Numerical Simulation of the Shaped Charge Jet Velocity Effected by Warhead Shell

The numerical simulation for the process of shaped charge jet produced with the shell of explosives is performed by means of the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D software. The effect of warhead shell on shaped charge jet velocity has been analyzed qualitatively in this paper. The numerical simulation results are creditable and in agreement well with that of the corresponding experiment. The research results show that the jet velocity of explosive with metal shell is higher than that without shell; when the shell thickness increases, jet＇ s head speed also increases; when the shell thickness increased to certain value, the jet velocity will not change any longer; with the same shell thickness, the bigger material density the higher jet＇s head velocity.

Shape Sensing of Thin Shell Structure Based on Inverse Finite Element Method

Shape sensing as a crucial component of structural health monitoring plays a vital role in real-time actuation and control of smart structures,and monitoring of structural integrity.As a model-based method,the inverse finite element method(iFEM)has been proved to be a valuable shape sensing tool that is suitable for complex structures.In this paper,we propose a novel approach for the shape sensing of thin shell structures with iFEM.Considering the structural form and stress characteristics of thin-walled structure,the error function consists of membrane and bending section strains only which is consistent with the Kirchhoff–Love shell theory.For numerical implementation,a new four-node quadrilateral inverse-shell element,iDKQ4,is developed by utilizing the kinematics of the classical shell theory.This new element includes hierarchical drilling rotation degrees-of-freedom(DOF)which enhance applicability to complex structures.Firstly,the reconstruction performance is examined numerically using a cantilever plate model.Following the validation cases,the applicability of the iDKQ4 element to more complex structures is demonstrated by the analysis of a thin wallpanel.Finally,the deformation of a typical aerospace thin-wall structure(the composite tank)is reconstructed with sparse strain data with the help of iDKQ4 element.

Static shape control of a flat shell structure

The eight-node and forty-DOF piezoelectric shell element were applied to shape control of a flat shell structure. By the direct and converse effects, a distributed piezoelectric sensor layer was used to monitor the shape deformation and a distributed actuator layer was used to suppresse the deflection. A finite element model was for static response of laminated shell with piezoelectric sensors/actuators was derived. The model was verified by calculating piezoelectric polymeric PVDF bimorph beam. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by theoretical analysis of Tzou and Hwang . A case study of the static shape control of a flat shell structure is presented.

Finite Element Analysis of Polygon Shaped Shell Roof

A new spherical triangular finite element based on shallow shell formulation is developed in this paper. The element has six degrees of freedom at each comer node, five of which are the essential external degrees of freedom and the additional sixth is associated with the in-plane shell rotation. The displacement fields of the element satisfy the exact requirement of rigid body modes of motion. The element is based on independent strain assumption insofar as it is allowed by the compatibility equations. The element developed herein is first validated by applying it to the analysis of a benchmark problem involving a standard spherical shell with simply supported edges. The results of the analysis showed that reasonably accurate results were obtained even when modeling the shells using fewer elements compared to other shell element types. The element is then used in a finite element model to analyze polygon shaped spherical roof structures. The distribution of the various components of deflection and stress is obtained. Furthermore, the effect of introducing circular arched beams as stiffeners spanning the two diagonally opposite end comers is investigated. It is found that the stiffeners reduced the deflections and the stresses in the roof structure by considerable value.

改进Alpha Shapes和快速凸壳算法的SVM故障诊断

现有的基于凸壳的支持向量机(SVM)算法处理机械装备产生的大规模原始数据时间太长。针对这一问题,通过结合轮廓提取算法(Alpha Shapes)和快速凸壳算法,提出一种结合改进快速凸壳算法的SVM用于故障诊断研究。该融合算法利用改进简化的Alpha Shapes算法提取点集的边界数据点,作为改进的快速凸壳算法的对象,减少凸壳算法递归的工作量。实验结果表明:该算法平均只提取了数据集0.26%的数据点,且计算的时间也相应降低。最后实验同样表明该算法的性能优于单一的SVM算法。

GENERAL SOLUTION FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS OVERALL-BENDING PROBLEMS

The formulae for stresses and angular displacements of U-shaped bellows overall bending in a meridian plane under pure bending moments are presented based on the general solution for slender ring shells proposed by Zhu Weiping, et al. and the solution for ring plates. The results evaluated in this paper are compared with those on EJMA (standards of the expansion joint manufacturers association) and of the experiment given by Li Tingxilz, et al.

