Spatial structural characteristics of the Deda ancient landslide in the eastern Tibetan Plateau:Insights from Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics and the Microtremor Survey Method

It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Development characteristics and failure modes of reactivated ancient landslides in the Sichuan–Tibet transportation corridor,China

The risk of reactivated ancient landslides in the Sichuan–Tibet transportation corridor in China is significantly increasing,primarily driven by the intensification of engineering activities and the increased frequency of extreme weather events.This escalation has resulted in a considerable number of fatalities and extensive damage to critical engineering infrastructure.However,the factors contributing to the reactivation and modes of destruction of ancient landslides remain unknown.Therefore,it is imperative to systematically analyze the developmental characteristics and failure modes of reactivated ancient landslides to effectively mitigate disaster risks.Based on a combination of data collection,remote sensing interpretation,and field investigations,we delineated the developmental attributes of typical ancient landslides within the study area.These attributes encompass morphological and topographic aspects,material composition,and spatial structure of ancient landslides.Subsequently,we identified the key triggers for the reactivation of ancient landslides,including water infiltration,reservoir hydrodynamics,slope erosion,and excavation,by analyzing representative cases in the study area.Reactivation of ancient landslides is sometimes the result of the cumulative effects of multiple predisposing factors.Furthermore,our investigations revealed that the reactivation of these ancient landslides primarily led to local failures.However,over extended periods of dynamic action,the entire zone may experience gradual creep.We categorized the reactivation modes of ancient landslides into three distinct types based on the reactivation sequences:progressive retreat,backward thrusting,and forward pulling–backward thrusting.This study is of great significance for us to identify ancient landslides,deepen our understanding of the failure modes and risks of reactivated ancient landslides on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,and formulate effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures.

Numerical modeling of deep-seated landslides interacting with man-made structures

This paper describes the interaction between deep-seated landslides and man-made structures such as dams, penstocks, viaducts, and tunnels. Selected case studies are reported first with the intent to gain insights into the complexities associated with the interaction of these structures with deep-seated landslides(generally referred to as deep-seated gravity slope deformations, DSGSDs). The main features, which characterize these landslides, are mentioned together with the interaction problems encountered in each case. Given the main objective of this paper, the numerical modeling methods adopted are outlined as means for increase in the understanding of the interaction problems being investigated. With the above in mind, the attention moves to an important and unique case history dealing with the interaction of a large-size twin-tunnel excavated with an earth pressure balance(EPB)tunnel boring machine(TBM) and a deep-seated landslide, which was reactivated due to the stress changes induced by tunnel excavation in landslide shear zone. The geological and geotechnical conditions are described together with the available monitoring data on the landslide movements, based on the advanced and conventional monitoring tools used. Numerical modeling is illustrated as an aid to back-analyze the monitored surface and subsurface deformations and to assist in finding the appropriate engineering solution for putting the tunnel into service and as a follow-up means for future understanding and control of the interaction problems. The simulation is based on a novel time-dependent model representing the landslide behavior.

Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Giant Long-Runout Landslide: A Case Study of the Gamisi Ancient Landslide in the Upper Minjiang River, China

The upper reaches of the Minjiang River are in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,where active faults are well developed and earthquakes frequently occur.Anomalous climate change and the extremely complex geomechanical properties of rock and soil have resulted in a number of geohazards.Based on the analysis of remote sensing interpretations,geological field surveys,geophysical prospecting and geological dating results,this paper discusses the developmental characteristics of the Gamisi ancient landslide in Songpan County,Sichuan Province,and investigates its geological age and formation mechanism.This study finds that the Gamisi ancient landslide is in the periglacial region of the Minshan Mountain and formed approximately 25 ka BP.The landslide initiation zone has a collapse and slide zone of approximately 22.65×106–31.7×106 m3 and shows a maximum sliding distance of approximately 1.42 km,with an elevation difference of approximately 310 m between the back wall of the landslide and the leading edge of the accumulation area.The landslide movement was characterized by a high speed and long runout.During the sliding process,the landslide body eroded and dammed the ancient Minjiang River valley.The ancient river channel was buried 30-60 m below the surface of the landslide accumulation area.Geophysical prospecting and drilling observations revealed that the ancient riverbed was approximately 80-100 m thick.After the dam broke,the Minjiang River was migrated to the current channel at the leading edge of the landslide.The Gamisi ancient landslide was greatly affected by the regional crustal uplift,topography,geomorphology and paleoclimatic change.The combined action of periglacial karstification and climate change caused the limestone at the rear edge of the landslide fractured,thus providing a lithological foundation for landslide occurrence.Intense tectonic activity along the Minjiang Fault,which runs through the middle and trailing parts of the Gamisi ancient landslide,may have been the main factor inducing landsliding.Studying the Gamisi ancient landslide is of great significance for investigating the regional response to paleoclimatic change and geomorphologic evolution of the Minjiang Fault since the late Pleistocene and for disaster prevention and mitigation.

