The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

Types,Characteristics and Significances of Migrating Pathways of Gas-bearing Fluids in the Shenhu Area,Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea

The first marine gas hydrate expedition in China has been conducted by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey in the Shenhu Area, northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Previous study has analyzed the P-T conditions, geophysical anomalies and saturation calculations of these gas hydrates, but has not documented in detail the migration of gas-bearing fluids in the study area. Based on the interpretations of 2D/3D seismic data, this work identified two types of migration pathways for gas-bearing fluids in the Shenhu area, i.e., vertical and lateral pathways. The vertical pathways（largescale faults, gas chimneys and mud diapirs） presented as steep seismic reflection anomalies, which could be traced downward to the Eocene source rocks and may penetrate into the Late Miocene strata. The deeper gases/fluids might be allowed migrating into the shallower strata through these vertical conduits. However, the distributions showed distinct differences between these pathways. Large-scale faults developed only in the north and northeast of the Shenhu area, while in the drilling area gas chimneys were the sole vertical migration pathways. Since the Pliocene, normal faults, detachment faults and favorable sediments have constituted the lateral pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area. Although these lateral pathways were connected with gas chimneys, they exerted different effects on hydrate formation and accumulation. Gas-bearing fluids migrated upward along gas chimneys might further migrate laterally because of the normal faults, thereby enlarging the range of the chimneys. Linking gas chimneys with the seafloor, the detachment faults might act as conduits for escaping gases/fluids. Re-deposited sediments developed at the early stage of the Quaternary were located within the gas hydrate stability zone, so hydrates would be enriched in these favorable sediments. Compared with the migration pathways（large-scale faults and mud diapirs） in the LW3-1 deep-sea oil/gas field, the migration efficiency of the vertical pathways（composed of gas chimneys） in the gas hydrate drilling area might be relatively low. Description and qualitative discrimination of migration pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area are helpful to further understand the relationship between good-quality deep source rocks and shallow, mainly biogenicallyproduced, hydrates. As the main source rocks of the Baiyun sag, lacustrine mudstones in the Wenchang and Enping Formations may provide thermogenic methane. Gas chimneys with relatively low migration efficiency created the vertical pathways. Caused by the Dongsha tectonic movement, the release of overpressured fluids might reduce the vertical migration rates of the thermogenic methane. The thick bathyal/abyssal fine-grained sediments since the Late Miocene provided migration media with low permeability. These preconditions may cause carbon isotopic fractionation ofthermogenic methane during long-distance vertical migrations. Therefore, although geochemical analyses indicate that the methane forming gas hydrate in the Shenhu area was mainly produced biogenically, or was mixed methane primarily of microbial origin, thermogenic methane still contribute significantly.

Deep-water Fan Systems and Petroleum Resources on the Northern Slope of the South China Sea

The shallow shelf delta/strand arenaceous-pelitic deposit region in the north of the Pearl River mouth basin, sitting on the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea, has already become an important oil production base in China. Recent researched has revealed that a great deal of deep-water fans of great petroleum potentiality exist on the Baiyun deep-water slope below the big paleo Pearl River and its large delta. Based on a mass of exploration wells and 2-D seismic data of the shallow shelf region, a interpretation of sequence stratigraphy confirmed the existence of deep-water fans. The cyclic falling of sea level, abundant detrital matter from the paleo Pearl River and the persistent geothermal subsidence in the Baiyun sag are the three prerequisites for the formation and development of deep-water fans. There are many in common between the deep-water shelf depositional system of the northern South China Sea and the exploration hotspots region on the two banks of the Atlantic. For example, both are located on passive continent margins, and persistent secular thermal subsidence and large paleo rivers have supplied abundant material sources and organic matter. More recently, the discovery of the big gas pool on the northern slope of the Baiyun sag confirms that the Lower Tertiary lacustrine facies in the Baiyun sag has a great potentiality of source rocks. The fans overlying the Lower Tertiary source rocks should become the main exploration areas for oil and gas resources.

