Geochemistry and petrogenesis of magnesian high-K granitoids from Bundelkhand Craton,Central India:New insights into crustal evolution

Background The Bundelkhand Craton is significant for preserving the multiphase granitoids magmatism from Paleoarchean to Neoarchean periods.It consists of a variety of granite rocks,including TTGs,sanukitoids,and high-K granitoids.This study presents geochemical characteristics of high-silica(68.97 wt.%–73.99 wt.%),low-silica(58.73wt.%–69.94 wt.%),and high K_(2)O(2.77 wt.%–6.16 wt.%)contents of granitoids.Objective The data on Bundelkhand Craton’s granitic magmatism and geodynamics is not sufficiently robust.Geochemical data from this study will be used to further understand the origin,source,and petrogenesis of granitoid rocks and their implications for the evolution of geodynamics.Methodology Twenty-one samples were collected and analyzed for major,trace,and REE elements.Major elements were measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF),and trace and REE elements were analyzed by ICP-MS.Standard procedures from the Geological Survey of India were followed.Results The geochemical analysis presents high-silica(68.97-73.99 wt.%),low-silica(58.73-69.94 wt.%),and high K2O(2.77-6.16 wt.%)contents in granitoids,classified as granite-granodiorite.The rocks are calcic to calcalkalic,magnesian,and range from peraluminous to metaluminous composition.REE patterns showed strong LREE enrichment relative to HREEs,with prominent negative Eu anomalies corresponding to earlier plagioclase fractionation.Multi-element patterns revealed negative anomalies in Nb,Sr,P,and Ti and positive anomalies in Pb.Conclusion The geochemical signatures attributed to the post-collisional magma generation and continental crustal contamination.The studied rocks show A-type and A2-type lineage,suggesting they originated from the melting of continental crust during transitional/post-collisional tectonic activity.The formation of hybrid granitoids in the Bundelkhand Craton is connected to the fractionation of hybrid magmas in shallow-seated magma chambers during these tectonic processes.

Mineral Geochemistry of Apatite in the Jiama PorphyrySkarn Deposit,Tibet and its Geological Significance

The Jiama deposit,a significant porphyry-skarn-type copper polymetallic deposit located within the Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet,China,exemplifies a typical porphyry metallogenic system.However,the mineral chemistry of its accessory minerals remains under-examined,posing challenges for resource assessment and ore prospecting.Utilizing electron microprobe analysis and LA-ICP-MS analysis,this study investigated the geochemical characteristics of apatite in ore-bearing granite and monzogranite porphyries,as well as granodiorite,quartz diorite,and dark diorite porphyries in the deposit.It also delved into the diagenetic and metallogenic information from these geochemical signatures.Key findings include:(1)The SiO_(2) content,rare earth element(REE)contents,and REE partition coefficients of apatite indicate that the dark diorite porphyry possibly does not share a cogenetic magma source with the other four types of porphyries;(2)the volatile F and Cl contents in apatite,along with their ratio,indicate the Jiama deposit,formed in a collisional setting,demonstrates lower Cl/F ratios in apatite than the same type of deposits formed in a subduction environment;(3)compared to non-ore-bearing rock bodies in other deposits formed in a collisional setting,apatite in the Jiama deposit exhibits lower Ce and Ga contents.This might indicate that rock bodies in the Jiama deposit have higher oxygen fugacity.Nevertheless,the marginal variation in oxygen fugacity between ore-bearing and non-ore-bearing rock bodies within the deposit suggests oxygen fugacity may not serve as the decisive factor in the ore-hosting potential of rock bodies in the Jiama deposit.

