Roof collapse mechanism of weak surrounding rock for deep-buried tunnels under high geostress conditions

High geostress,a typical attribute of tunnels located at significant depths,is crucial in causing stress-induced failure and influencing the stability of the tunnel crown.This study developed an analytical method for the failure mechanism that occurs in deep-buried tunnel roofs,taking into account the influence of geostress.The limit analysis theory was utilized for deriving analytical solutions about the geometry of the collapsing surface and the limit supporting pressure.The collapsing surface obtained by the analytical solution was validated by the findings of the physical model test,which shows a high level of agreement with the actual one.An extensive investigation was done to explore the effects of the lateral pressure coefficients,the tunnel buried depth,the geological conditions of the surrounding rock,the long-short axis ratio,and the size of the tunnel profile.The findings indicate that an increase in the lateral pressure coefficient from 0.5 to 1.5 results in a reduction in the height of the collapsing zone by 2.08 m and the width of the collapsing zone by 1.15 m,while simultaneously increases the limit supporting pressure by 18.9%.The proposed upper bound method accurately determines the limit supporting pressure and the geometry of the collapsing surface,which aligns well with the results acquired through numerical modelling and on-site monitoring in actual engineering applications.The proposed analytical method can serve as a reference for similar crown failure issues of deep-buried tunnels.

Fisher discriminant analysis model and its application for prediction of classification of rockburst in deep-buried long tunnel

A Fisher discriminant analysis （FDA） model for the prediction of classification of rockburst in deep-buried long tunnel was established based on the Fisher discriminant theory and the actual characteristics of the project. First, the major factors of rockburst, such as the maximum tangential stress of the cavern wall σθ, uniaxial compressive strength σc, uniaxial tensile strength or, and the elastic energy index of rock Wet, were taken into account in the analysis. Three factors, Stress coefficient σθ/σc, rock brittleness coefficient σc/σt, and elastic energy index Wet, were defined as the criterion indices for rockburst prediction in the proposed model. After training and testing of 12 sets of measured data, the discriminant functions of FDA were solved, and the ratio of misdiscrimina- tion is zero. Moreover, the proposed model was used to predict rockbursts of Qinling tunnel along Xi＇an-Ankang railway. The results show that three forecast results are identical with the actual situation. Therefore, the prediction accuracy of the FDA model is acceptable.

Analytical solution for steady seepage into a circular deep-buried mountain tunnel with grouted zone in anisotropic strata

Due to the existence of a large number of discontinuous fractures and interfaces in tunnel surrounding rocks,the groundwater inflow into tunnel generally presents significant anisotropy.Therefore,it is of great significance to consider the anisotropic permeability when dealing with water gushing-induced engineering accidents in water-rich mountain tunnels with large burial depth.In this study,based on the complex variable method and the seepage flow theory,a theoretical model of water inflow into a deep-buried circular tunnel in a fully saturated,anisotropic and semi-infinite aquifer is developed.The influence of grouted zone,initial support and secondary lining is fully considered.By comparison to the existing analytical methods and numerical results,the reliability of this proposed analytical solution is well validated.It is indicated from the parametric study that the groundwater inflow into tunnel presents an upward trend with an increasing value of the strata permeability in the vertical direction.Moreover,the water inflow rate and the total water head decrease with the growth of the thickness of grouting circle.It is suggested that reasonable grouting thickness and permeability should be controlled to enhance the grouting effect.This study provides a practical method for estimating the water inflow into a deep-buried,grouted and lined mountain tunnel considering the anisotropic strata permeability.

Experimental study on similarity materials for soft rock of deep-buried tunnels

When every parameter is properly scaled down in accordance with some similarity coefficients, it is possible to study the physical-mechanical properties of rock mass with a scale model. To identify the key mechanisms of soft rock in deep buried tunnels, the proper sand, binder and ratio were selected. During the process, the model manufacture technology was introduced and typical tests were done and the results were presented. The physical and meehanieal properties effects caused by each composition were discussed. It is shown that the physical and mechanical properties of chosen ratio material such as uniaxial compressive strength tests, elasticity modulus, tensile strength, internal frictional angle, and Poisson＇s ratio meet with similarity relationship well. The physical and mechanical properties of deep soft rock are simulated successfully.