Submarine Landslide Identified in DLW3102 Core of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

In this paper, we take DLW3101 core obtained at the top of the canyon(no landslide area) and DLW3102 core obtained at the bottom of the canyon(landslide area) on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea as research objects. The chronostratigraphic framework of the DLW3101 core and elemental strata of the DLW3101 core and the DLW3102 core since MIS5 are established by analyzing oxygen isotope, calcium carbonate content, and X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF) scanning elements. On the basis of the information obtained by analyzing the sedimentary structure and chemical elements in the landslide deposition, we found that the DLW3102 core shows four layers of submarine landslides, and each landslide layer is characterized by high Si, K, Ti, and Fe contents, thereby indicating terrigenous clastic sources. L1(2.15–2.44 m) occurred in MIS2, which is a slump sedimentary layer with a small sliding distance and scale. L2(15.48–16.00 m) occurred in MIS5 and is a debris flow-deposited layer with a scale and sliding distance that are greater than those of L1. L3(19.00–20.90 m) occurred in MIS5; its upper part(19.00–20.00 m) is a debris flow-deposited layer, and its lower part(20.00–20.90 m) is a sliding deposition layer. The landslide scale of L3 is large. L4(22.93–24.27 m) occurred in MIS5; its upper part(22.93–23.50 m) is a turbid sedimentary layer, and its lower part(23.50–24.27m) is a slump sedimentary layer. The landslide scale of L4 is large.

Dissociation of gas hydrates by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation-derived slope failures:An example from the South China Sea

The mechanism of slope failure associated with overpressure that is caused by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation remains unclear.High-resolution seismic data and gas hydrate drilling data collected from the Shenhu gas hydrate field(site SH5)offer a valuable opportunity to study the relations between submarine slope failure and hydrocarbon accumulation and flow that is associated with a~2 kmdiameter gas chimney developed beneath site SH5 where none gas hydrates had been recovered by drilling and sampling despite the presence of distinct bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs)and favorable gas hydrate indication.The mechanism of submarine slope failure resulted from buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation which were caused by overpressure from a~1100 m-high gas column in a gas chimney was studied via numerical simulation.The~9.55 MPa overpressure caused by hydrocarbons that migrated through the gas chimney and then accumulated beneath subsurface gas hydratebearing impermeable sediments.This may have resulted in a submarine slope failure,which disequilibrated the gas hydrate-bearing zone and completely decomposed the gas hydrate once precipitated at site SH5.Before the gas hydrate decomposition,the largely impermeable sediments overlying the gas chimney may have undergone a major upward deformation due to the buoyancy extrusion of the overpressure in the gas chimney,and slope failure was initiated from plastic strain of the sediments and reduced internal strength.Slope failure subsequently resulted in partial gas hydrate decomposition and sediment permeability increase.The pressurized gas in the gas chimney may have diffused into the overlying sediments controlled by seepage-derived deformation,causing an effective stress reduction at the base of the sediments and significant plastic deformation.This may have formed a new cycle of submarine slope failure and finally the total gas hydrate dissociation.The modeling results of buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation of the overpressure in the gas chimney would provide new understanding in the development of submarine slope failure and the link between slope failure and gas hydrate accumulation and dissociation.

Velocity model and time-depth conversion for the northwestern South China Sea deepwater areas

There are rich natural gas resources in the northwestern South China Sea deepwater areas, with poor degree of exploration. Because of the unique tectonic, sedimentary background of the region, velocity model building and time-depth conversion have been an important and difficult problem for a long time. Recent researches in this direction have revealed three major problems for deepwater areas, i.e., the way to determine error correction for drilling velocity, the optimization of velocity modeling, and the understanding and analysis of velocity variations in the slope areas. The present contribution proposes technical solutions to the problems：（1） velocity correction version can be established by analyzing the geology, reservoir, water depths and velocity spectrum characteristics;（2） a unified method can be adopted to analyze the velocity variation patterns in drilled pale structural positions;and （3） across-layer velocity is analyzed to establish the velocity model individually for each of the layers. Such a solution is applicable, as shown in an example from the northwestern South China Sea deepwater areas, in which an improved prediction precision is obtained.