Evaluation of the treatment effect of rear slope cutting on hydrodynamic pressure landslides:A case study

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir,some huge ancient landslides were reactivated and deformed,showing typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide characteristics.The Baishuihe landslide was a typical hydrodynamic pressure landslide.The management department conducted slope cutting treatments from 2018 to 2019.To evaluate the treatment effect of rear slope cutting,this study analyzed the data of the surface deformation survey and field monitoring over the past 20 years and the characteristics of the reservoir water-triggered Baishuihe landslide deformation,and calculated the seepage field,displacement field,and stability coefficient before and after landslide treatment.The results showed that the deformation of the Baishuihe landslide was primarily related to a decrease in the reservoir water level.Owing to the poor permeability of the landslide soil,the decrease in the reservoir water level produced a seepage force pointing to the outside of the landslide body,leading to the step deformation of the landslide displacement.The landslide was treated by rear slope cutting,and the“step”deformation of the landslide disappeared after treatment.The hydrodynamic pressure caused by the change in reservoir water after cutting the slope did not disappear.However,as the slope cutting greatly reduced the overall sliding force of the landslide,its stability was greatly improved.Notably,high stability can still be ensured under extreme rainfall after treatment.Slope cutting is effective for treating hydrodynamic pressure landslides.This study can provide effective technical support for the treatment of reservoir landslides.

Characteristics and failure mechanism of an ancient earthquake-induced landslide with an extremely wide distribution area

The Lamuajue landslide is located in Lamuajue village on the tight bank of the Meigu River, Sichuan Province, China. This landslide is an ancient landslide with an extremely wide distribution area, covering an area of 19 km2 with a maximum width of 5-5 km and an estimated residual volume of 3 × 108 ma. The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics and failure mechanism of this landslide. In this study, based on field investigations, aerial photography, and profile surveys, the boundary, lithology, structure of the strata, and characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined. A gently angled weak interlayer consisting of shale was the main factor contributing to the occurrence of the Lamuajue landslide. The deposition area can be divided into three zones： zone A is an avalanche deposition area mainly composed of blocks, fragments, and debris with diameters ranging from o.i m to 3 m; zone B is a residual integrated rock mass deposition area with large blocks, boulders and ＂fake bedrock＂; and zone C is a deposition zone of limestone blocks and fragments. Three types of failure mechanism were analyzed and combined to explain the Lamuajue landslide based on the features of the accumulation area. First, a shattering-sliding mechanism caused by earthquakes in zone A. Second, a sliding mechanism along the weak intercalation caused by gravity and water in zone B. Third, a shattering-ejection mechanism generated by earthquakes in zone C. The results provide a distinctive case for the study of gigantic landslides induced by earthquakes, which is very important for understanding and assessing ancient earthquakeinduced landslides.

Formation and reactivation mechanisms of large-scale ancient landslides in the Longwu River basin in the northeast Tibetan Plateau, China

