Evaluation of the treatment effect of rear slope cutting on hydrodynamic pressure landslides:A case study

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir,some huge ancient landslides were reactivated and deformed,showing typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide characteristics.The Baishuihe landslide was a typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide.The management department conducted slope cutting treatments from 2018 to 2019.To evaluate the treatment effect of rear slope cutting,this study analyzed the data of the surface deformation survey and field monitoring over the past 20 years and the characteristics of the reservoir water-triggered Baishuihe landslide deformation,and calculated the seepage field,displacement field,and stability coefficient before and after landslide treatment.The results showed that the deformation of the Baishuihe landslide was primarily related to a decrease in the reservoir water level.Owing to the poor permeability of the landslide soil,the decrease in the reservoir water level produced a seepage force pointing to the outside of the landslide body,leading to the step deformation of the landslide displacement.The landslide was treated by rear slope cutting,and the“step”deformation of the landslide disappeared after treatment.The hydrodynamic pressure caused by the change in reservoir water after cutting the slope did not disappear.However,as the slope cutting greatly reduced the overall sliding force of the landslide,its stability was greatly improved.Notably,high stability can still be ensured under extreme rainfall after treatment.Slope cutting is effective for treating hydrodynamic pressure landslides.This study can provide effective technical support for the treatment of reservoir landslides.

Investigation of rockfall-prone road cut slope near Lengpui Airport,Mizoram,India

Rockfall is one of severe natural hazards that are frequently reported in northeast region of India. It carries rock block falling from the cliff with high velocities and energies which can result in damages to vehicles, disruption to transportation, injuries and fatalities. The massive rockfall event which occurred in April 2017 on the highway NH-44 A, near Lengpui Airport, blocked the traffic for 1 d, and fortunately,no casualties were reported as the event occurred in the night. This is the only highway connecting the Aizawl city to the airport and the region is highly prone to rockfall events. Hence assessment of rockfall along this highway is necessary. In the current study, rockfall hazard assessment has been carried out on three locations by rockfall hazard rating system(RHRS). During pre-failure analysis, the result shows that most hazardous slopes have RHRS score of 639. The slopes were found to be vulnerable and later on the rockfall activity occurred. Three-dimensional(3 D) stability analysis has been carried out using 3 DEC software package to analyze the failure behavior and to decide the rockfall-prone zone(unstable blocks)for slope. The total displacement of 2.24 cm and velocity of 2,25 mm/s of the failed block have been observed in the numerical analysis. Further, the rockfall vulnerable zone(unstable blocks) is considered to determine the parameters such as run-out distance, bounce height and energies of the falling rock blocks. The maximum total kinetic energy of 5047 kJ has been observed in the numerical analysis with the maximum run-out distance up to 18 m.

Human-induced landslide on a high cut slope: a case of repeated failures due to multi-excavation

The paper attempts to represent a case of repeated failures on a high cut slope due to multi-excavation. The characteristics of each failure induced by excavation are analyzed through geological investigation, and then a geological model at different failure stages is proposed. The geological analysis shows that the excavation-induced repeated failures are related to the exposure of the weak bedding plane and the toe unloading of the cut slope, Numerical modeling is conducted based on a sequential method, taking into account the main failure stages of cut slope. The simulation results fairly coincide with the practical phenomena observed in field. It is shown that the decrease in normal stress of displaced mass on cut slope will induce the increase in shear stress in bedding planes and that at the toe of the cut slope. The released stress leads to repeated gravitational instabilities of cut slope due to the decrease in normal stress and the increase in shear stress along the bedding planes of mudstone.

Mechanism of Downcutting Erosion of Debris Flow over a Movable Bed

The phenomenon of debris flow is intermediate between mass movement and solid transport. Flows can be sudden, severe and destructive. Understanding debris flow erosion processes is the key to providing geomorphic explanations, but progress has been limited because the physical-mechanical properties, movement laws and erosion characteristics are different from those of sediment-laden flow. Using infinite slope theory, this research examines the process and mechanism of downcutting erosion over a moveable bed in a viscous debris flow gully. It focuses specifically on the scour depth and the critical slope for viscous debris flow,and formulas for both calculations are presented.Both scour depth and the critical conditions of downcutting erosion are related to debris flow properties(sand volume concentration and flow depth) and gully properties(longitudinal slope,viscous and internal friction angle of gully materials,and coefficient of kinetic friction). In addition, a series of flume experiments was carried out to characterize the scouring process of debris flows with different properties. The calculated values agreed well with the experimental data. These theoretical formulas are reasonable, and using infinite slope theory to analyze down cutting erosion from viscous debris flow is feasible.