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ore-related Granitoids in the Giant Gariatong Rb Deposit,Tibet and Implications for Rb Metallogeny in China

Rubidium(Rb)deposits mostly occur in the South China and Central Asia orogenic belts and are often closely associated with highly differentiated granites.This study investigates a newly-discovered giant Rb deposit at Gariatong in the Central Lhasa terrane in Tibet.Detailed field studies and logging data revealed that the Rb mineralization mainly occurs in monzogranite and is related to greisenization.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon yielded ages of 19.1±0.2 Ma and 19.0±0.2 Ma for greisenized monzogranite and fresh monzogranite,respectively.The monzogranites are characterized as strongly peraluminous,with high contents of SiO2,Al2O3,K2O and Na2O as well as a high differentiation index.They are enriched in light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements with significant negative Eu anomalies and depleted high fieldstrength elements.Petrological and geochemical features of these ore-related monzogranites suggest that they are highly fractionated S-type granites,derived from remelting of crustal materials in a post-collisional setting.The geochemistry of zircon and apatite points to a low oxygen fugacity of the ore-related monzogranite during the magma’s evolution.The discovery of the Gariatong Rb deposit suggests that the Central Lhasa terrane may be an important region for rare metal mineralization.

Bulk geochemistry,Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,and stable O-H isotope systematics of the Metzimevin high-grade iron ore deposit,Mbalam iron ore district,southern Cameroon

Bulk geochemistry,Sr,Nd,and O-H isotope systematics are reported for the first time on banded iron formation(BIF)-hosted high-grade iron ore at the northwestern segment of Congo Craton(CC).Located in Mbalam iron ore district,Southern Cameroon,Metzimevin iron ore deposit is a hematite-magnetite BIF system,dominated by SiO_(2)+Fe_(2)O_(3)(97.1 to 99.84 wt%),with low concentrations of clastic elements e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),and HFSE,depicting a nearly pure chemical precipitate.The REE+Y signature of the iron deposit displays strong positive Eu anomaly,strong negative Ce anomaly,and chondritic to superchondritic Y/Ho ratios,suggestive of formation by mixed seawater-high temperature hydrothermal fluids in oxidising environment.The^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of the BIF are higher than the maximum^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr evolution curves for all Archean reservoirs(bulk silicate earth,Archean crust and Archean seawater),indicating involvement of continentally-derived components during BIF formation and alteration.TheƐ_(Nd)(t)(+2.26 to+3.77)and Nd model age indicate that chemical constituents for the BIF were derived from undifferentiated crustal source,between 3.002 and 2.88 Ga.The variable and diverse O and H isotope data(−1.9‰to 17.3‰and−57‰to 136‰respectively)indicate that the Metzimevin iron ore formed initially from magmatic plumes and later enriched by magmatic-metamorphic-modified meteoric fluids.Mass balance calculations indicate mineralisation by combined leaching and precipitation,with an average iron enrichment factor of>2.67 and SiO_(2)depletion factor of>0.99.This is associated with an overall volume reduction of 28.27%,reflecting net leaching and volume collapse of the BIF protholith.

Constraints of C-O-Sr Isotope and Elemental Geochemistry on Carbonate Sedimentary System Paleoenvironments of the Middle Jurassic Hepingxiang Formation,Western Simao Basin

Western Yunnan is an important area for Mesozoic marine strata,development of which helps to reconstruct paleoenvironments in the eastern Tethys.To bring knowledge of eastern Tethys up to that of western Tethys,this study focuses on its sedimentary characteristics and paleoenvironmental significance concentrating on the Xiushan section of the Simao Basin with analyses of the petrology,element geochemistry,and C-O-Sr isotopes.Samples are micrite,bioclastic limestone,marl,and mixed calcareous clastic rocks with the 87Sr/86Sr values of limestone ranging from 0.708255 to 0.708933;theδ^(13)C values of the limestone range from−5‰to+1.5‰and theδ^(18)O values range from−13.7‰to−9.1‰.Based on the results,it is concluded that the Middle Jurassic limestones in the Simao Basin were deposited in a tidal flat environment with a strong influence of terrigenous input.At least one transgression event occurred during the depositional period.The paleoclimate as a whole changed from dry hot to humid hot and back to dry hot again.These enriched and improved results provide further data support for a comparison of the paleoenvironments between the eastern and western Tethys.

Geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotopes of S-type granite in the Baoshan block, constraints on the age and evolution of the Proto-Tethys

Geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotope data for the Early Paleozoic granites in the Baoshan Block reveal the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys. The samples are high-K, calcalkaline, strongly peraluminous rocks with A/CNK values of 1.37–1.46, are enriched in SiO2, K2O, and Rb, and are depleted in Nb, P, Ti, Eu, and heavy rare earth elements,which indicates the crystallization fractionation of the granitic magma. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that they formed in ca. 480 Ma. The Nansa granites have εHf(t) values ranging from-16.04 to 4.36 with corresponding TC DMages of 2.10–0.81 Ga, which suggests the magmas derived from the partial melting of ancient metasedimentary with minor involvement of mantle-derived components. A synthesis of data for the Early Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Baoshan block and adjacent(Tengchong,Qiangtang, Sibumasu, Himalaya, etc.) blocks indicates that these blocks were all aligned along the proto-Tethyan margin of East Gondwana in the Early Paleozoic. The Early Paleozoic S-type granites from Nansa were generated in a high-temperature and low-pressure(HTLP) extensional tectonic setting, which resulted from Andean-type orogeny instead of the final assembly of Gondwana or crustal extension in a non-arc environment. In certain places, an expanding environment may exist in opposition to the tectonic backdrop of the lithosphere’s thickening and shortening, leading the crust to melt and decompress,mantle-derived materials to mix, and a small quantity of peraluminous granite to emerge.

Climate and Soil Geochemistry Influence the Soil Organic Carbon Content in Drylands of the Songliao Plain,Northeast China

The understanding of the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon(SOC)and its influencing factors is crucial for comprehending the global carbon cycle.However,the impact of soil geochemical and climatic conditions on SOC remains limited,particularly in dryland farming areas.In this study,we aimed to enhance the understanding of the factors influencing the distribution of SOC in the drylands of the Songliao Plain,Northeast China.A dataset comprising 35,188 measured soil samples was used to map the SOC distribution in the region.Multiple linear regression(MLR)and random forest models(RFM)were employed to assess the importance of driving indicators for SOC.We also carried out partial correlation and path analyses to further investigate the relationship between climate and geochemistry.The SOC content in dryland soils of the Songliao Plain ranged from 0.05%to 11.63%,with a mean value of 1.47%±0.90%.There was a notable increasing trend in SOC content from the southwest to the northeast regions.The results of MLR and RFM revealed that temperature was the most critical factor,demonstrating a significant negative correlation with SOC content.Additionally,iron oxide was the most important soil geochemical indicator affecting SOC variability.Our research further suggested that climate may exert an indirect influence on SOC concentrations through its effect on geochemical properties of soil.These insights highlight the importance of considering both the direct and indirect impact of climate in predicting the SOC under future climate change.

Petrology,geochemistry,and crystal size distribution of the basaltic andesite-dacite association at Mt.Sumbing,Central Java,Indonesia:Insights to magma reservoir dynamics and petrogenesis

Ten rock samples consisting of one pyroclastic density current(PDC1)deposit,seven lava flows(LF1–7),and two summit lava domes(LD1,2)were studied to understand the petrogenesis and magma dynamics at Mt.Sumbing.The stratigraphy is arranged as LF1,PDC1,LF2,LF3,LF4,LF5,LF6,LF7,LD1,and LD2;furthermore,these rocks were divided into two types.TypeⅠ,observed in the oldest(LF1)sample,has poor MgO and high Ba/Nb,Th/Yb and Sr.The remaining samples(PDC1–LD2)represent typeⅡ,characterized by high MgO and low Ba/Nb,Th/Yb and Sr values.We suggest that type I is derived from AOC(altered oceanic crust)-rich melts that underwent significant crustal assimilation,while typeⅡoriginates from mantle-rich melts with less significant crustal assimilation.The early stage of typeⅡmagma(PDC1–LF3)was considered a closed system,evolving basaltic andesite into andesite(55.0–60.2 wt%SiO_(2))with a progressively increasing phenocryst(0.30–0.48φ_(PC))and decreasing crystal size distribution(CSD)slope(from-3.9 to-2.9).The evidence of fluctuating silica and phenocryst contents(between 55.9–59.7 wt%and 0.25–0.41φ_(PC),respectively),coupled with the kinked and steep(from-5.0 to-3.3)CSD curves imply the interchanging condition between open(i.e.,magma mixing)and closed magmatic systems during the middle stage(LF4–LF6).Finally,it underwent to closed system again during the final stage(LF7–LD2)because the magma reached dacitic composition(at most 68.9 wt%SiO_(2))with abundant phenocryst(0.38–0.45φ_(PC))and gentle CSD slope(from-4.1 to-1.2).