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau exhibits steep topography and strong internal or external dynamic geological effect and is frequently subjected to strong earthquakes and heavy rainfall. The geological evolution has resulted in a wide distribution of ancient landslides, which has become a hotspot for studying ancient landslide formation and reactivation. In recent decades, several ancient landslides on both banks of the Longwu River, Qinghai Province, China were reactivated, causing serious economic losses and casualties. This study conducted remote sensing interpretation and ground surveys on these ancient landslides. Totally 59 ancient landslides were identified, and the formation mechanism, evolution process, and resurrection mechanism of the Longwu Xishan No.2 ancient landslide were analyzed by means of a detailed field geological survey, drilling, and series of experimental tests such as the particle size distribution test, the Xray diffraction test and the mechanical properties test. The results show that the formation of these ancient landslides is closely associated with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the erosion of the Longwu River. Firstly, the intermittent uplift of the Tibetan Plateau lead to the diversion and downcutting of the Longwu River basin, which forms the alternate slope topography with steep and slow slopes, thereby providing favourable topography and slope structure conditions for the formation of landslides. Secondly, 34.5% clay-mineral content in the Neoproterozoic mudstone with 32.7% particle size less than 0.005 mm, and the corrosion and softening effects of the Neogene mudstone with high clay mineral content under the erosion of water provides favourable material conditions for the formation of landslides. Thirdly, rainfall and human activities are the primary triggering factors for the revival of this ancient landslide group. It is revealed that the evolution process of the ancient landslides on both banks of the Longwu River can be divided into five stages namely tectonic rapid uplift slope formation, river erosion creep-sliding deformation, slope instability critical status, landslide failure-movement-accumulation, and slope reactivation under rainfall erosion and engineering excavation.

Relationship between the Landslides Triggered by the Tongwei M71/2 Earthquake in 1718 AD and the Disappearance of Yongning Ancient Town

Although China’s historical earthquake documentation is relatively rich,it is not all based on scientific records.Therefore,the verification of the seismic information in historical records can effectively avoid exaggerating or underestimating the damage they produced.In this paper,we analyze the detailed information of the 1718 AD Tongwei M7⅟􀄟earthquake through field surveys,document sorting,and manual visual interpretation of UAV images.Major conclusions are listed as follows:①The low-level terraces of Weihe River between Gangu and Wushan are fully developed with flatted surface,and the residents here are mostly killed by house collapses.In addition,the disappearance of Yongning Ancient Town is not directly related to the earthquakeinduced landslides;②In fact,“Yongning Town is entirely buried by the earthquake”in the historical records describes the phenomenon that loess dust has pervaded the entire Weihe Valley.These dust grains are produced by the sliding of earthquakeinduced landslides.Thus,there is no possibility that large-scale landslides have slipped over Weihe bedrock and buried Yongning Town;③After the earthquake,survivors abandoned the ruins and selected a new site to live.They built a new town named“Pan’an(means always peaceful in the future)”.earthquake-induced landslides may be the reason of burying the residential areas on valley-side slopes,while those locations inside the valley are associated with the amplification effect of ground vibration.On the basis of compiling historical seismic data,scientific methods are used to explore the real meaning of these documents,for the purpose of providing basic data for the risk evaluation of strong historical earthquakes.

Artificial Neural Network Model for Discrimination of Stability of Ancient Landslide in Impounding Area of Three Gorges Project, China

The factors of geomorphology, geological setting, effect of ground water and environment dynamic factors (e.g. rainfall and artificial water recharge) should be integrated in the discrimination of the stability of the ancient landslide. As the criterion of landslide stability has been studied, the artificial neural network model was then applied to discriminate the stability of the ancient landslide in the impounding area of the Three Gorges project on the Yangtze River, China. The model has the property of self adaptive identifying and integrating complex qualitative factors and quantitative factors. The results of the artificial neural network model are coincided well with what were gained by classical limit equilibrium analysis (the Bishop method and Janbu method) and by other comprehensive discrimination methods.

Deformation characteristics and thresholds of the Tanjiawan landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

Since the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)in China in 2003,more than 5000 landslides including potential landslides were identified.In this paper,a deep-seated active landslide in TGR area was analyzed.Fourteen years’monitoring data and field investigations from 2006 to 2020 were used to analyze the deformation characteristics,influencing factors,and meteohydrological thresholds.The landslide showed a none-overall periodic movement pattern featuring acceleration during long-duration rainfall and rapid transition to constant creep after rainfall events.Two secondary sliding masses,No.1 and No.2,were defined via field investigation.The reservoir has no impact on the deformation whereas long-duration-low-intensity rainfall is the main factor.At present,the cumulative displacements of the main sliding mass range from 0.9 to 3.2 m,and the deformation during the rainy season is gradually increasing.The boundary of this landslide was formed,and the boundary of No.2 sliding mass became obvious.The probability of the failure of sliding mass No.2 is very high under the conditions of continuous rainfall.The 15-day antecedent rainfall combined with 4-day cumulative rainfall could be the rainfall threshold which could be associated with the groundwater level S1 of 294 m above sea level for forecasting large deformation of Tanjiawan landslide.