Post-Buckling Behavior of Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial, Bending and Torsion Loads

In present work, post-buckling behavior of imperfect (of eigen form) laminated composite cylindrical shells with different L/D and R/t ratios subjected to axial, bending and torsion loads has been investigated by using an equilibrium path approach in the finite element analysis. The Newton-Raphson approach as well as the arc-length approach is used to ensure the correctness of the equilibrium paths up to the limit point load. Post-buckling behavior of imperfect cylindrical shells with different L/D and R/t ratios of interest is obtained and the theoretical knock-down factors are reported for the considered cylindrical shells.

Shell characterization and effects on cavity volume of wild Jinjiang oyster Crassostrea ariakensis in different estuaries of China

Jinjiang oyster Crassostrea ariakensis,a species with economic and ecological value,is distributed along the estuaries and coasts of East Asia.With the decline in natural resources,the conservation and aquaculture of this species is urgent.However,studies characterizing their shell shape remain scarce.We investigated the morphological differences in the shells of wild Jinjiang oysters from six populations(Qinzhou,Shanghai,Nantong,Qingdao,and Binzhou hard or muddy bottom)along the coast of China.The color of the shell and adductor muscle scar showed associations with temperature gradient along its geographical distribution.Oyster shape was defined by shell height to shell length ratio,and the ratio varies among geographic locations of the populations.They were found nearly round(Qinzhou and Nantong populations),oval(Qingdao and Binzhou populations),or water-droplet-shaped(Shanghai population).Binzhou populations living on muddy substrates are more elongated than those on hard substrate.In addition,we developed a method to measure the cavity volume in oysters.Correlation and path analysis showed that shell height significantly influenced cavity volume.The synergistic effect of the two factors(the height,length,and width of the shell in pairs)on the cavity volume resulted in differences between northern and southern groups:samples from the southern group(Qinzhou and Shanghai)showed correlation between shell height and shell width,while those from the northern group(Nantong,Qingdao,and Binzhou)showed correlation between shell height and shell length.All populations showed significant correlation between shell height and cavity height,and shell length and cavity length,while the correlation between shell width and cavity width was minimal,which may have been resulted from uneven shell thickness.The linear equation for shell height and cavity volume under different ratios of shell height to length was obtained.In this study,we determined that shell height has the most influence on cavity volume,and specific cavity volume fitting linear equations are given for different shell types,which may provide a reference for future oyster breeding for shell shaping.

Study on applicability of modal analysis of thin finite length cylindrical shells using wave propagation approach

Donnell’s thin shell theory and basic equations based on the wave propagation method discussed in detail here, is used to investigate the natural frequencies of thin finite length circular cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions. Mode shapes are drawn to explain the circumferential mode number n and axial mode number m, and the natural frequencies are cal-culated numerically and compared with those of FEM (finite element method) to confirm the reliability of the analytical solution. The effects of relevant parameters on natural frequencies are discussed thoroughly. It is shown that for long thin shells the method is simple, accurate and effective.

Influence of Non-uniform Parameter of Bolt Joint on Complexity of Frequency Characteristics of Cylindrical Shell

Bolt connection is one of the main fixing methods of cylindrical shell structures.A typical bolted connection model is considered as a tuned system.However,in the actual working conditions,due to the manufacturing error,installation error and uneven materials of bolts,there are always random errors between different bolts.To investigate the influence of non-uniform parameters of bolt joint,including the stiffness and the distribution position,on frequency complexity characteristics of cylindrical shell through a statistical method is the main aim of this paper.The bolted joints considered here were simplified as a series of springs with random features.The vibration equation of the bolted joined cylindrical shell was derived based on Sanders’thin shell theory.The Monte Carlo simulation and statistical theory were applied to the statistical analysis of mode characteristics of the system.First,the frequency and mode shape of the tuned system were investigated and compared with FEM.Then,the effect of the random distribution and the random constraint stiffness of the bolts on the frequency and mode shape were studied.And the statistical analysis on the natural frequencies was evaluated for different mistuned levels.And some special cases were presented to help understand the effect of random mistuning.This research introduces random theory into the modeling of bolted joints and proposes a reference result to interpret the complexity of the modal characteristics of cylindrical shells with non-uniform parameters of bolt joints.

