Microbial community structure and diversity in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments along the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre

The aim of this study is to investigate microbial structures and diversities in five active hydrothermal fields＇ sediments along the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre （ELSC） in the Lau Basin （southwest Pacific）. Microbial communities were surveyed by denatured gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and clone library analysis of 16S rRNA genes. The differences in microbial community structures among sediment samples from the five deep-sea hydrothermal sites were revealed by DGGE profiles. Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles sepa- rated the five hydrothermal samples into two groups. Four different 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, repre- senting two selected hydrothermal samples （19-4TVG8 and 19-4TVG11）, were constructed. Twenty-three and 32 phylotypes were identified from 166 and 160 bacterial clones respectively, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes. The phylum Proteobacteria is dominant in both bacterial libraries with a predominance of Gamma-Proteobacteria. A total of 31 and 25 phylotypes were obtained from 160 and 130 archaeal clones respectively, including Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group, Marine Group Ⅰ and Ⅲ, Marine Benthic Group E, Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeota and Deep-sea Hy- drothermal Vent Euryarchaeota. These results show a variety of clones related to those involved in sulfur cycling, suggesting that the cycling and utilization of sulfur compounds may extensively occur in the Lau Basin deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem.

Microbial community structure and nitrogenase gene diversity of sediment from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the Southwest Indian Ridge

A sediment sample was collected from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field located at a depth of 2 951 m on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the prokaryotic community using polymerase chain reaction（PCR） amplification of the 16 S rRNA and nifH genes. Within the Archaea, the dominant clones were from marine benthic group E（MBGE） and marine group I（MGI） belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, respectively. More than half of the bacterial clones belonged to the Proteobacteria, and most fell within the Gammaproteobacteria. No epsilonproteobacterial sequence was observed. Additional phyla were detected including the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OD1, OP11, WS3 and TM6, confirming their existence in hydrothermal vent environments. The detection of nifH gene suggests that biological nitrogen fixation may occur in the hydrothermal vent field of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that only Clusters I and III NifH were present. This is consistent with the phylogenetic analysis of the microbial 16 S rRNA genes, indicating that Bacteria play the main role in nitrogen fixation in this hydrothermal vent environment.

Variation Characteristics of Hydrothermal Resources Effectiveness Under the Background of Climate Change in Southern Rice Production Area of China

The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change,and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources during local rice growing period.According to the cropping system subdivision in southern rice production area of China during 1980s,this study used climate data from 254 meteorological stations and phonological data from 168 agricultural observation stations in the south of China,and adopted 6 international evaluation indices about the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal resources during the growing period of single cropping rice system and double cropping rice system for 16 planting zones in the whole study area.The results showed that：in southern rice production area of China,the effectiveness of thermal resources of single cropping rice area（SCRA） was less than that of double cropping rice area（DCRA）,whereas the effectiveness of thermal resources of both SARA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.The index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of SCRA was higher than that of DCRA,nevertheless the index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of both SCRA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.There was a significant linear relationship between effective thermal resource and water demand,likely water demand increased by 18 mm with every 100°C d increase of effective heat.Effective precipitation satisfaction index（EPSI） showed a negative correlation with effective heat,yet showed a positive correlation with effective precipitation.EPSI reduced by 1% when effective heat resource increased by 125°C d.This study could provide insights for policy makers,land managers or farmers to improve water and heat resource uses and rationally arrange rice production activities under global climate change condition.

A Lagrangian Particle Random Walk Model for Simulating A Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Plume with both Buoyant and Non-Buoyant Features

This paper presents a computational model of simulating a deep-sea hydrothermal plume based on a Lagrangian particle random walk algorithm. This model achieves the efficient process to calculate a numerical plume developed in a fluid-advected environment with the characteristics such as significant filament intermittency and significant plume meander due to flow variation with both time and location. Especially, this model addresses both non-buoyant and buoyant features of a deep-sea hydrothermal plume in three dimensions, which significantly challenge a strategy for tracing the deep-sea hydrothermal plume and localizing its source. This paper also systematically discusses stochastic initial and boundary conditions that are critical to generate a proper numerical plume. The developed model is a powerful tool to evaluate and optimize strategies for the tracking of a deep-sea hydrothermal plume via an autonomous underwater vehicle （AUV）.