Field investigations and numerical modeling of a giant landslide in the region of Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis:Jiaobunong landslide

Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis(EHS)is a tectonically active region that undergoes continuous geomorphic changes.Large landslides are predominant in this region.A giant landslide called Jiaobunong landslide on the northwestern flank of the EHS were studied and simulated to investigate the formation mechanism,evolutionary process,and failure mechanism of the landside,so that we could better understand the large complex ancient landslides in this region.Field investigation,geological background analyses,and numerical modeling were conducted to reveal the natural and seismic characteristics,as well as dynamic process of the landslide.The results show that the Jiaobunong landslide was the result of long-term geological and geomorphic evolution.Uplift,river incision,weathering,fault creep,glaciation,and earthquakes play key roles in the formation of landslides.Given the huge landslide volume,strong seismicity of the study area,proximity to an active fault,and the need for extra forces to induce landsliding,the Jiaobunong landslide was triggered by a paleo-earthquake.Using numerical simulation based on the discrete element method,the slope dynamic response of the earthquake as well as the mass movement and accumulation process was reproduced.Simulation results showed that the landslide movement experienced four stages:initiation phase(0-5 s),acceleration phase(5-35 s),deceleration phase(35-95 s),and the compaction and self-stabilization stage(after 95 s).The rock mass was disintegrated and experienced strong collisions during the movement.The dammed lake gradually disappeared because of long-term river incision by the overtopping river water.These processes play a vital role in the evolution of landforms in the region of EHS.

甘肃舟曲江顶崖古滑坡复活变形特征与稳定性分析

为研究江顶崖古滑坡复活变形特征与稳定性,通过历史资料调研、现场踏勘与监测、卫星遥感和室内土工试验等方法,分析了主滑坡体、滑坡后壁及侧壁的变形特征与稳定性。结果表明:滑体前缘高陡边坡因降雨及河流冲刷导致坡脚失稳;中后部土体受地下水、连续强降雨影响,抗剪强度降低,下滑力增大,逐步向前推移;最终由于前缘土体的滑动,导致抗滑力减小,随之引发整体滑动,为缓慢滑动的牵引式滑坡。滑体后壁、两侧侧壁高陡,变形迹象明显,在强降雨或地震工况下易失稳滑动。江顶崖滑坡具有长期蠕滑变形、多次复活滑动等特点,是甘肃省近年来规模、范围最大的滑坡之一,在地震或暴雨作用下,滑坡有再次复活的可能,建议加强对滑坡区的变形监测,同时,对区域内不稳定斜坡进行加固治理,防止出现重大灾害。

金沙江上游扎马古滑坡复活特征及堵河危险性分析

随着人类工程活动不断加剧和极端天气的频繁出现,古滑坡复活堵江问题日益突出,严重威胁着山区城镇安全。以金沙江上游巴曲右岸扎马特大古滑坡为例,采用无人机航测、现场精细调查和数值模拟分析等方法,查明了古滑坡复活特征,剖析了不同重现期降雨条件下滑坡的稳定性和失稳概率,模拟研究了不同工况下滑坡运动过程、堆积范围及堵河危险性。结果表明:(1)扎马古滑坡前缘局部复活主要表现为地表变形迹象清晰,呈现牵引式渐进破坏的特点,前缘复活区体积约185万m^(3),存在进一步失稳滑动可能;(2)滑坡前缘在天然状态下稳定,20年一遇的月极值降雨条件下处于不稳定状态,失稳概率为87.95%,50年、100年一遇的月极值降雨条件下前缘与后部整体处于不稳定状态,失稳概率分别为58.75%、68.60%;(3)前缘失稳或前缘与后部连续失稳后,滑坡体在沟口处达到的最大速度分别为9、11 m s,滑移距离最远可达480 m,在巴曲沟道形成高度约42~48 m的堰塞坝;(4)堵塞巴曲后形成的回水可能淹没滑坡上游德达乡段G318国道、居民建筑及场站等基础设施,涉及范围约0.81~1.02 km^(2),形成的堰塞湖可能在7天内发生漫坝,应引起重视。