Texture and Geochemistry of Multi-stage Hydrothermal Scheelite in the Mamupu Cu-Au-Mo(-W)Deposit,Eastern Tibet:Implications for Tungsten Mineralization in the Yulong Belt

Multistage tungsten mineralization was recently discovered in the Mamupu copper-polymetallic deposit in the southern Yulong porphyry copper belt(YPCB),Tibet.This study reports the results of cathodoluminescence,trace element and Sr isotope analyses of Mamupu scheelite samples,undertaken in order to better constrain the mechanism of W mineralization and the sources of the ore-forming fluids.Three different types of scheelite are identified in the Mamupu deposit:scheelite A(Sch A)mainly occurs in breccias during the prograde stage,scheelite B(Sch B)forms in the chlorite-epidote alteration zone in the retrograde stage,while scheelite C(Sch C)occurs in distal quartz sulfide veins.The extremely high Mo content and negative Eu anomaly in Sch A represent high oxygen fugacity in the prograde stage.Compared with ore-related porphyries,Sch A has a similar REE pattern,but with higher ΣREE,more depleted HREE and slightly lower(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios.These features suggest that Sch A is genetically related to ore-related porphyries,but extensive interaction with carbonate surrounding rocks affects the final REE and Sr isotopic composition.Sch B shows dark(Sch B-I)and light(Sch B-II)domains under CL imaging.From Sch B-I to Sch B-II,LREEs are gradually depleted,with MREEs being gradually enriched.Sch C has the highest LREE/HREE ratio,which indicates that it inherited the geochemical characteristics of fluids after the precipitation of HREE-rich minerals,such as diopside and garnet,in the early prograde stage.The Mo content in Sch B and Sch C gradually decreased,indicating that the oxygen fugacity of the fluids changed from oxidative in the early stages to reductive in the later,the turbulent Eu anomaly in Sch B and Sch C indicating that the Eu anomaly in the Mamupu scheelite is not solely controlled by oxygen fugacity.The extensive interaction of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and carbonate provides the necessary Ca^(2+)for the precipitation of scheelite in the Mamupu deposit.

The discovery of Late Triassic hypabyssal mafic dykes in the Huozhou complex and their geological significance:Evidence from petrology,geochemistry,and geochronology

The Huozhou complex in the Trans-North China Orogen exhibits two events of mafic magmatism(separated by ca.700 Ma):Neoproterozoic(920±15 Ma)Shimenyu diabase and Late Triassic(217±2.5 Ma)Xingtangsi diabase.Investigations have focused on systematic petrology,zircon U-Pb dating,Lu-Hf isotopes,and lithogeochemistry.The research findings indicate that the Late Triassic Xingtangsi diabase of the Huozhou complex can be classified as a transitional type between intermediate and mafic rocks based on their SiO_(2)content.This classification is supported by an average SiO_(2)content of 53.94%,ranging from 53.33%to 54.28%.In the Zr/TiO_(2)vs.Ce diagram,all samples lie within the range of basalt.The zircons from the Late Triassic Xingtangsi diabase have lowε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from-12.7 to-8.7,with an average of-11.1.Additionally,the single-stage model age T_(DM1)is estimated to be between 1207 and 1701 Ma.These findings suggest that the magma responsible for the dyke originated from either partial melting or an enriched mantle source inside the Meso-Proterozoic lithospheric mantle.The elevated concentrations of Th(thorium)and LREEs(light rare earth elements),as well as the Th/Yb and Th/Nb ratios,suggest the potential incorporation of subducted sediments within the magma source region.The rock displays negative Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and Ti anomalies.These geochemical attributes align with the distinctive traits observed in volcanic rocks found within island arcs.The formation of the Late Triassic Xingtangsi diabase is likely associated with the geological context of an arc setting,which arises from the collision between the Yangtze plate and the North China Craton.