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

Dynamic Response of Shallow-Buried Tunnels Traversing High Loess Slopes

Considering the existence of numerous shallow-buried tunnels traversing high slopes in the loess area in western China and the fact of high seismic intensity there,we investigate the dynamic response rules of a shallow-buried loess tunnel and its slope under the action of seismic waves with different intensities.Through large-scale shaking table model tests,we successfully analyze the characteristics and process of the destabilization of tunnels and slopes,and propose valuable suggestions regarding the reinforcement parts of a tunnel for reducing seismic damage.The results show that the main seismic damage on a slope include the failure of the sliding surface between the top and foot and the stripping of the soil around the tunnel entrance,while the damage on a tunnel is mainly manifested as the seismic-induced subsidence at the portal section and the cracking deformation at the joint areas.Finally,we propose that the“staggered peak distribution”phenomenon of the maximum acceleration values at the vault and inverted arch area can be considered as a criterion indicating that the tunnel enters into the threshold of dynamic failure.

Key Techniques for the Construction of High-Speed Railway Large-Section Loess Tunnels

The successful completion of the Zhengzhou-Xi＇an high-speed railway project has greatly improved the construction level of China＇s large-section loess tunnels, and has resulted in significant progress being made in both design theory and construction technology. This paper systematically summarizes the tech- nical characteristics and main problems of the large-section loess tunnels on China＇s high-speed railway, including classification of the surrounding rock, design of the supporting structure, surface settlement and cracking control, and safe and rapid construction methods. On this basis, the key construction tech- niques of loess tunnels with large sections for high-speed railway are expounded from the aspects of design and construction. The research results show that the classification of loess strata surrounding large tunnels should be based on the geological age of the loess, and be determined by combining the plastic index and the water content. In addition, the influence of the buried depth should be considered. During tunnel excavation disturbance, if the tensile stress exceeds the soil tensile or shear strength, the surface part of the sliding trend plane can be damaged, and visible cracks can form. The pressure of the surrounding rock of a large-section loess tunnel should be calculated according to the buried depth, using the corresponding formula. A three-bench seven-step excavation method of construction was used as the core technology system to ensure the safe and rapid construction of a large-section loess tunnel, following a field test to optimize the construction parameters and determine the engineering measures to stabilize the tunnel face. The conclusions and methods presented here are of great significance in revealing the strata and supporting mechanics of large-section loess tunnels, and in optimizing the supporting structure design and the technical parameters for construction.

湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构施工风险评估

为了提高针对湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构法施工安全评估的可靠性,从人员管理、机械材料、施工技术、施工环境4个方面构建较为完善的施工安全风险评估指标体系;利用灰色-DEMATEL方法对中心度进行处理得到风险指标权重;以风险发生概率和风险损失程度两个维度为基础构建二维云评估模型,其中发生概率由主、客观方法相结合来确定,损失程度通过改进雷达图法从人员伤亡、经济损失、工期延误、功能缺陷和环境影响5个方面来综合确定。将该评估模型运用到引汉济渭工程X输水隧洞盾构法施工项目的安全评估中。结果表明:该项目施工风险评估等级为Ⅱ级,施工安全风险程度较小,评价结果符合工程实际,验证了该评估模型的可行性和有效性。研究成果可为湿陷性黄土区类似输水隧洞盾构法施工安全风险评估提供借鉴和参考。

含水率影响下黄土盾构隧道壁后注浆浆液扩散特性试验研究

为了揭示黄土盾构隧道壁后注浆浆液在地层中的扩散形式和规律,考虑盾构隧道盾尾间隙特征,建立含水率、渗流压力、土压力可实时监测以及扩散过程可视的模型试验系统。考虑黄土不同含水率,通过试验研究浆液扩散形式以及注浆过程中的含水率、渗流压力和土压力变化规律。研究结果表明:在相同干密度下,不同含水率对壁后注浆浆液扩散形式影响显著;含水率为10%时,浆液未发生明显扩散,浆-土形成了明显的分界面,仅分界面处的含水率发生显著变化,各分层土体土压力较大;含水率为20%和30%时,浆液扩散范围增大,各分层土体含水率均有变化,土压力和渗流压力出现了阶跃曲线,土体中形成了明显的浆脉。黄土盾构隧道壁后注浆中浆液的扩散形式主要为压密扩散、压滤扩散和劈裂扩散。

