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR TUNNEL ROCKBURST

Mechanism of circular tunnel rockburst is that, when the carrying capacity of the centralized zone of plastic deformation in limiting state reduces, the comparatively intact part in rock mass unloads by way of elasticity; rockburst occurs immediately when the elastic energy released by the comparatively intact part exceeds the energy dissipated by plastic deformation. The equivalent strain was taken as a state variable to establish a catastrophe model of tunnel rockburst, and the computation expression of the earthquake energy released by tunnel rockburst was given. The analysis shows that, the conditions of rockburst occurrence are relative to rock＇s ratio of elastic modulus to descendent modulus and crack growth degree of rocks; to rock mass with specific rockburst tendency, there exists a corresponding critical depth of softened zone, and rockburst occurs when the depth of softened zone reaches.

Axisymmetric alternating direction explicit scheme for efficient coupled simulation of hydro-mechanical interaction in geotechnical engineering-Application to circular footing and deep tunnel in saturated ground

Explicit solution techniques have been widely used in geotechnical engineering for simulating the coupled hydro-mechanical(H-M) interaction of fluid flow and deformation induced by structures built above and under saturated ground, i.e. circular footing and deep tunnel. However, the technique is only conditionally stable and requires small time steps, portending its inefficiency for simulating large-scale H-M problems. To improve its efficiency, the unconditionally stable alternating direction explicit(ADE)scheme could be used to solve the flow problem. The standard ADE scheme, however, is only moderately accurate and is restricted to uniform grids and plane strain flow conditions. This paper aims to remove these drawbacks by developing a novel high-order ADE scheme capable of solving flow problems in nonuniform grids and under axisymmetric conditions. The new scheme is derived by performing a fourthorder finite difference(FD) approximation to the spatial derivatives of the axisymmetric fluid-diffusion equation in a non-uniform grid configuration. The implicit Crank-Nicolson technique is then applied to the resulting approximation, and the subsequent equation is split into two alternating direction sweeps,giving rise to a new axisymmetric ADE scheme. The pore pressure solutions from the new scheme are then sequentially coupled with an existing geomechanical simulator in the computer code fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC). This coupling procedure is called the sequentially-explicit coupling technique based on the fourth-order axisymmetric ADE scheme or SEA-4-AXI. Application of SEA-4-AXI for solving axisymmetric consolidation of a circular footing and of advancing tunnel in deep saturated ground shows that SEA-4-AXI reduces computer runtime up to 42%-50% that of FLAC’s basic scheme without numerical instability. In addition, it produces high numerical accuracy of the H-M solutions with average percentage difference of only 0.5%-1.8%.

Research on the closure and creep mechanism of circular tunnels

A numerical code called Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA2D) was em- ployed to investigate the closure,damage and failure behavior of the horizontal tunnels.In this code the time-dependent deformation was described in terms of evolution of meso- scopic structure,leading to progressive degradation of elastic modulus and failure strength of material.In terms of material degradation,a series of numerical simulations were per- formed to study the convergence and subsequent failure in circular tunnels.The numerical results provide a complete illumination for the closure,damage and failure behavior with different loading conditions.It is shown that the depth and the ratio of far field stresses play an important role in the creep behavior of tunnels.Creep failure is expected to occur in the direction of the smallest far field stress component,which means that rheological failure of tunnels is influenced not only by the rock characteristic around the tunnels but also by the orientation and distribution of far field stress on a global scale.

非线性破坏准则下浅埋隧道的稳定性分析

隧道围岩压力值是浅埋隧道设计计算的重要参数。为进一步提高围岩压力计算结果的可靠性,以传统浅埋隧道坍塌模型为基础,提出了圆弧滑移面破坏模式,同时基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,运用极限分析上限法推导了地震力作用下浅埋隧道围岩压力的计算公式,验证了计算结果的可靠性,并对影响因素进行了探讨。与实际工程和已有成果的对比分析证明了理论公式具有较高的可靠性和准确度。研究还发现:围岩压力受非线性系数和初始粘聚力的影响较为显著,非线性系数越大、初始粘聚力越小,围岩压力越大;随着待定参数K(水平围岩压力与竖向围岩压力的比值)的减小,水平围岩压力减小,竖向围岩压力增大;地震力对围岩压力的影响不容忽视,竖向地震力单独作用对围岩压力的影响最大,水平和竖向地震力共同作用的影响次之,而仅有水平地震力作用的影响最小。随着水平与竖向地震力系数的增大,围岩压力也在增大。分析结果对于大部分的隧道,尤其是易受地震影响的浅埋隧道研究具有较高的参考价值。