Mineralogy and whole-rock geochemistry of the Oligocene Barail Group of rocks of Belt of Schuppen,Northeast India:Implications for tectono-provenance and paleo-weathering

The petrographic and geochemical attributes of the Oligocene Barail Group of rocks are used to decipher the likely source area(s)or tectonic domains,as this sequence of rocks was deposited in a foreland basin governed by orogenic domain,namely the North-east Arunachal Himalayas.The river system that gave rise to the Brahmaputra River(Yarlung-Tsangpo),which flowed through several tectonic domains of the Himalayan ranges,primarily from BomiChayu,Gangadese Granitoid,Higher Himalayan Leucogranites,and Namche Barwa into the proto Bengal Basin now a part of Assam Arakan Basin and Naga Schuppen Belt,was the main source of the sandstone formation of the Barail Group.The purpose of sandstone petrography,which combines modal analysis with XRF(Major Oxides)and HR-ICPMS(Trace&Rare Earth Elements)research,is to identify the type of source rock(s),their weathering pattern,and its paleo-environmental circumstances.These sandstones were formed from recycled orogen and include lithic and sublithic arenite variants with advanced texture and chemical maturity.The sediments were felsic(Th/Co:1.38,Cr/Th:9.78,La/Lu:11.58,Th/Sc:0.99,Eu/Eu*:0.66,La/Sc:3.05,La/Co:4.18),with contributions from intermediate source rocks and low-rank metamorphics deposited in an active continental margin to a continental island arc setting.Climatic conditions impacted the sediments of Barails,characterised by being warm and semi-humid to humid which resulted in moderate to a high degree of chemical weathering,as shown by weathering indices like CIA(79.14),PIA(85.47),CIW(86.9),WIP(32.50),ICV(0.71),and Th/U(6.03),which were further additionally supported by C-Value(1.01),PF(1.20),Sr/Cu(2.04),and Rb/Sr(0.97).

Genesis and geological significance of carbonate in Changdu Basin,Xizang,China:Constraints from geochemistry and C-O isotopes

Research on the origin of carbonates in Changdu Basin holds significant importance for understanding the regional potash formation model.Based on a comprehensive review of previous studies,field geological surveys,and laboratory investigations,this study analyzes the origin and properties of carbonates within the context of regional potash formation.Petrographic studies show that magnesite deposits,with the characteristics of sedimentary origin.The results of elemental geochemical analysis show that the carbonates in this area were formed in the sedimentary environment via evaporation followed by concentration,and the formation of magnesite was possibly caused by the substitution of calcium in the dolomite with magnesium-rich brine.Theδ^(13)C values of carbonats in the study area are between5.9‰and 9.1‰.Theδ^(18)O values of magnesite samples range from-7.3‰to-1.3‰,and theδ^(18)O values of dolomites range from-10.3‰to-8.4‰.All the calculated Z values of oxygen isotopes of carbonates greater than 120.A comprehensive analysis of carbon and oxygen isotopes indicates that the magnesite was formed in a highly concentrated Marine sedimentary environment and does not show any relation with the metasomatism of hydrothermal fluids.The results on the correlation of magnesite with seawater and its sedimentary origin provide key information for explaining the migration direction of brine between the Changdu and Lanping-Simao Basins.The residual metamorphic seawater in the Changdu Basin migrated to the Lanping-Simao Basin,where potash underwent deposition.Whereas,magnesite and dolomite in the early stage of potash formation were left in the Changdu Basin.