黄土盾构隧道围岩强度指标结构性参数表征与荷载计算

为了考虑黄土地层特征,获取合理的围岩压力以指导黄土盾构隧道结构设计,通过对比盾构隧道与新奥法隧道围岩压力现场测试数据,结合黄土盾构施工实践,验证形变围岩压力计算黄土盾构隧道围岩荷载的合理性;考虑黄土地层的强度参数,通过芬纳公式构建黄土盾构隧道形变围岩压力的计算方法;采用三轴剪切实验,探究原状黄土的应力应变关系以及应力结构性参数的变化规律,构建应力结构性参数下黄土强度指标的计算方法;结合盾构隧道开挖支护下围岩的应力应变变化规律,建立深埋黄土盾构隧道围岩结构性参数场的计算框架,结合结构性参数修正的黄土强度准则,给出深埋黄土盾构隧道围岩压力的计算方法。研究发现,使用形变压力理论计算黄土盾构隧道围岩荷载具有合理性;原状黄土相比重塑黄土有明显的应力峰值及应变软化现象;黄土应力结构性参数与粘聚力存在较好的拟合关系,与内摩擦角相关性低;当仅考虑地层浸水造成黄土结构性演变引起的围岩压力变化时,当含水率由1%增加到25%,塑性圈半径由4.6 m增加为5 m,围岩压力由587 kPa增加到622 kPa。

深埋老黄土隧道支护限阻器力学特性及其应用研究

为深入探究基于限阻器的隧道让压支护,即限阻支护的受力特征,基于室内试验结果,采用数值计算和数据拟合的方法,系统阐明了限阻器的力学性能和本构关系,提出限阻支护的数值模拟方法;并结合工程应用,分析不同参数下限阻支护的变形和受力特征。结果表明:限阻器的力学性能与竖板的高度和厚度相关,引入预制弯弧可使限阻器性能可控;限阻器采用应变软化/硬化实体单元和弹性正交异性膜单元模拟;限阻器较小的恒阻值降低了限阻支护的轴力但同时也增大了弯矩,有利于小偏心受压破坏防治但增加了大偏心受压破坏风险;限阻器的合理压缩量为7~12 cm,建议在工程应用中对限阻器做降高、增厚和弯弧优化,可进一步增效降本。

银西高铁黄土含水层隧道群井降水模拟研究

研究目的:银西高铁上阁村隧道穿越董志塬黄土含水层施工中出现的渗涌水,受地下水渗流影响,引起了洞身黄土含水率增加、围岩自稳性变差等问题。为解决上阁村富水黄土隧道施工难题,论文首先分析了上阁村隧道黄土含水层分布特征,其次介绍了地表降水施工辅助措施及其效果,最后应用MIDAS/GTS建立隧道工程群井降水模型,实现了不同流量以及渗透系数工况下的隧道开挖渗流模拟计算。研究结论:(1)上阁村隧道长大段落通过软塑黄土含水层,通过地表降水梳干隧道洞身范围内地下水,提高了隧道洞身黄土围岩稳定性,确保了隧道施工的安全和进度;(2)不同单井流量(80 m^(3)/d、90 m^(3)/d、100 m^(3)/d)的群井数值模拟结果表明,地下水位降深在短时间内达到了设计要求,验证了降水设计参数及效果;(3)本研究可为黄土等低渗透岩体富水隧道工程施工处置及设计提供依据。