非圆形隧洞衬砌支护下应力与位移的新解法

以往在利用平面弹性复变函数方法进行衬砌支护作用下非圆形隧洞的力学分析时,一般将洞室外域保角映射到象平面的单位圆外域,并认为可以利用同一个映射函数将衬砌截面映射到象平面的圆环域内。当衬砌厚度很薄时,这种方法是可行的,而当衬砌相对较厚时,利用同一映射函数所得到的衬砌截面形状发生严重失真。为解决此问题,本文引入两套映射函数,分别将洞室外域映射到象平面的单位圆的圆外域,衬砌截面映射到圆环域。这种方法可以适应于不同的衬砌厚度,利用这种方式获得的衬砌截面,在衬砌较厚时仍能保证衬砌厚度相对均匀。在求解解析函数过程中不再采用传统的幂级数解法,而是使用边界配点法,将两套映射函数结合,获得了该问题的应力解和位移解。本文以马蹄形隧洞为例,求解结果与ANSYS软件所得数值解吻合很好,分析了衬砌厚度对隧洞应力和位移的影响。根据本文解答可以方便、快捷地进行相近条件下隧道的初步设计。

隧道纵向地震易损性分析

为研究隧道纵向抗震性能,使用改进的地基梁-弹簧非线性分析模型计算隧道纵向地震响应,其中采用PQ-Fiber纤维梁模型模拟隧道纵向的非线性行为,并施加弯矩来考虑隧道与场地之间的切向相互作用。随后,将基于增量动力分析(IDA)方法的结构地震易损性分析方法应用于隧道结构,探究适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标(IM)。选取12条近场地震记录,用于IDA分析隧道纵向的抗震性能水平。将概率地震需求模型与工程需求参数相结合,建立结构的地震易损性曲线。结果表明,峰值速度(PGV)是适用于隧道纵向抗震性能的地震动强度指标;场地类型对隧道纵向损伤程度的影响最为深远,其中Ⅰ类场地在地震作用下损伤概率最大。此外,将计算所得易损性曲线与经验易损性曲线和横向易损性曲线进行对比分析,验证了模型的可行性,为隧道结构的抗震设计提供了一定的参考。

基于结构化多孔表面定常吸气的圆柱绕流场控制

通过风洞试验研究了在雷诺数为10000时圆柱尾流主动流动控制效果,流动控制通过基于结构化多孔表面定常吸气实现,试验工况具有不同的等效吸气系数C_μ。尾流的二维流场测量通过粒子图像测速(PIV)实现,在瞬时流场结果的基础上进行本征正交分解(POD)得到模态特性、瞬时涡量演变、脉动速度功率谱、时间平均流动特性和阻力系数估计等的分析与对比,评估流动控制效果。试验结果表明:施加流动控制后的流场POD模态能量分布发生变化,旋涡的顺流向能量输运过程得到增强,当C_μ足够大时,旋涡脱落模式发生改变。剪切层沿顺流向延长,上下剪切层之间趋于平行,涡量值得到削弱。脉动速度的主频被削弱,湍流的波动和动量交换效应得到抑制;阻力系数估计值可降至无控圆柱的约11%。