Geochemistry, mineral paragenesis and geothermal conditions of oreforming fluids from the Ain El Bey Cu–Fe deposit: potential occurrence of native gold and precious metal traces (North African orogenic belt, Northern Tunisia)

The Ain El Bey abandoned mine, in North-West Tunisia, fits into the geodynamic context of the European and African plate boundary. Ore deposit corresponds to veins and breccia of multiphase Cu–Fe-rich mineralization related to various hydrothermal fluid circulations. Petromineralogical studies indicate a rich mineral paragenesis with a minimum of seven mineralization phases and, at least, six pyrite generations. As is also the case for galena and native silver, native gold is observed for the first time as inclusion in quartz which opens up, thus, new perspectives for prospecting and evaluating the potential for noble metals associated with the mineralization. Scanning Electron Microscope--Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy analyses show, in addition, a large incorporation of trace elements, including Ag and Au, in mineral structures such as fahlores(tetrahedrite-tennantite) and chalcopyrite ones. The mineral/mineral associations, used as geothermometers, gave estimated temperatures for the mineralizing fluids varying from 254 to 330 ℃ for phase Ⅲ, from 254 to 350 ℃ for phase Ⅳ, and from 200 to 300 ℃ for phases Ⅴ and Ⅵ. The seventh and last identified mineralization phase, marked by a deposit of native gold, reflects a drop in the mineralizing fluid’s temperature(< 200 ℃) compatible with boiling conditions. Such results open up perspectives for the development of precious metal research and the revaluation of the Cu–Fe ore deposit at the Ain El Bey abandoned mine, as well as at the surrounding areas fitting in the geodynamic framework of the Africa-Europe plate boundary.

Multi-stage formation of the Feragen ophiolite,Norway:Implication from petrology and geochemistry of peridotites and chromitites and its potential for prospecting

The ultramafic massif of Feragen,which belongs to the eastern ophiolitic belt of Norway,has abundant amounts of chromite ores.Recent studies have revealed a complex melt evolution in a supra-subduction zone(SSZ)environment.This study presents new whole-rock major element,trace element,and platinum-group element chemistry to evaluate their petrogenesis and tectonic evolution.Harzburgites have high CaO,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),MgO,and REE contents corresponding to abyssal peridotites,whereas dunites have low CaO,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),MgO,and REE contents corresponding to SSZ peridotites.The Cr^(#)and TiO_(2) of chromian spinels in the harzburgites suggest as much as about 15%–20%melting and the dunites are more depleted with>40%melting.The harzburgites and the dunites and high-Cr chromitites represent,respectively,the products of low-degree partial melting in a back-arc setting,and the products of melt-rock interaction in a SSZ environment.The calculated fO_(2) values for dunites and high-Cr chromitites(-0.17–+0.23 and+2.78–+5.65,respectively and generally above the FMQ buffer)are also consistent with the interaction between back-arc ophiolites with oxidized boninitic melts in a SSZ setting.

Exploration and Practice of“Guiding Interactive”Teaching in Advanced Geochemistry Courses from the Perspective of Constructivist Theory

The construction of geochemical disciplines has brought new vitality to the development of traditional geology.In the new round of“Double First-Class”discipline construction at Central South University,the course of Advanced Geochemistry has effectively stimulated students’interest in learning and further improved their scientific thinking and research innovation skills through the implementation of“Guiding Interactive”teaching reform measures,which has important theoretical significance and practical value.

全球冥古宙—太古宙陆壳形成演化

地球是太阳系中唯一发育大规模长英质陆壳的星球。陆壳形成演化是一长期的过程。≥3.8 Ga岩石和≥3.9 Ga锆石迄今分别只在9个和大约20个地区被发现。随着时代演化,陆壳规模越来越大,表壳岩由以变质玄武岩、变质超基性岩为主转变为变质玄武岩、变质超基性岩、变质中酸性火山岩和变质碎屑沉积岩广泛发育。虽然BIF(条带状铁建造)在3.8 Ga以前就已存在,但其规模在新太古代晚期—古元古代早期才达到顶峰。TTG(英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩)构成太古宙克拉通的主体,它们的岩石类型和组成特征在3.8 Ga就显示出多样性。随时代演化,花岗闪长质岩石的比例逐渐增高。TTG的轻重稀土分异程度随时代不断增大,反映了陆壳厚度不断增大的演化趋势。中太古代晚期—新太古代早期发生了全球性的陆壳巨量增生,导致类似于现代板块构造体制在新太古代中晚期广泛发育。富钾花岗岩在新太古代中晚期大量形成,是太古宙基底克拉通化的重要标志。克拉通化的实质是克拉通内不同层圈达到物理、化学和力学上稳定和相互耦合。可把冥古宙—太古宙陆壳形成演化历史划分为四个阶段:4.4~3.8 Ga、3.8~3.0 Ga、3.0~2.6 Ga和2.6~2.5 Ga,大致分别代表了陆核形成、陆块发展和形成、克拉通化阶段。太古宙—元古宙关键转折期在地球的演化历史上具有里程碑意义。