黄土盾构隧道开挖围岩扰动特性模型试验研究

为了探究不同含水率和埋深等工况下的黄土盾构隧道开挖对围岩的扰动作用特征,采用相似模型试验,首先通过三轴试验测定了不同含水率下原状黄土物理参数及强度指标,通过大量试配得到了不同含水率下与原状黄土强度指标参数相似的试验用土。其后,考虑盾构隧道盾尾间隙特征,开展不同含水率及埋深等组合工况下盾构开挖模拟试验,通过微型土压力传感器、百分表等监测元件以及数字图像技术等手段,分析了不同工况下地层变形、地表沉降和围岩应力的变化规律。研究发现:含水率较低时,围岩的自稳能力强;含水率越高,埋深越大,开挖对地层的扰动作用也越大;地表最大沉降值与含水率呈正相关,与埋深呈负相关;围岩剩余应力随含水率和埋深的增大而增大,但当含水率增大至一定值(26.6%)时,围岩剩余应力骤减;基于不同含水率下的围岩应力及变形发展规律,可将黄土含水率分为自稳、形变以及松动含水率,基于含水率和埋深引起的围岩松动情况,可将不同工况下的黄土盾构隧道围岩压力作用模式按照形变压力和松动压力计算,以更加适应黄土地层的特性。

Finite element analyses of Wanjiazhai water transmission tunnel excavation and service

This paper is devoted to the nonlinear stress and strain analysis oftunneling and working conditions of Wanjiazhai Division Project No.7 Tunnel in Shanxi province ofChina. The initial geological stress of loess was simulated by grading fill; the theory of unloadingproposed by Duncan and boundary stress of elasticity were used to calculate the excavation of thetunnel; Goodman joint elements were applied to simulate the joints of the liners; both loading andunloading tests have been performed to determine the parameters of Duncan-Chang's model and thecalculated results were compared; Terzaghi' s theory on loosening earth pressure was applied. Manyworking conditions were analyzed and some reasonable results were obtained. Based on the analyses,reparative measures were proposed and completed. The tunnel has functioned well since October, 2001.

黄土地层地铁隧道水环境变化对地表沉降影响研究

黄土地层中城市地铁隧道水环境变化主要体现在地下水位升降和盾构衬砌管片渗水,地层中水位的变化及管片渗漏会进一步影响地表沉降。以某地铁区间隧道为背景,采用修正摩尔库仑模型(MM-C模型)和DP模型来描述复杂加卸载条件下的地层隆沉问题,并深入研究水环境变化下地表沉降规律。结果表明:盾构管片渗漏比从0.1增大到10期间,地表沉降增加了24%;管片渗漏块数从1增大到6块时,地表最大沉降增大了77%;地下水位下降5 m期间,地表最大沉降增大了1.2倍,水位降深每增加1 m,地表下沉量增加约7 mm;初始水位高度抬升5 m期间,地表最大沉降减小了37%。为了控制地表不发生过量隆沉,渗漏块数不宜超过3块,并应避免拱底管片发生破坏或渗漏,地下水位的回灌抬升高度及降水深度宜分别控制在3.0 m和2.0 m以内。

凤凰山特大断面黄土隧道五步单侧壁导坑法研究

为解决特大断面黄土隧道采用双侧壁导坑法施工进度慢、成本高的问题,以G30连霍高速公路清水驿至忠和段扩容改造工程凤凰山隧道为背景,提出五步单侧壁导坑法。通过数值模拟对比分析双侧壁导坑法、五步单侧壁导坑法、传统单侧壁导坑法和台阶法在施工过程中的围岩变形及钢拱架应力,并结合现场试验段监测数据验证特大断面凤凰山隧道采用五步单侧壁导坑法施工的可行性。结果表明:1)五步单侧壁导坑法拱顶沉降和水平收敛比传统单侧壁导坑法分别减小3.59 cm和1.31 cm,比双侧壁导坑法分别增大1.4 cm和0.59 cm;钢拱架应力除拱肩外均小于双侧壁导坑法,最大处减少了70 MPa,钢拱架应力最大值与钢材屈服强度的比值比双侧壁导坑法增大0.04,比单侧壁导坑法减小0.08。2)传统单侧壁导坑法的安全性小于五步单侧壁导坑法,改进后的五步单侧壁导坑法相比双侧壁导坑法能在控制围岩变形的同时加快施工进度,降低施工成本。3)五步单侧壁导坑法中隔壁的最优位置应结合具体工程情况进行单独优化计算,针对本工程而言,其最优位置为45%洞宽。