Using Remote Sensing Data to Delineate the Lineaments for Hydrothermal Mineral Prediction in Heqing Area, Northwest Yunnan Province, China

Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation.

Characterization of DNA polymerase δ from deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata

DNA polymerase δ(Polδ)plays a crucial and versatile role in DNA replication and DNA repair processes.Vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata is the primary megafaunal community living in hydrothermal vents.In this study,the Polδfrom shrimp Rimicaris exoculata was cloned,expressed and characterized.The results showed that the Polδcatalytic subunit(POLD1),852 amino acids in length,shared high homology with crayfish Procambarus clarkii and shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria.The recombinant POLD1 expressed in Escherichia coli showed that the enzyme was active in a range of 20℃ to 40℃ with an optimum temperature at 25℃ and in a wide range of p H with an optimum at pH 6.0.The activities of POLD1 were significantly enhanced in the presence of Triton-X 100,Tween 20 and Mn^(2+).The K_(m)(dNTP)value of POLD1 was 4.7μmol/L.The present study would be helpful to reveal the characterization of Polδof deep-sea vent animals.

A data processing method for MAPR hydrothermal plume turbidity data and its application in the Precious Stone Mountain hydrothermal field

Hydrothermal plume is an important constituent of seabed hydrothermal circulation and is also one of the characteristics of active hydrothermal vents. Portable Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders （MAPR） attached to a towed deep-sea instrument was used to search for hydrothermal plumes and hydrothermal vents. We introduced the basic principle of MAPR based on deep towing technology to detect plumes, then analyzed the factors affecting the quality of the MAPR data and presented a data correction method for MAPR, including instrument location correction, noise reduction processing, system error elimination and seawater background reduction. Finally we applied the method to analyze MAPR data obtained during the Chinese DY115-21 cruise on R/VDayang Iin the “Precious Stone Mountain” hydrothermal field on the Gala-pagos Microplate. The results provided a better understanding of the distribution of the hydrothermal activ-ity in this field, indicating the presence of a new hydrothermal vent.

On Optimal Frequencies of Acoustic in-situ Detector for Seafloor Hydrothermal Vents

The approach to determine working frequencies of acoustic in-situ detector for seafloor hydrothermal fluid is presented. Based on the research of deep-sea noise and the sound generated by mid-ocean ridge black smoker hydrothermal vents, and on the hydrothermal-vent animal hearing ranges, coupled with influences of suspended particles of hydrothermal on acoustic attenuation under different frequencies, the optimal frequency range for detection of acoustical signal near black smokers is determined. The optimal frequencies providing the maximum ratio of receiver signal to background noise are obtained. We have developed a laboratory experimental setup for the optimal frequencies selection. In particular, we evaluated time-of-flight performance with respect to the source signal parameters of center frequency and bandwidth. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach. Current results indicate that individual transducers operated in the range of 18 - 25 kHz are immune to most interfering sounds and suitable for our system.

Major and trace element composition of surface sediments from the Southwest Indian Ridge:evidence for the incorporation of a hydrothermal component