Optimization for Maximum Nonlinear Buckling Load and Topics on Imperfection of Latticed Shells

The present paper represents comparison of continuum shells and latticed shells with qualitative analysis. For shells, the mechanical characteristics in the two perpendicular directions are continuous and related to each other, and any change in thickness will result in change in stiffness in any direction. In latticed shells, members are discrete and stiffnesses in two mutually perpendicular directions are discontinuous and independent of each other. Therefore, sensitivity of geometrical imperfection for buckling of latticed shells should be different from that of continuum shells. The author proposes a shape optimization method for maximum buckling load of a latticed shell. A single layer latticed dome is taken as a numerical example, and the results show that the buckling load parameter for full area loading case increases 32.75% compared to that of its initial shape. Furthermore, the numerical example demonstrates that an optimum latticed shell with maximum buckling load, unlike an optimum continuum shell, may not be sensitive to its geometrical imperfection.

Study of rotational bands of ^(129)La using the projectedshell model

The projected shell model is applied to the nucleus 129La. The present results of theoretical calculations about the one-quasiproton bands are compared with experimental data. The agreement with both the yrast πh11/2 band πg7/2 band is satisfactory. We also assign the πg7/2 [νh11/2]2 configuration with an oblate shape for one of bands in 129La.

用于轮胎振动分析的壳模型优化研究

虽然现有壳模型在0~500 Hz频带内精度高,适合用于轮胎结构振动分析,但由于模型中耦合了胎侧二维壳模型,导致胎冠振动模态难以分离,且模型自由度和所需输入参数增加。本文对该壳模型进行改进:在保持胎冠壳模型不变的基础上,应用轮胎环模型和板模型中对胎侧的近似方法,采用弹性基底代替胎侧二维壳模型,简化了原模型的边界条件并缩减了输入参数个数;针对改进后的壳模型建立了求解方法,实现了胎冠模态频率和振型的求解。并通过与实验数据的对比,验证了改进后的壳模型及其求解方法的正确性。

贝壳形屋盖风压系数密度峰值聚类分区研究

鉴于贝壳形屋盖表面风压分布的特殊性,提出基于快速搜索技术的密度峰值聚类风压系数分区方法。以某贝壳形屋盖表面风压分布试验结果为基础,进行密度峰值聚类风压系数分区,采用SD有效性指标验证分区数的合理性,并与改进k-means聚类分区结果进行对比。结果表明:密度峰值聚类风压系数分区以风压系数相对距离、局部密度和综合指数为特征参数,能较好反映屋面风压分布特性,有效保证类聚合性和类类分离性;相较于改进k-means分区法,不同风向角下密度峰值聚类得到的分区数与SD最优聚类数接近;密度峰值聚类分区结果能更准确反映贝壳形屋盖表面风压分布特性,充分体现测点风压系数局部密度和相对距离特征值较大的基本原则,对于贝壳形屋盖的风压系数分区具有更好的适用性;贝壳形屋盖密度峰值聚类分区最大负风压系数在-0.59~-1.74之间。

大跨度装配式单层网壳十字形半刚性螺栓连接节点抗弯性能研究

装配式连接节点是大跨度装配式单层空间网壳结构体系的关键。提出一种适用于大跨度单层网壳结构的十字形板装配式节点。该节点由圆钢管、十字形钢板、角钢、矩形连接盖板、圆盖板和高强螺栓组成,其中圆钢管、盖板、十字形钢板在工厂焊接,现场将十字形板和角钢、矩形盖板用高强螺栓连接。该节点通过设置角钢、矩形连接盖板和十字形钢板螺栓连接,在节点受到弯曲荷载时,角钢和矩形连接盖板可以首先承受弯曲荷载,从而减少节点内侧的十字形钢板塑性损伤,并且提高节点的抗弯性能。利用有限元模拟方法,构建新型连接节点有限元模型,分析了十字形钢板和角钢厚度等变量如何影响节点在平面内外的抗弯性能。通过对各组成部分尺寸的参数化研究,得到了这些因素对所提出的连接节点平面内外抗弯性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,采用角钢与矩形盖板相连接形成的十字形节点,在抗弯刚度和承载力方面表现出了优异的性能。通过调节十字形板厚度、螺栓个数、角钢和盖板厚度可调控节点的初始抗弯刚度和抗弯承载力。基于刚性节点设计方法,对该半刚性节点进行尺寸理论设计,结果表明该方法可以保证节点弯矩设计值基本达到圆钢管的屈服弯矩,满足设计要求,提高节点安全。