西羌塘地体勒玛擦铜铁矿化区岩浆属性与成矿条件

勒玛擦矿化区位于多龙矿集区的西北侧,地表出露大面积的岩浆岩,发育斑岩和矽卡岩型铜铁矿化,但岩浆岩的地球化学特征以及起源演化仍未可知,该区域的成矿潜力还需进一步探索。为此,文章对勒玛擦矿化区出露的岩浆岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主微量、Sr-Nd同位素分析,并对岩浆岩中的角闪石开展了电子探针和原位微量元素分析,探讨岩浆岩的源区及演化过程,厘定其温压条件、岩浆氧逸度及含水性等要素,为进一步评价区域的成矿潜力提供支撑。研究显示,勒玛擦矿化区岩浆岩主要包括角闪石堆晶岩、闪长玢岩、石英闪长玢岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩,锆石U-Pb年龄集中在122~118Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。角闪石堆晶岩具有明显的堆晶结构,SiO 2含量(44.97%~45.91%)接近玄武质原生岩浆的范围,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾平缓样式;闪长玢岩、石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长岩均属于高钾钙碱性系列,为弱准铝质-过铝质岩浆岩。四类岩石均显示弧岩浆岩属性,且具有一致的Sr-Nd同位素组成,其(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)和ε_(Nd)(t)值分别介于0.7058~0.7063和-3.7~-2.8之间,均处于MORB和下地壳的混合线上。由角闪石阳离子数计算的角闪石堆晶岩、闪长玢岩、石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长岩的矿物结晶温度的平均值分别为:923℃、873℃、847℃和763℃,结晶压力对应的侵位深度分别为:12.6km、5.8km、5.7km和2.5km,氧逸度平均值分别为ΔNNO+0.35、ΔNNO+1.36、ΔNNO+0.88和ΔNNO+1.97,含水量平均值分别为7.14%、4.28%、4.95%、4.23%。四类岩石均起源于俯冲板片交代地幔楔部分熔融,其中角闪石堆晶岩为源区岩浆在一定深度发生角闪石堆积形成的岩块,而闪长玢岩、石英闪长玢岩和花岗闪长岩为角闪石堆晶后的残余熔体继续演化的结果。含矿的花岗闪长岩浅成侵位,富含角闪石,具有高氧逸度高含水量的特点,显示勒玛擦矿化区具有良好的斑岩铜矿成矿潜力,进一步拓展了该成矿带的找矿空间。

唐巴勒蛇绿岩中玄武岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

唐巴勒蛇绿岩位于西准噶尔南部边缘的库鲁木迪地块,岩石组成主要为蛇纹岩、蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、豆荚状铬铁矿、玄武岩、辉长岩及深海放射虫硅质岩。本次研究对蛇绿岩中玄武岩开展详细的岩石地球化学分析,为蛇绿岩形成环境提供新制约。结果表明,玄武岩的SiO_(2)含量(44.89%~46.46%)较低,Fe_(2)O_(3)含量(10.02%~11.03%)较高,MgO含量(4.76%~7.00%)较低,Mg#为31~46,Na_(2)O+K_(2)O含量为3.69%~4.12%,并且相对富Na(NaO_(2)/K_(2)O=6.7~10.4),P_(2)O_(5)含量(<0.11%)较低,属于亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列。样品的稀土元素总量较低(∑REE=(63.0~93.1)×10^(-6)),根据其配分曲线可分成两类:①轻稀土元素略微富集而重稀土元素平坦型((La/Yb)_(N)=2.97~4.56),类似于富集洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB);②轻稀土元素略微亏损而重稀土元素平坦型((La/Yb)_(N)=0.67~0.89),类似于正常洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)。所有样品均无明显的Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.91~1.07),富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Ba),而相对亏损高场强元素(Ti、Zr、Hf),具有明显的Nb和Ta负异常,具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征。综合研究认为,唐巴勒蛇绿岩中玄武岩形成于俯冲带环境,其岩浆来源于尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融。结合区域研究背景,认为西准噶尔在寒武纪处在洋内弧演化阶段。