Stability investigation of road cut slope in basaltic rockmass,Mahabaleshwar,India

Slope failures along hill cut road slopes are the major nuisance for commuters and highway planners as they put the human lives at huge risk,coupled with immense monetary losses.Analysis of these vulnerable cut slopes entails the assessment and estimation of the suitable material strength input parameters to be used in the numerical models to accomplish a holistic stability examination.For the present study a 60 m high,basaltic and lateritic road cut hill slope in Mahabaleshwar,India,has been considered.A number of samples of both basalt and laterite,in their natural state were tested in the laboratory and the evaluated maximum,minimum and mean strength parameters were employed for the three cases in a distinct element numerical model.The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion has been incorporated in the numerical model for the material as well as the joints.The numerical investigation offered the factor of safety and insights into the probable deformational mechanism for the three cases.Beside,several critical parameters have also been judged from the study viz.,mode of failure,factor of safety,shear strain rate,displacement magnitudes etc.The result of this analysis shows that the studied section is prone to recurrent failures due to the capping of a substantially thick layer of weaker lateritic material above the high strength basaltic rock mass.External triggering mechanisms like heavy precipitation and earthquake may also accelerate the slope failure in this area.The study also suggests employing instant preventive measures to avert the further risk of damage.

Matrix test measurements of ground-borne vibration induced by the heavy-duty trains on embankment and cutting tracks in a loess area

This paper presents a comparative analysis of ground vibration in three directions generated by a heavy-duty railway with various track sections.The vibration characteristics in the plane area were investigated by using matrix test measurements.Acceleration peak attenuation was faster within 25 m from the embankment,and the high-frequency vibration attenuates faster with increased distance.For the cutting section with multi-stage soil slope,decay rate of acceleration was relatively larger.The acceleration level of the plane region ranged to 82.2-89.1 dB by the single C80 train.Yet the acceleration level caused by the C80 trains running parallel after meeting showed a distinct increment.The increment of the cutting section was much larger compared with the embankment section,with the increment ranging from 1.2-2.5 dB.In terms of the cutting section,Y direction acceleration was dominant closer to the track.Within 10-30 m of the track,the Y direction acceleration(perpendicular to the rail)decreased rapidly and became comparable to the X direction(parallel to the rail)and Z direction.Additionally,the cutting case generated a higher level of vibration in all three directions compared to the embankment,but as the distance from track increased,the deviation between acceleration gradually decreased.

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine（Pinus tabuliformis）. This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78（±0.85） and 1.06（±1.15） m, and the average diameters at breast height（DBH） were 3.21（±1.38） and 2.91（±1.38） cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00（±1.14） and 2.24（±1.20） m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.

Dynamic Design and Construction of Highway Cut Slopes in Huangshan Area, China

Deformation and failure of high slope impact the construction and operation safety of highway in the mountainous areas. The deformation and failure are mainly caused by poor design which normally has not well combined with the geological conditions and unplanned construction. Therefore, effective design and construction management should be conducted for ensuring a successful construction without damage and risk. In light of the reality of high slope construction along highway in the Huangshan area, this paper proposes a technical procedure for dynamic design and construction management of high slopes along highway in the mountainous area. The proposed construction management scheme is divided into three phases, i.e., 1) design phase, 2) preparation phase of excavation, and 3) construction phase. During the design phase, experiences and lessons learnt from the design and construction of other high slopes along highway in the same region are summarized. The number of slopes and slope height should be optimized from the aspects of route selection and route form. During the preparation phase of excavation, "Excavation Permit Management System" should be adopted, and construction scheme should be made by the construction unit, then the scientific research and design unit determine whether it guarantees slope stability and makes optimization measures. During the construction phase, the scientific research unit would make proposal of optimization design, and apply the achievements of scientific research into practice through common efforts of various units based on the understanding of excavation and investigation. The management system mentioned above is adopted to conduct dynamic design and construction management for more than 90 slopes along the Huangshan - Taling - Taolin Expressway, and successful results of application have been achieved.