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探新认识及攻关方向

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区已成为我国海洋油气勘探增储上产的重要领域,但由于构造演化史复杂,该区不同凹陷的沉积—构造特征、烃源岩生烃—储层成岩演化和成藏模式均存在明显差异。为准确认识该区油气勘探潜力和方向,基于前人研究成果和勘探实践,在综合分析烃源岩、储层、差异成藏等地质条件的基础上,剖析了南海北部陆缘盆地深水区成藏特征、油气勘探作业面临的挑战,并指出了下一步油气攻关研究方向。研究结果表明:①受地壳拆离作用及强烈薄化影响,该区地层沉积特征特殊,岩石地球物理性质多样;②软流圈差异抬升形成深水区独特的高热流背景,促使区域性湖相、煤型及叠合型等3类烃源灶快速、高强度生烃,生烃门限变浅;③深水盆地群的演化和成盆规模差异大,构造演化控制了盆地几何形态和储集体时空展布,深水区独特的板块构造位置、复杂的构造演化史、温压变化剧烈的地质特征等控制了油气成藏模式。结论认为:①该区油气勘探面临地震资料解析度低、规模有效储层预测困难、勘探成本高等技术与经济的双重挑战;②需要创新形成高地温背景下优质储层差异化分布规律的研究思路;③亟需提升勘探设备能力建设,攻关高效地震采集、“重磁电震”地球物理一体化采集处理、双井架钻探作业、多井段“一趟钻”等勘探关键技术,为我国海洋深水油气勘探开发的高质量发展做好理论和技术支撑。

南海北部陆坡区典型峡谷陡坡群地震稳定性

南海北部陆坡是一个呈条带状分布的大规模海底斜坡,西起海南岛东南部海域,向东延伸至中国台湾岛西南部海域。该区域分布了多个峡谷陡坡群,地质构造复杂、地震易发多发,滑坡地质灾害活跃。特别是该区域地形起伏较大,地震灾害可能诱发区域大面积的海底滑坡,科学评估其地震稳定性显得十分重要。本文以南海北部陆坡区神狐海域典型峡谷陡坡群为例,基于Scoops3D和GIS技术建立了三维计算模型,开展了海底陡坡群的地震稳定性研究,获得了峡谷区不同陡坡的地震稳定性安全系数及其分布特征。结果表明:峡谷剖面大多呈“U”字形,推断研究区峡谷为Ⅱ型海底峡谷系统;强震作用可以大幅削弱海底斜坡稳定性,其中对于C1峡谷区陡坡群,随着水平拟静力地震系数增大至0.40,区域最小安全系数则陡降至0.50;地震作用下西部峡谷陡坡群的失稳范围明显高于东部区域,大部分滑坡发生在两侧谷壁靠近峰顶的位置,另有相当一部分滑坡位于C1和C2峡谷区南段的东侧谷壁,整体呈带状分布。

南海北部深水井场稳定性评价

海底滑坡是海洋中常见的地质灾害,为避免深水油气钻井在钻进过程中触发海底滑坡,需要对井场及周缘地区的海底稳定性进行评价。通过海底滑坡触发因素分析,认为海底土物理力学性质和钻井相关载荷在钻井过程中是触发海底滑坡的重要因素。利用南海北部陆坡区A区实际海底地形建立三维模型,构建海底土力学参数与波阻抗的函数关系,将地震反演的波阻抗数据体转换为海底土力学参数数据体。经基于折算强度法的数值模拟法计算出安全系数,定量评估了A区海底的稳定性。评价结果表明,A区中部地区存在潜在滑坡风险,应避免在该区域内部署油气钻井。

南海北部陆坡区神狐海域构造特征及对水合物的控制

通过对南海北部陆坡区神狐海域高精度2D和3D地震资料的精细解释,在研究区共识别出4种构造类型,分别为气烟囱(流体底辟)、区域大尺度断层、深水扇中的正断层和滑移体中的滑脱断层。气烟囱具有直立的通道形态,其内部结构可划分为杂乱反射带、模糊反射带和顶部强振幅区域。大尺度断层位于水合物钻探区的西北部和东北部,断层规模大,对深部地层表现出明显的控制作用。深水扇中的正断层广泛发育于上新世的深水扇中,特别是在水合物钻探区西部进积特征明显的深水扇中,正断层的数量更多。滑移体中的滑脱断层在神狐海域的第四纪地层中非常常见,在剖面上呈雁列式分布。研究结果表明,大尺度断层由于和水合物钻探区的距离较远,对于水合物的成藏可能不起控制作用。气烟囱和规模小数量多的断裂体系为含气流体的运移提供了垂向和侧向的输送通道,构成了水合物的流体运移体系。当富含甲烷气体的流体通过这些垂向-侧向的运移通道时,在合适的温压条件下,被适于水合物聚集的沉积体所捕获,就有可能形成水合物。水合物钻探区内东西部构造特征的差异,使得研究区内形成了不同的流体运移体系,这可能是控制钻探区水合物不均匀性分布的一个关键因素。