基于环境因子优化TSES法选择负样本及其在滑坡易发性评价中的应用

滑坡易发性评价是滑坡灾害防治的重要手段之一,而不合理的滑坡负样本会影响滑坡易发性评价,从而影响到滑坡灾害的防治,因此提供一种合理的负样本选取方法变得尤为关键。以西藏米林市的古滑坡为例,选择高程、坡度、坡向、坡位、距道路距离、距断层距离、距水系距离、地形起伏度、地层岩性、土地利用类型10类环境因子,使用Relief算法计算环境因子的贡献值并依据贡献值优化选择环境因子;基于环境因子优化的目标空间外向化采样法(target space exteriorization sampling,简称TSES)选择负样本,作为性能优异的随机森林模型的输入变量;之后结合优化的环境因子和正或负样本预测米林市的滑坡易发性,并用混淆矩阵和ROC曲线评价构建模型的性能。为检验环境因子优化的TSES法的有效性和先进性,采用耦合信息量法和TSES法选择滑坡负样本并构建随机森林模型,与环境因子优化的TSES法构建的随机森林模型进行对比研究。结果表明,环境因子优化的TSES法构建的随机森林模型的评价效果较好,其ACC为93.7%、AUC为0.987,均高于耦合信息量、TSES法构成的模型。环境因子优化的TSES法能够提高模型的精度,解决多因子作为约束条件取样中因子选取的问题,为滑坡易发性评价采集负样本提供了新的思路。

四川凉山州地质灾害灾情特征与主要致灾类型

凉山州受活动构造、地形地貌、河流切割等作用,是四川省地质灾害高风险地区。为系统查明凉山州地质灾害发育特征、灾情特征及主要致灾类型,采用资料收集、数理统计、现场调查等方法,统计分析地质灾害数据、灾情数据和重大突发地质灾害实例。结果表明:凉山州地质灾害以滑坡、泥石流为主,滑坡主要为中小规模土质滑坡,泥石流主要为中小规模沟道型泥石流;有记录以来共计发生24起死亡10人以上的地质灾害;2006—2020年,共发生46起地质灾害灾情,以泥石流为主。总结提炼了7种地质灾害主要致灾类型,红层滑坡是凉山州滑坡主要类型之一,遇水易软化解体,自稳能力差;复活型古滑坡,在凉山州多有分布,由于人类工程活动、河流冲刷等因素,古滑坡易变形和复活;库岸型滑坡,主要发育在木里县、布拖县、宁南县的水电站库区内,受库水位消落带影响斜坡塌岸隐患较多,坡体稳定性降低形成滑坡;含煤层型滑坡,主要发育在凉山州南部的煤系地层区域,斜坡前缘不合理开挖易诱发前缘滑塌并造成整体滑动;矿渣型泥石流是凉山州泥石流主要类型之一,矿渣、废石、尾砂等不合理堆放,为泥石流提供了丰富物源;凉山州常发生森林火灾,火烧迹地遭遇暴雨后易诱发火后泥石流;在构造活动强烈、山势陡峭的沟谷上游发生崩滑灾害后,易沿沟运动冲出,堵塞河道形成链式灾害。研究成果可为凉山州针对性开展防灾减灾工作提供数据支撑和科学参考。

特大型顺层古滑坡复活变形特征分析及变形预测研究

为有效掌握古滑坡复活特征及其变形规律,基于滑坡区现场调查成果,首先开展其复活变形特征分析,再利用WPT-ROA-RVM-CT模型进行滑坡变形预测研究。结果表明,在强降雨或持续降雨后,滑坡地表裂缝较为发育,具有张剪性质,且滑坡呈明显推移式特征,即滑坡中、后缘变形明显大于前缘,变形方向具有逆时针变化规律,充分说明古滑坡复活变形特征显著。同时,通过变形预测,验证WPT-ROA-RVM-CT模型具有较高的预测精度,并经外推预测,得到滑坡后续变形速率均为正值且较大,判断滑坡后续变形还会进一步增加,具有较大失稳风险,需尽快开展灾害防治研究。

破碎岩体隧道洞口开挖诱导滑坡与古滑坡耦合分析

以大栗树高速公路隧道洞口施工为工程背景,研究了在考虑古滑坡因素下洞口工作面边坡失稳及其加固技术。利用钻孔测斜数据(BCD)和Midas GTS折减强度有限元分析模型,分别推测了最危险滑动面,得知两者滑动面位置相似。并采用不平衡推力传递法,基于BCD推断滑动面计算安全系数。以BCD和有限元法的滑动面为基础,将滑动面近似假设为对数螺旋线,考虑地形因素,建立考虑多台阶边坡上限分析模型,研究了不同加固措施对边坡稳定的影响。结果表明,3种方法计算出的边坡安全系数结果相近。