Hydrothermal materials in deep-sea sediments provide a robust tracer to the localized hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges. Major, trace and rare earth element（REE） data for surface sediments collected from the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge are presented to examine the existence of hydrothermal component.Biogenic carbonate oozes dominate all the sediment samples, with CaO content varying from 85.5% to 89.9% on a volatile-free basis. The leaching residue of bulk sediments by ~5% HCl is compositionally comparable to the Upper Continental Crust（UCC） in SiO_2, Al_2O_3, CaO, MgO, alkali elements（Rb, Cs） and high field strength elements（Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti）. These detritus-hosted elements are inferred to be prominently derived from the Australian continent by means of eolian dust, while the contribution of local volcaniclastics is insignificant. In addition, the residual fraction shows a clear enrichment in Fe, Mn, and Ba compared with the UCC. Combining the positive Eu anomaly of residual fraction which is opposed to the UCC but the characteristic of hydrothermal fluids and associated precipitates occurred at mid-ocean ridges, the incorporation of localized hydrothermal component can be constrained. REE mixing calculations indicate that more than half REE within the residual fraction（~55%–60%） are derived from a hydrothermal component, which is inferred to be resulted from a diffuse fluid mineralization. The low-temperature diffuse flow may be widely distributed along the slow-ultraslow spreading ridges where crustal faults and fissures abound, and probably have a great mineralization potential.

Metallogenic Regularity of Hydrothermal Uranium Deposits in the Migmatite of the Kangdian Axis

1 Introduction The Kangdian axis is an important polymetallic metallogenic belt in Southwest China,and it is also an area with a lot of hydrothermal uranium mineralization(Wang Hongjun,et al.,2009.The basic

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区马家沟组热液改造特征与研究意义

构造—热事件对油气生成、储集层演化和成藏有重要的控制作用,但是鄂尔多斯盆地构造—热事件对碳酸盐岩的影响研究较少。以富县地区奥陶系马家沟组储集层为例,通过岩心及薄片观察,利用阴极发光、包裹体测温、碳氧稳定同位素、锶同位素、电子探针微区元素分析、稀土元素分析,岩石学与地球化学研究充分结合,识别出区内存在2期与燕山期热事件相关的胶结作用:第Ⅰ期以缝洞内鞍形白云石发育为特征,其δ^(13)C值和δ^(18)O值均较偏负,锶同位素值较正常海相灰岩高,稀土元素Eu和La负异常,元素分析显示FeO含量异常高、MnO含量较高、SrO含量较高、K_(2)O及Na_(2)O含量低,胶结物包裹体均一温度高;第Ⅱ期以缝孔洞内石英充填及交代和切割鞍形白云石的裂缝方解石发育为特征,其δ^(13)C值与奥陶系碳酸盐岩背景值接近、δ^(18)O值总体偏低,锶同位素值更高,稀土元素展现出特别的La负异常和Eu正异常,元素分析MnO及FeO含量较高,部分K_(2)O及Na_(2)O含量较高,石英包裹体均一温度高。第Ⅰ期流体为早白垩世拉张断裂作用下上覆石炭—二叠系地层有机流体、奥陶系地层内部流体、少量深部流体三者联合作用形成;第Ⅱ期流体为早白垩世拉张断裂作用下深部流体与少量奥陶系地层内部流体两者联合作用形成,深部流体穿越了下伏马家沟组内蒸发盐岩地层。早白垩世热事件对奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集层的影响具有双向性:第Ⅰ期热流体活动多为建设性,与大规模油气生成的时间一致,裂缝和溶蚀孔洞可构成油气有效输导和储集空间;第Ⅱ期热流体活动以孔隙和裂缝充填为主,多为破坏性,但规模较小。