龙首山构造带罗城花岗闪长岩地质年代学、岩石成因和构造背景研究

阿拉善地块龙首山成矿带大地构造位置处于华北板块、祁连造山带及中亚造山带的结合部,其所处构造环境的特殊性对区域构造演化及板块运动有着重大意义。该地区的岩浆演化及构造背景研究较为薄弱,笔者对罗城黑云母花岗闪长岩开展了岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb定年及Lu-Hf同位素研究工作,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示结果为(289±3)Ma(MSWD=0.57),侵位时间为早二叠世。罗城花岗闪长岩为准铝质,钙碱性系列,Mg^(#)值介于0.64~0.66,显示I型花岗岩特征。研究区这些早二叠世花岗闪长岩显示出轻稀土元素相对富集和重稀土元素相对亏损的特征,LREE/HREE值为4.20~5.30,(La/Yb)_(N)为3.69~5.46,并且具有轻微Eu负异常(δEu:0.80~0.96)。原始地幔标准化图解中,这些样品相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th和K等),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti和P等),显示俯冲相关的弧岩浆地球化学特征。罗城地区早二叠世侵入岩具有正的εHf(t)值(+4.37 to+6.88)和相对年轻的二阶段模式年龄(T_((DMC))=808.6~952.5 Ma)。野外地质特征结合地球化学数据表明罗城花岗闪长岩为壳源岩浆与幔源岩浆发生混合作用的产物。结合区域背景和前言研究数据分析,阿拉善西部龙首山构造带早二叠世时可能还存在与俯冲有关的弧岩浆活动。

碎屑锆石稀土元素约束造山带演化:以西藏冈底斯山脉为例

碎屑锆石是开展地球早期造山带演化研究的关键素材之一。目前,如何使用碎屑锆石稀土元素(REE)区分洋-陆俯冲和陆-陆碰撞过程仍然是一个没有解决的问题。本文总结了前人的实验岩石学研究成果,并且以西藏冈底斯山脉为例提出和验证了使用碎屑锆石Eu异常(Eu/Eu^(*))和轻、重稀土比值(LREE_(N)/HREE_(N))的相关系数(r_(Dz))区分洋-陆俯冲和陆-陆碰撞过程的可能性。实验岩石学研究表明,锆石的Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)分别与斜长石和石榴子石分异相关,并且主要受控于母岩浆的源区深度、源岩类型、氧逸度和水含量。这些因素在不同造山带中具有不同的特征,因此可以推测:碎屑锆石稀土元素数据可以反映构造环境的变化。本文以西藏冈底斯山脉的碎屑锆石稀土元素数据为例验证了这一推测。在洋-陆俯冲阶段(约150~60 Ma),碎屑锆石的Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)变化趋势具有较好的耦合关系,r_(Dz)值稳定于0.62~0.81,其原因可能为在此期间氧逸度和水含量总体稳定,且S型花岗质岩石较少,导致碎屑锆石Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)主要受控于母岩浆的结晶压力。由于陆-陆碰撞而发生板片断离之后,r_(Dz)值出现了明显下降,在40~30 Ma、30~20 Ma和20~10 Ma阶段分别为0.73、0.57和0.18,其原因可能为S型岩浆岩比例的上升和不稳定的氧逸度和水含量,导致碎屑锆石Eu/Eu^(*)和LREE_(N)/HREE_(N)比值逐渐呈现解耦的变化趋势。上述结果表明r_(Dz)值有潜力成为区分洋-陆俯冲和陆-陆碰撞过程的一种新方法。