大渡河上游阿娘寨古堰塞湖的发现及其特征

古堰塞湖的沉积特征研究是开展堰塞湖古环境、古气候研究的基础。大渡河上游小金川两岸多地出露粉砂质黏土、砂和砾石构成的堰塞湖剖面,通过沉积学分析、光释光测年以及对堵江坝体的岩性构造分析,认为小金川在距今(15.7±1.9)~(9.1±1.0)ka期间发生了一次重大的堵江—堰塞—溃决事件,且该古堰塞湖的沉积环境随时间和空间的变化发生迁移:时间上,堰塞湖经历了形成、充填和溃决3个阶段;空间上,从下游至上游划分出深—半深湖、浅湖、滨湖和河湖交汇区4个沉积区,该古堰塞湖是由阿娘寨古滑坡堵江形成,据此命名为阿娘寨古堰塞湖。该古滑坡主要受控于岩性和构造作用。本次研究进一步丰富了青藏高原东南缘山区大型古堰塞湖的研究成果,其沉积特征、年代和成因特征为后续的深入研究提供了基础材料。

三峡库区三门洞滑坡复活机理及韧性变形研究

三峡库区蓄水诱发大量库岸古滑坡复活变形,引入“韧性变形”概念可很好地解释古滑坡在相似影响因素下的差异性变形响应情况。以三峡库区三门洞滑坡为例,通过现场地质调查及17 a的监测数据,分析古滑坡复活过程中的变形特征及“韧性变形”机制。结果表明:①三峡库区三门洞滑坡为平缓堆积层古滑坡,自三峡水库蓄水后复活变形,前、中、后部变形主要为塌岸、拉张裂缝或坍滑和拉张剪切裂缝;②在库水位下降期间,滑坡的变形对库水位的快速下降响应敏感,库水在低水位运行和上升期间,滑坡变形主要诱发因素是降雨,尤其是连续性强降雨,可引发滑坡持续性变形;③滑坡发生“韧性变形”时,滑体内部经历一次密实过程,使得土体的密度增大,内聚力增强,提高了土体的抗剪能力,在一段时间内拥有抵抗下次变形的力量。研究成果可为三峡库区滑坡监测预警工作提供参考。

金沙江上游沙丁麦大型古滑坡发育特征与稳定性评价

沙丁麦古滑坡位于金沙江上游,金沙江断裂的德工—射胆断裂从滑体前部通过,岩体结构破碎,加上区域降雨、人类活动影响,滑坡变形强烈,坡体存在失稳滑动的风险,严重威胁到当地居民生命财产以及金沙江上游重要交通设施等。为探究沙丁麦古滑坡的发育特征及滑坡稳定性等关键问题,本文对沙丁麦古滑坡开展了遥感解译、InSAR形变监测、降雨量数据分析以及滑坡稳定性数值模拟计算等研究,揭示滑坡目前的变形特征,并探讨不同数值模拟工况下的滑坡稳定性。结果表明,沙丁麦古滑坡长约2100 m,宽约1300 m,平均厚度15~20 m,体积为2180×10^(4)~2900×10^(4)m^(3),属于特大型堆积层滑坡。空间上可划分为古滑坡后缘区(I)、古滑坡堆积区(Ⅱ)和强变形区(Ⅲ)三个区域,其中强变形区中包含两个复活变形区(Ⅲ_(1)、Ⅲ_(2))。沙丁麦古滑坡以拉张裂缝、房屋开裂、下错陡坎、局部滑塌等变形现象为主。基于小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(SBAS-InSAR)的监测结果显示,沙丁麦古滑坡地表最大形变速率可达-51.88 mm/a。结合区域降雨数据的分析结果反映滑坡体累计变形量呈“阶跃”式增长,强降雨是影响滑坡堆积体变形的重要因素之一。基于三维快速拉格朗日分析法(FLAC^(3D))的古滑坡稳定性计算结果表明,沙丁麦古滑坡的变形模式为牵引式,天然工况下滑坡整体处于基本稳定状态,坡体形变量较小;在极端暴雨工况下滑坡总体上处于不稳定状态,滑坡体变形表现为拉张、剪切破坏,滑动面贯通并发生整体失稳破坏,从而造成严重危害。