Effect of the frozen layer on the stability of cut soil slopes during seasonal freezing and thawing

Research on the stability of soil slopes in seasonally frozen regions has mainly focused on slope failures during the thawing window.There are few studies on slope stability during the freezing window and its subsequent influence on slope failure in the next thawing window.In this paper,soil strength was tested during freezing and thawing to obtain temperature-dependent strength parameters for the simulation of slope stability.Then,the slope's temperature field over an entire year was accurately simulated so that characteristics of the frozen layer could be determined at any time.Based on the above results,the progressive failure modes of frozen soil slopes are discussed.The results show that:1)during the freezing window,depth of the frozen soil layer increases,as does the slope's safety factor,while a yield zone propagates towards the slope shoulder.(2)During the thawing window,the frozen soil layer shrinks in depth while the yield zone continuously expands,which decreases the safety factor.Comprehensive analysis of these results indicate that the frozen layer provides a“toe-locking effect”that increases the safety factor during the freezing window,while it also provides a“dragging effect”that propagates the yield zone towards the slope shoulder.During the thawing window,the“toe-locking effect”gradually diminishes;a continuous sliding surface is formed,which lead to a landslide.The frozen soil layer of the freezing window accelerates the slope sliding in the thawing window.

地震作用下非等宽平台路堑边坡的动力响应研究

非等宽平台设计是提高碎裂岩体路堑高边坡动力稳定性的有效方法之一,在规范平台宽度不小于2 m背景下,研究该类型边坡的动力响应特征具有重要工程应用价值。通过FLAC3D有限元软件计算三级台阶式边坡平台位置的PGA放大系数、塑性变形区和最大剪应变,然后基于数值模拟结果设计大型振动台物理模拟试验开展非等宽台阶式边坡变形失稳特征和PGA放大系数变化研究,对二级平台宽度引起的边坡破坏程度进行分析,提出路堑边坡工程设计建议。数值模拟表明,随着中间平台宽度增加PGA放大系数先减后增,考虑平台的分割效应下建议该工程二级平台宽度为4 m;物理试验表明,边坡易在平台处产生应力集中,平台分割效应使边坡逐渐分解为局部破坏,地震作用下发生累进变形破坏,分为缓慢变形、加速变形和失稳破坏阶段。研究成果为该类型路堑边坡平台的设计提供了依据。

圆形抗滑桩-拱形挡土板支挡性能与参数分析

为规避当前施工方法的不足,发展安全、高效和可靠的施工方法。依托东北地区某高速铁路路堑边坡工程,采用适于机械钻孔的圆形抗滑桩代替现行矩形抗滑桩,预制拱形挡土板,本文提出一种新型拱形板-桩墙支挡体系;并构建有限元模型,分析桩长、桩径、桩间距以及拱形挡土板矢跨比对新型拱形板-桩墙支挡体系支护性能的影响;揭示不同参数下桩顶水平位移与桩身内力的变化规律。研究结果表明:桩长与桩身弯矩和剪力大小呈正相关关系,与桩顶水平位移呈负相关关系。桩长超过14 m时,其对桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩和剪力的影响效应明显减弱;随着桩间距增大,桩顶水平位移增大但变化幅度逐渐减小。拱形挡土板矢跨比增大时,桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩和剪力均减小。影响拱形板-桩墙体系支挡性能的因素依次为桩间距、桩长、桩径和矢跨比。研究结果为圆形抗滑桩-拱形挡土板支挡体系在实际工程中的应用提供新思路。

大采高综采工作面切顶留巷矸石帮变形控制技术研究

为解决厚煤层大采高综采工作面切顶留巷矸石帮围岩控制难题,首先利用理论分析建立了不同挡矸支护条件下矸石帮位移变化的力学公式,以此为基础提出矸石帮变形控制双策略,减弱矸石帮变形压力和增强矸石帮的抗变形能力;其次利用现场实验设计两种类别共4组挡矸支护方案,探讨不同支护方案的矸石帮控制效果,验证理论研究成果。结果表明:①增强矸石帮侧顶板支护强度,能减弱矸石帮变形压力;②增架卡兰个数、增加卡兰预紧力、增加卡兰个数、增强U型钢之间的摩擦力等能增加U型钢滑移初始滑移应力,增强矸石帮的抗变形能力;③挡矸支护控制效果为:2副卡兰+单体支柱<2副卡兰+单元支架<2副卡兰+单元支架+呛柱<3副卡兰+单元支架。该研究可为同类条件下切顶留巷矸石帮变形控制提供参考。