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物沉积成藏特征

指示天然气水合物存在的重要地球物理标志——BSR(似海底反射)在南海北部陆坡晚中新世以来的地层中广泛分布。根据BSR在晚中新世以来3个三级层序地层内的分布特点,结合区域热动力背景、沉积特征(沉积相、沉积速率、含砂率、岩性特征等)和典型沉积体(构造坡折带、滑塌体、沉积物波)的综合分析,系统研究了南海北部陆坡天然气水合物的沉积成藏特征。研究表明,BSR的分布在满足温压、气源的基础上更明显地受沉积体系展布和所处构造部位的控制,气源和温压条件只是影响BSR分布的必要条件而非充分条件。建立了南海北部陆坡典型沉积成藏模式,总结了在陆架、陆坡、陆基上随着水深的增加各种沉积体的分布及其与BSR和水合物稳定带的关系,展示了水合物成藏的典型要素。BSR与构造坡折、深水重力流及等深流沉积密切相关,大多数BSR分布区均位于地貌变化陡峭、地形起伏较大、长期继承性隆升与沉降交汇的黏土质粉砂和粉砂等沉积物中。在陆架三角洲前缘,BSR侧向较连续但延伸距离短,水合物成藏的关键在于深部气源的沟通条件;在陆坡海槽与底辟发育区,BSR受断层与底辟切割往往呈断续分布,沉积物的快速卸载可为水合物的赋存提供较好的沉积储层条件;在陆基至深海区海底扇、浊流、等深流发育的位置,BSR侧向连续延伸距离远,气源主要为浅部生物气,以侧向运移为主。

南海北部陆坡分类及成因分析

陆坡形态隐含了丰富的地质信息,其差异性是大陆边缘沉积、侵蚀过程长期交互作用的结果。利用横跨南海北部的二维地震测线,采取曲线拟合的研究手段,在南海北部识别出了下凹型、平直型、"S"型等三种类型的陆坡。下凹型陆坡发育在莺歌海-琼东南西部、珠江口中部两个陆坡区,但其成因不同,前者主要受控于快速的沉积物供给,而后者受到陆架边缘三角洲进积和海底峡谷侵蚀的联合作用;平直型陆坡仅见于琼东南东部地区,其主控因素为弱的沉积物供给和较快的构造沉降;"S"型陆坡发育在珠江口地区的两翼,其形成明显受到海流和内波等外作用的改造。不同类型的陆坡具有特定的地层叠置样式、陆架坡折迁移轨迹类型和沉积体系分布特征。对陆坡类型的研究有助于建立沉积过程和产物的预测模式,从而指导古代陆坡的深水油气勘探。

南海北部琼东南海域HQ-48PC站位地球化学特征及对天然气水合物的指示意义

南海北部陆坡琼东南海域是中国天然气水合物勘探最具潜力的区域之一。对该海域的HQ-48PC站位沉积物样品的顶空气甲烷含量、孔隙水阴、阳离子及微量元素含量等地球化学特征进行综合分析,结果显示:在硫酸盐-甲烷界面(SMI,Sulfate-Methane Interface)(推算深度约为6.05 mbsf)发生了强烈的甲烷厌氧氧化反应(AMO,Anaerobic Meth-ane Oxidation),主要表现为SO24-含量线性降低接近于0、CH4含量发生骤增、有机碳和黄铁矿含量达到最大值及形成一个"钡锋"等特征。在SMI之上,HCO3-浓度随深度的增加呈明显上升的趋势,Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+等离子浓度随深度的增加呈降低的趋势,Mg2+/Ca2+比值随深度的增加呈明显增加的趋势,自生碳酸盐矿物以方解石为主;在SMI之下,HCO3-浓度随深度的增加呈缓慢下降的趋势,Ca2+浓度变化不大,Mg2+、Sr2+浓度和Mg2+/Ca2+比值随深度的增加呈降低的趋势,自生碳酸盐矿物以白云石为主。沉积物孔隙水的PO34-和NH4+含量较高,它们随深度的增加呈明显升高的趋势,且这种变化趋势与SO42-含量的下降趋势大致呈镜像关系。这些地球化学异常特征与国际上已发现有天然气水合物地区的地球化学特征相类似,暗示该采样站位深部沉积物中可能赋存有天然气水合物藏。