生草对贵州高海拔区苹果园土壤呼吸及水热环境的影响

【目的】探明西南冷凉高地苹果产区果园不同草种覆盖条件土壤呼吸特征及其与土壤水热的关系,为筛选苹果园适宜生草类型提供参考依据。【方法】设置鼠茅草(Vulpia myuros)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa)、鼠茅草+鸭茅+白三叶混播、黑麦草+白三叶+鸭茅混播、鼠茅草+黑麦草+白三叶混播8个苹果园生草处理,以清耕作对照(CK),利用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定系统配套使用土壤呼吸气室(6400-09)测定果园土壤呼吸速率,采用非线性回归和指数模型,分析不同生草处理对土壤呼吸与土壤水热环境的影响。【结果】生草显著提高果园土壤呼吸速率,较清耕提高0.07%~256.39%,其中,黑麦草+白三叶+鸭茅混播处理提高幅度最高。生草覆盖显著提高土壤水分保持能力,对0~20 cm土层的影响最明显,相同月份不同生草处理间土壤水分差异明显,生草混播处理提高土壤水分能力优于生草单播处理。生草覆盖后显著降低夏季(5—7月)表层土壤(0~5 cm)温度。不同生草覆盖处理土壤水分含量与土壤呼吸以二次函数拟合效果最佳,决定系数R 2在0.242~0.989,拟合度较高。各生草处理土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率呈指数函数关系,0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层拟合模型决定系数R 2平均值高于10~15 cm和15~20 cm土层。土壤温度、水分及二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸的协同影响高于土壤单因子的影响。【结论】苹果园生草处理可显著提高土壤呼吸速率,显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤的水分保持能力,降低果园夏季表层土壤(0~5 cm)温度,有效改善苹果根系生长环境,有利于树体发育。不同生草模式中以黑麦草+白三叶+鸭茅混播处理效果最优。

河北省涿鹿县杏园矿区矿床成因及找矿标志

本研究通过系统的地质、地球化学及地球物理分析,深入探讨了河北省涿鹿县杏园矿区的成矿背景、矿床特征及其找矿指标。利用先进的地质勘查技术,首次明确揭示了矿区内斑岩型与热液脉型矿床的共生关系及其空间分布规律,提出了新的成矿模型和勘查方向。研究结果不仅深化了对杏园矿区成矿规律的理解,而且对指导未来的地质勘查工作,推动矿产资源的合理开发与利用具有重要意义。

云南个旧锡多金属矿集区电气石地球化学组成和硼同位素特征——对成矿流体性质和演化的约束

个旧锡矿集区发育与晚白垩世高分异花岗岩有关的世界级Sn-Cu多金属矿床,其成矿物质的来源及流体演化过程一直是研究的热点和难点。个旧地区电气石广泛发育于碳酸盐岩、花岗岩及矽卡岩中,但对电气石尚未进行系统研究,电气石与成矿之间的关系尚未明确。本文对不同类型电气石开展了系统的岩相学观察和电子探针(EPMA)、LA-ICP-MS微量元素和硼同位素分析。结果表明,所有电气石都属于碱性电气石,TurⅠ、TurⅡ、TurⅣ为热液成因,TurⅢ为岩浆成因。岩浆电气石相比于热液电气石具有更低的Mg、Ca等元素,TurⅠ电气石高含量的Sr表明受到了围岩的混染。电气石的微量元素变化表明,从似斑状花岗岩到等粒花岗岩,随着岩浆分异程度逐渐增加,Sn在岩浆中逐渐富集,在似斑状花岗岩和接触带矽卡岩中沉淀卸载。个旧不同类型电气石具有均一的δ11B值(−15.2‰~−12.8‰),与花岗岩的组成范围一致,表明成矿物质来源均来源于花岗质岩浆。

下扬子中二叠统孤峰组热液硅质岩地球化学约束及其意义

【目的】下扬子地区中二叠世沉积了一套富含有机质的孤峰组黑色硅质岩,热液硅质岩的分析是该区硅质岩与异常高有机质富集关系研究的关键,进而为该区页岩气勘探提供理论依据。【方法】利用主量、微量和稀土元素地球化学结合岩相学特征分析,安徽铜陵叶山和巢湖平顶山地区孤峰组硅质岩的成因及其构造背景。【结果】巢湖地区孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩中富含硅质海绵骨针以及放射虫,而铜陵地区孤峰组青灰色硅质岩中几乎不含硅质生物,由微晶石英组成。热液活动指标Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Eu/Eu^(*)、Al-Fe-Mn三角图、Lu_(N)/La_(N)比值指示铜陵地区孤峰组青灰色硅质岩为热液成因,巢湖地区孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩为生物成因。微量和稀土元素La-Th-Sc三角图以及La/Sc与Ti/Zr交会图指示铜陵地区孤峰组沉积期为洋岛弧构造背景,而巢湖地区为陆岛弧和主动大陆边缘背景。【结论】铜陵地区孤峰组硅质岩为原生热液硅质沉积,是斜坡带活跃的构造裂陷活动带来的热液硅酸沉积而成。下扬子地区孤峰组黑色层状硅质岩虽然为生物成因,但其硅的来源与斜坡带的热液活动有关。下扬子地区孤峰组富有机质沉积可能与热液活动带来大量的营养物质造成浮游生物的繁盛有关。