露天矿地下水控制技术及对边坡稳定性的影响

我国富水露天矿多且涌水量大,若矿山地下水或边坡处治不当,将面临着“水患难止、边坡难固、有矿难采”的窘境。为解决露天矿遇到的水患和边坡失稳的问题,基于我国露天矿先后发展的垂直疏水孔、水平疏水孔、坑下大口径疏水孔和井群疏水等抽排方式,坑底泄水巷、基坑降水和辐射井疏干等疏放方式以及钻孔注浆帷幕、地下混凝土连续墙帷幕、钻孔咬合桩帷幕、防渗膜帷幕等截水帷幕和地层回灌水帷幕等多种地下水控制技术;开展了不同露天矿地下水控制技术对地下水位、端帮边坡岩土体力学性质变化、坡体应力变化和边坡稳定性系数影响的研究,分析了截水帷幕作用下地下水位抬升与边坡稳定性变化规律。研究结果表明:通过抽排方式、疏放方式将露天矿山地下水疏干或疏降可有效降低地下水位,减少边坡岩土体含水率,提高边坡岩土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,减小坡体的静水压力和水平推力,整体提高边坡稳定性系数,但大量疏排地下水又造成水资源的浪费和污染;截水帷幕能够解决疏排降水造成的地下水位下降幅度太大、疏排水量巨大、水资源浪费和污染的问题;在截水帷幕作用下,露天矿截水帷幕外侧水位不断抬升,引起截水帷幕外侧边坡岩土体含水率增加、黏聚力和内摩擦角减小、坡体的静水压力和水平推力增大,而截水帷幕内侧边坡岩土体含水率减小、黏聚力和内摩擦角增大、坡体的静水压力和水平推力减小,从而引起露天矿边坡稳定性系数略有降低;通过截水帷幕可以控制露天矿边坡地下水位,进而保持边坡岩土体力学参数在合理范围,维持边坡稳定性系数在安全区间,实现露天矿地下水资源保护与边坡安全的平衡。

含挖填界面边坡三维稳定性上限分析

针对工程实践中挖填交界面与边坡坡面走向线斜交的高边坡空间三维稳定分析问题,基于极限分析上限定理,构建拓展的三维牛角状破坏机构,通过引入机构参数挖填界面倾角α突出边坡特性,建立与之对应的功能平衡方程,采用序列二次规划优化算法求解强度折减后的边坡安全系数上限解。在此基础上,计算了宁夏黄土丘陵地区妙岭750kV变电站高边坡以及相关文献中极限状态下边坡稳定性系数γH/c工程案例,并将计算结果与有限元极限分析软件模拟值进行对比分析。结果表明:随着挖填界面倾角α的增大,边坡安全系数Fs上限解和模拟值均减小,两种方法的计算结果相对误差在5.9%以内,且拓展的破坏机构与数值模拟的剪切耗散变形模式基本一致;在极限状态下,拓展机构的上限解和数值模拟结果都十分接近于1.0,二者相对误差未超过8.3%。研究工作为此类高边坡空间稳定分析问题提供了一种简便实用的计算方法。

多分支水平井岩屑运移模型与实验研究

随着多分支水平井及复杂结构井钻井技术的不断发展,井眼清洁技术面临着新的困难和挑战。如何解决复杂地质条件与复杂井型条件下的岩屑床问题,对于判断与处理井下复杂情况是当前钻井工程面临的重要科学问题之一。通过岩屑颗粒受力分析建立了岩屑运移环空临界流速模型;基于室内可视化岩屑运移实验,探究了岩屑运移影响规律。结果表明:井斜角为36°时岩屑临界启动速度最大,携岩最为困难;模型预测结果与实验结果吻合度较好,且基于实例井的预测结果与现场作业情况一致,验证了所建模型的可靠性。该研究可为大位移大井斜井及水平井井眼清洁提供理论依据和技术支持。

基于应力水平的边坡加固设计方法研究

当前边坡优化设计较多的依赖于工程经验,尚缺乏理论层面的设计依据和指导体系,为此,提出一种将应力水平分布和稳定性分析相结合,综合确定边坡加固位置和规模的设计方法,通过3个顺层路堑边坡工程实例阐述了该方法的应用方式和效果。所得结论主要有:①基于应力水平确定加固位置、稳定性分析确定加固规模,这种综合性方法通常能得到较优的加固设计方案,既可为边坡的初步设计提供理论指导,也可为经验优化方案的校验提供理论依据;②对于顺层岩质边坡,在岩层分界面处应力水平往往较高,若开挖后岩层分界面有出露,采用锚索穿过岩层分界面提高坡体稳定性具有较好的效果;③“剥山皮”式开挖对稳定性帮助不大,对于此类边坡采用较陡的坡率挖除加固更有效。