黄土隧道围岩局部浸水静力特征分析

中国西北地区湿陷性黄土分布广泛,由于其具有孔隙大、强度低等性质,导致黄土隧道修建时面临极大的困难与挑战。为了深入研究黄土隧道围岩局部浸水后对隧道结构稳定性的影响,依托定西锦屏隧道,借助Midas/GTS建立隧道模型,分别针对正常开挖和局部浸水两种工况进行对比分析。研究局部浸水后黄土隧道围岩和衬砌结构的变形规律和力学特征。结果显示:正常开挖与浸水后,围岩最大沉降值均出现在隧道拱顶,开挖后最大沉降值为9.60 mm,局部浸水后围岩最大沉降量增大到13.18 mm;正常开挖后围岩最大主应力为59 kPa,浸水后,围岩最大主应力出现在拱顶与仰拱处,最大值为89 kPa。黄土隧道围岩局部浸水后,衬砌结构的最大压应力为5.06 MPa,最大拉应力为2.08 MPa。最大压应力为设计强度的42%,最大拉应力超过抗拉设计强度。

洛川隧道围岩变形规律模型试验研究

以洛川隧道DK194+835为研究断面,开展不同埋深下隧道模型试验研究。通过各种试验确定原型、相似材料土和衬砌的参数,利用3D打印技术研制出一套新型衬砌材料及连接方式较好的模拟了实际工程中喷射混凝土、钢架、超前小导管。利用自制多点位移计等各种监测原件采集开挖过程中围岩内部变形及地表沉降数据。试验表明:可通过拼装的方式在模型试验中模拟隧道的分布支护,可使用滑动式连接件链接相邻位置的石膏块;不同测点竖向位移均经历缓慢增长(开挖面远离监测断面)、迅速增长(开挖面接近监测断面)、逐步稳定(开挖面经过监测断面)3个阶段。随埋深增加,监测断面前期变形(开挖面远离、接近监测断面)占比减小;地表沉降经历缓慢增长、迅速增长、逐步稳定3个阶段。随埋深增加,监测断面前期地表沉降占比减小。

极端降雨对黄土沟壑区隧洞施工力学效应影响分析

黄土地区输水隧洞的建设中,降雨入渗极大影响着输水隧洞围岩稳定性。利用非饱和渗流理论和数值模拟方法研究了极端降雨条件入渗与黄土沟壑区隧洞的开挖扰动耦合影响下围岩的变形和渗流场演变规律,通过Plaxis3D模型对降雨入渗下新奥法施工过程中围岩力学特性、初期支护过程进行流固耦合分析。结果显示,降雨等级越高,围岩孔隙水压力变化幅度越大,对围岩的稳定性越不利;降雨入渗与开挖扰动会加速土层中渗流场和应力场的重分布过程;基于沟道的汇水特性,隧洞围岩含水率在最初5~10 d呈台阶式增长,拱顶、拱腰和拱趾处的最大变形为17.8、28.2、24.6 mm,最大剪切应力为150.6、182.5、175.3 kPa,降雨结束约15~20 d围岩变形速率逐渐减小收敛至特定值,但围岩的应力持续增加,为避免围岩发生塑性变形,故可在15~20 d进行二次衬砌支护。本次研究结果可对极端降雨期黄土沟壑地区隧洞施工安全控制提供参考。

浅埋黄土隧道塌方破坏模式及处置技术

以宁夏某浅埋黄土隧道塌方事故为依托,首先讨论分析浅埋黄土隧道的塌方破坏机理及模式,然后根据现场塌方情况,分析案例隧道塌方原因并提出处置方案,最后通过数值模拟和现场监测对其处置效果进行评价。结果表明:黄土自身的易灾性、不良地形地势、浅埋隧道施工扰动以及强降雨入渗共同导致隧道上方围岩形成一定范围的黄土软弱湿陷带,原隧道支护结构无法抵抗劣化后的围岩,围岩变形和结构受力均大幅增加,其中拱顶沉降增大了91.8%,拱肩处初支正弯矩增大了60.7%;黄土地层开挖面失稳破坏可分为掌子面到达软弱湿陷带的失稳破坏和穿越整个软弱湿陷带的失稳破坏两种模式;结合有限元模拟和现场监测验证,“临时支护系统+换拱+超前中管棚注浆加固”的综合防塌方处置技术应用效果显著。