正方形布置四圆柱结构流致振动响应特性研究

通过风洞实验研究了正方形布置四圆柱的流致振动特性,实验雷诺数Re=3200~28900,圆柱间距比S/D=1.5~4.0(S为两圆柱圆心间距,D为圆柱直径),质量比m^(*)≈345.0.结果表明,当S/D≤2.0时,上游圆柱1和2呈现涡激振动和类弛振耦合响应,下游圆柱3和4呈现涡激共振和尾流弛振耦合响应;当S/D=2.5~3.0,上游圆柱1和2除了在约化速度超过一定值时存在弱振动外,基本接近单圆柱涡激振动响应,下游圆柱3和4表现为分离的涡激共振和尾流弛振响应;当S/D=4.0时,上游圆柱1和2振动响应几乎和单圆柱一样,而圆柱3和4仍呈现分离的涡激共振和尾流弛振响应.当圆柱呈现涡激振动(上游圆柱)或涡激共振(下游圆柱)时,涡脱频率f_(s)锁定于固有频率f_(n)的1倍谐频,而当圆柱呈现剧烈的类弛振响应(上游圆柱)或尾流弛振响应(下游圆柱)时,f_(s)则会出现明显的多倍谐频;圆柱模型振动频率f_(o)主频始终锁定于fn的1倍谐频.通过对比正方形四圆柱和双圆柱流致振动特性,发现双圆柱动力学响应规律在一定程度上仍适用于正方形布置四圆柱.

基于参数化建模思想的四心圆公路隧道洞形优化

合理的四心圆公路隧道断面形式有助于改善衬砌结构的受力状态,减少复合式衬砌的开裂病害,提高隧道结构的耐久性。该文通过Ansys软件APDL参数化编程平台,基于“曲率连续”的设计思想,构建了拱脚区局部洞形几何尺寸参数化建模方程,建立了锚杆加固区等效力学参数计算方法及数值模拟模型,揭示了四心圆公路隧道拱脚区域局部洞形参数设计对衬砌结构内力的影响规律,结合实际工程研究显示:隧道拱脚弧与中墙弧的半径和长度对于隧道复合式衬砌结构内力的影响较明显,增大拱脚弧半径对于抑制衬砌结构内塑性区发展的效果最为明显;为了减小衬砌结构的开裂风险,提出采用衬砌拉应力为控制目标进行局部形状优化思想,通过中墙弧圆心角θ_(2)、拱脚弧圆心角θ_(3)及中墙弧半径R_(2)对衬砌结构内力极值的敏感性及影响规律分析为皮家岭隧道洞形优化提供了理论依据。

无压圆形输水隧洞正常水深与临界水深的简便计算

正常水深与临界水深是输水隧洞设计计算、运行管理的重要水力参数,圆形断面作为水力最佳断面,其特征水位计算尤为重要。针对已有公式存在精度不高、适用范围较小的问题,从水流运动的基本方程出发,引入过水断面特征参数和无量纲水深,结合数学运算中的极限思维,构造了多个函数模型。采用改进后的粒子群算法替代传统的参数确定工作,从而得出圆形隧洞无压水流特征水深的简便计算公式。通过与以往几个典型公式进行对比发现,本文提出公式在计算精度上得到了显著提高,正常水深计算的最大相对误差被控制在0.067%以下,而临界水深的计算误差也不高于0.182%,同时二者均具有较广的计算适用范围。本研究为特征水深的计算提供了新思路,同时提出的计算公式精度高、适用范围广,在隧洞、管道等无压输水系统中具有广阔的应用前景。

地铁圆形隧道断面测量方法探讨及软件研制

城市地铁隧道工程施工过程中需要进行断面测量检测。本文针对当前常用的圆形隧道断面测量方法,提出了一种改进的全站仪测量法,同时提出新的断面拟合算法,并研制了对应的软件,通过实际工程数据进行了检验。结果证明本文测法和算法有较高的可行性和精确度,可运用于实际项目中。

盾构管片开孔临时支护措施研究

为了优化盾构管片开孔临时支撑系统,依托以色列特拉维夫绿线项目,对新型环形钢支撑支护形式进行了数值模拟理论分析。验证了此结构样式具有良好的结构稳定性、经济性、便捷施工性,可为类似管片破除临时支护或者管片加固提供一种新的解决方案。