山区切坡活动引发地质灾害风险评估及其防控措施

以秦岭北麓西安市临潼区仁宗街道为研究区,在野外调查、遥感解译的基础上,确定、分析了40处地质灾害隐患点的发育特征及其主要影响因素;基于DEM数据,构建了研究区663个斜坡单元地质灾害风险评估体系,通过地质灾害易发性、危险性和易损性分析,得到了考虑斜坡稳定性和承灾体危害性的仁宗街道斜坡单元地质灾害综合风险评估结果;通过野外实地验证,证实了评估结果的准确性和可靠性。据此划分了地质灾害防治区,从防灾减灾和工程建设两维度提出了仁宗街道的地质灾害风险防控措施建议,为研究区国土空间规划提供参考依据。

顺层深路堑边坡滑带土强度特性和基底预留厚度预警分析

含软弱夹层的顺层深路堑边坡在边坡工程中普遍存在,滑带土强度和基底预留厚度(开挖边坡基底到软弱夹层的距离)是影响其稳定性的2个关键性因素。以杨宣(杨柳-宣城)高速K42路堑边坡为例,分析了边坡变形演化过程和基底隆起变形特征,通过适合研究大剪切位移下土体抗剪强度的环剪试验揭示了边坡深部滑带土的特性,应用滑带土的饱和残余强度参数进行了边坡开挖基底预留厚度分析。结果表明:K42滑带土有明显的应变软化特性,且法向应力越小滑带土应变软化特性表现越明显;由峰值抗剪强度到残余抗剪强度,黏聚力和内摩擦角均表现出衰减效应,且黏聚力衰减程度大于内摩擦角;滑带土残余抗剪强度参数中的残余黏聚力随剪切速率的变化很小,而残余内摩擦角和剪切速率呈对数函数φ=0.1303ln v+7.3197关系变化,当剪切速率<2 mm/min时,滑带土残余抗剪强度参数对剪切速率较为敏感,反之敏感性较差;最后,依据边坡不同临界状态的回归方程h_(1)、h_(2)、h_(3)将不同坡率下的基底预留厚度分成A(失稳)、B(欠稳定)、C(基本稳定)以及D(稳定)4个区,并且在此基础上建立了基底预留厚度判据和边坡开挖基底预留厚度预警模型。

路堑边坡浅层塌滑的控制因素与生态防治措施——以双达公路边坡为例

有效掌握边坡浅层塌滑机制及其影响因素的主次关系是开展路堑边坡变形预测及塌滑治理的重要前提。为此,以阵雨条件下甘肃省双达高速某路堑边坡为研究对象,首先通过FLAC3D有限元软件平台编写FISH语言,实现饱和度、重度和土体抗剪强度之间的动态关联,然后求解不同降雨强度、坡比和降雨历时条件下路堑边坡的安全系数,并基于灰色关联理论确定路堑边坡浅层塌滑主要外界因素的主次关系,最后通过室内降雨试验和现场生态防护试验总结出路堑边坡浅层塌滑机制,提出浅层塌滑生态防治措施。研究表明:降雨过程中,路堑边坡破坏模式由深层整体滑动向浅层局部滑动演化,且随坡比的降低,浅层塌滑区域由路堑边坡的坡肩部位向坡脚部位演化;相比降雨强度和降雨历时,坡比对路堑边坡浅层塌滑影响性最大;降雨过程中,路堑边坡浅层土体累计冲蚀率随时间呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,设置拱骨架和降低坡比均能提高路堑边坡浅层土体的抗塌滑能力;相比HP-FGM和EFM防护材料,聚丙烯纤维土防护材料时效性最理想,路堑边坡浅层塌滑生态治理效果最好。

近坝岸坡涌浪灾害减灾措施效果评估——以削坡减载为主

有效减缓近坝库区涌浪灾害是保障水利工程高质量运行的前提。以大型工程近坝岸坡4号倾倒变形体失稳诱发涌浪为例,采用三维数值模拟,研究削坡减载措施对涌浪灾害消减特性并寻求评估减灾效率的方法。结果表明:库区涌浪波属于有限水深波,类型为弱非线性震荡波,该类型次生波浪高大于首波;提出了4种削坡减载方案,有效缓解了库区涌浪影响程度,如开挖量最少的方案四,坝前最大浪高2.55 m(不处理浪高11.31 m),折浪率约0.78。研究提出了削坡减载效率系数,可用于评估开挖量和减灾效果。研究成果可为库区滑坡涌浪减灾提供评估方法。