新疆东天山康古尔一带金矿地质特征及成矿机制

新疆康古尔一带的金矿床位于塔里木板块北缘的东天山秋格明塔什—黄山韧性剪切带南缘,是新疆的重要金成矿区。二叠纪早中期,在SN向推覆韧性剪切和右行走滑韧-脆性剪切基础上,地壳快速抬升在韧性变形构造上叠加脆性破裂,一系列张性断裂成为主要容矿构造;同构造期侵位的中酸性浅成斑岩体(如石英斑岩)提供了充足的成矿热源和部分水源及成矿物质来源;康古尔一带金矿矿化型式各不相同,既有产于构造破碎带中的蚀变岩型金矿、石英脉金矿,也有产于火山角砾岩筒中的脉状金矿,还有产于斑岩体边缘或产于岩体内部的斑岩型金矿;但成矿流体的物理化学特征均具中低温、低盐度、中低压力的特点;金矿的形成分为2个热液成矿阶段,其中晚期阶段是金的主要形成阶段。本文对该区金的成矿物理化学环境进行了讨论,并总结了成矿机制,认为康古尔一带金矿形成于统一的岩浆热液成矿系统,成矿作用与区域构造的脆性构造活动同步发生,金矿成矿时段大致在二叠纪晚期(263 Ma—243 Ma);下一步找矿工作应在有利的物化探异常中预测和寻找不同地质产状的中低温浅成热液型金矿。

西南印度洋龙旂热液区沉积物地球化学特征及其指示意义

热液区沉积物通常蕴含着热液活动的相关信息,其地球化学特征可以指示物质来源。本文以龙旂热液区及其周边区域沉积物样品为研究对象,通过沉积物主微量元素地球化学分析,利用元素含量特征分析、特征元素三角图解、稀土元素标准化图解、元素热液贡献计算等方法,探讨了沉积物的物质来源与热液贡献。结果表明,研究区沉积物主要为钙质生源沉积物和含碎屑沉积物;含碎屑沉积物TFe2O3、MnO、P2O5、Ni、Cr、V、Cu含量高于钙质生源沉积物,稀土元素总量整体偏低,呈轻稀土富集、Eu负异常、Ce负异常的特点;由钙质生源、火山碎屑、热液组分及海水作用形成的化学元素构成了主要沉积物物质来源;在含碎屑沉积物中,不同样品热液贡献呈现差异性;热液区对沉积物样品主要影响元素为Fe、Mn。

甘肃北山斜沟—红柳丘井地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿远景

在斜沟—红柳丘井地区开展1∶50 000土壤测量,采集样品5 625件,粒度为4目至20目。通过样品加工分析和地球化学参数统计,对成矿元素地球化学特征进行研究,圈定单元素异常467处、组合异常3类、综合异常17处。根据异常查证评价情况对综合异常进行了分类及排序。在此基础上,结合区域地质背景、矿产资源分布情况,划分了以Au、Pb、Zn、W、Mo为主的找矿远景区5处,初步评价了其成矿潜力,指出具有找矿潜力的矿床类型为斑岩型钼矿床、蚀变岩型金矿床、火山热液型金矿床。

云南永平热水塘铅锌多金属矿地质特征及控矿因素

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