含调整器装药结构破片形成影响因素研究

为有效改善柱壳断裂位置并产生形状规则的大质量破片,该文设计了一种由柱壳装药以及嵌入其中的爆轰波调整器构成的新型破片战斗部结构,并研究了爆轰波调整器结构参数对破片输出的影响。采用AUTODYN-3D有限元计算软件,分析了爆轰波碰撞叠加切割柱壳形成破片的过程,找出了柱壳切割效果优良的调整器结构参数取值范围,并开展了最优结构的验证试验。研究结果表明:有效破片生成率随内外层装药厚度比、调整器厚度的增加以及沟槽数量的减小,由一定值逐渐达到100%;当内外层装药厚度比为5、调整器厚度为10 mm或15 mm且开有8或12个沟槽时,有效破片在生成率达到100%的同时兼具较大的平均质量;水井试验回收率为96.3%,获得的有效破片生成率为100%,破片平均长度和宽度分别为39.75 mm和14.2 mm,与仿真结果的误差分别为6.25%和11.25%。该文研究结果可为实现破片战斗部智能可选择化提供借鉴思路。

不同螺旋缠绕异形管换热器壳程性能数值研究

缠绕管的形状对螺旋缠绕管换热器的传热能力有重要影响,本文建立了具有不同截面形状的螺旋缠绕管换热器模型,数值研究了八种不同截面形状的缠绕管对螺旋缠绕管换热器壳程流动与传热性能的影响。相比于传统圆管,三叶管和水滴管对壳程流体造成的扰动较大,增强了螺旋缠绕管换热器的综合换热性能,而三叶管则具有最大换热能力。进一步分析了不同冲刷方式对螺旋三叶管换热器和螺旋水滴管换热器壳程性能的影响,结果表明:在相同的进口工况下,螺旋三叶管换热器壳程努塞尔数相比于传统圆管提高了11.8%~15.5%,阻力系数增大了41.9%~49.6%;螺旋水滴管换热器壳程努塞尔数相比于传统圆管提高了2.8%~4.3%,阻力系数增大了3.2%~6.8%;在雷诺数为2 603~5 206的工况条件下,管截面与流动方向夹角为0°的三叶管换热器综合换热性能最好,而管截面与流动方向呈逆流形式的水滴管换热器综合换热性能优于顺流形式。

不同形态金藻对菲律宾蛤仔幼虫生长发育的影响

为了评估不同形态的球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)对菲律宾蛤(Ruditapes philippinarum)仔幼虫生长发育的效果,本研究选择人工培养的球等鞭金藻3011、金藻粉和金藻泥作为饵料,投喂菲律宾蛤仔D形幼虫,测定了幼虫的密度、相对生长率以及淀粉酶(AMY)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)的基因表达水平。结果显示,投喂活体球等鞭金藻的菲律宾蛤仔幼虫在生长速度和存活率方面均优于投喂金藻粉和金藻泥的幼虫,表明干燥处理和浓缩冷冻会影响金藻的营养价值;投喂藻泥的蛤仔幼虫存活率高于藻粉组,但生长率低于藻粉组;饥饿的蛤仔幼虫生长速度、存活率、淀粉酶和生长发育相关基因的表达均处于较低水平。本研究表明,合适的饵料供给对菲律宾蛤仔幼虫的生长发育至关重要,金藻粉和金藻泥还不能完全替代活体金藻,在生产中可以作为添加剂部分替代活体金藻。本研究可为菲律宾蛤仔幼虫营养需求和工厂化人工育苗技术研究提供参考。

基于AUTODYN的EFP动能干扰协同作用仿真研究

为提高传统特种能源成型干扰器(EFP)侵彻部的侵彻范围和干扰效果,通过对EFP侵彻部进行结构优化,在不影响EFP成型的基础上,将预制破片和EFP侵彻部这2种干扰元进行融合,形成EFP动能干扰复合侵彻部。采用AUTODYN有限元分析软件将动能干扰侵彻部的壳体结构和药型罩外形对破片运动状态和药型罩变形情况的影响进行数值模拟。结果表明,采用球缺形药型罩有利于形成EFP;当壳体与水平角度在-8°~-10°范围内,预制破片和形成的EFP速度最大,可增大侵彻部的干扰效果。

管壳式换热器弓形折流板的结构优化

为研究某高温烟气急冷器空气二次冷却系统的流动与传热特性,建立了管壳式换热器简化模型,运用ANSYS软件进行数值模拟,分析了折流板数量、相对缺口高度、折流板间距和换热器进出口管布置方式对换热器性能的影响。结果表明:折流板数量越多,相对缺口高度越小,换热器压降越大,换热系数越大,综合性能指标越小;高温区域折流板间距小、低温区域折流板间距大的换热器比等间距折流板换热器平均换热系数提高了4.3%,平均综合性能指标提高了2.3%;空气出口管布置在热流体进口侧比布置在热流体出口侧平均换热系数提高了6.5%,平均综合性能指标提高了4.3%。