南海北部陆坡神狐海域HS-373PC岩心表层沉积物古菌多样性

利用分子生物学技术分析南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物潜力区HS-373PC岩心表层沉积物中古菌多样性,从沉积物中提取总DNA并扩增古菌16SrRNA基因序列,对克隆文库进行系统发育分析。结果显示所有古菌序列均属于泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota)。其中泉古菌以C3为主要类群,另有少量序列属于Marine Benthic Group(MBG)-B,MBG-C,Marine Crenarchaeotic Group I(MGI),Marine Hydrothermal VentGroup(MHVG)和Novel Group of Crenarchaea(NGC);广古菌以MBG-D为主,其它序列分别属于UnclassifiedEuryarchaeotic Clusters-1/2(UEC-1/2)。

南海北部东沙陆坡主要灾害地质因素特征

我国深水区海洋灾害地质研究成果较少,而南海北部东沙陆坡深水区天然气水合物资源的进一步勘探急需弄清海底地质环境。研究区缺乏浅地层剖面资料,因此,本文基于高分辨率2D地震资料等实测资料,率先在东沙陆坡深水区开展灾害地质研究。文中识别出地震、活动断层、海底滑坡、浅层气、泥火山、陡坎及侵蚀沟(谷)共7种具有活动能力的破坏性灾害地质因素,还识别出浅埋基岩面、海底火山、岩浆底辟共3种不具有活动能力的限制性灾害地质因素,同时总结了各灾害地质因素的平面展布特征并研究了其地震反射特征及灾害性。基于以上研究,本文认为陆坡深水区应重点避让海底滑坡、活动断裂、浅层气、侵蚀沟等与海洋工程关系密切的灾害地质类型,研究成果虽然精度有限,但可初步为该区天然气水合物的进一步勘探及防灾减灾提供参考。

南海北部陆架斜坡海域夏季浮游动物群落的空间分布

根据2015年7-8月南海北部陆架斜坡海域的浮游动物垂直分层采集资料,对该海域浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度和生物量及群落结构的空间分布等进行了研究。样品利用Multinet浮游生物连续采样网采自0~200 m,200~350 m,350~450 m,450~600 m,600~750 m等5层。该次调查共发现浮游动物468种(类),其中以0~200 m水层种类最丰富,600~750 m水层最贫乏,种类数总体随水深的增加而减少,但在350~600 m水层部分站位出现了回升。浮游动物种类组成垂直变化较明显,各水层均有出现89种共有种,占总种类数的19.02%;而单一水层出现的特有种(121种)占总种类数的25.85%。优势种有10种,角突隆剑水蚤(Oncaea conifera)为各水层的共有优势种,在不同水层还出现了特有优势种。浮游动物丰度和生物量平均为62.79个·m^(-3)和34.81 mg·m^(-3),总体呈现由表层向深层逐渐递减的分布趋势,但在350~600 m水层大部分站位也略有回升。聚类分析结果表明,该调查海域浮游动物大体分为3个群落,分别为0~200 m的上层水域群落、200~450 m的中上层水域群落和450~750 m的中下层水域群落。

南海北部油气成藏区带的划分与勘探前景

南海北部大陆边缘整体勘探程度较低。为加强该区油气成藏特征的系统分析与对比,根据构造、沉积特征的差异性,将该区划分为4个油气成藏区带:走滑拉分区(莺歌海盆地)、陆内裂陷区(北部湾盆地)、陆架浅水区(琼东南盆地北部裂陷带,珠江口盆地北部裂陷带的珠一、珠三坳陷)、陆坡深水区(珠江口盆地珠二坳陷,琼东南盆地中央裂陷带及南部裂陷带)。进而分析了各区带的油气成藏特征及勘探前景,结论认为:①走滑拉分区油气成藏主要受控于泥底辟构造活动,应重点突破下含油气系统;②陆内裂陷区断裂构造发育,企西隆起东部是寻找大中型油田的有利区带;③陆架浅水区"皮薄肉厚",油气勘探应以古近系陆相断陷沉积的储盖组合类型为主;④陆坡深水区油气成藏要素配置良好,是未来发现大型油气田、开创油气勘探新局面的主战场。

南海北部神狐海域沉积物中烃类气体的地球化学特征

烃类气体是形成天然气水合物的物质基础,浅表层沉积物顶空气中烃类气体的异常特征可用来探测深部是否存在天然气水合物藏。对南海北部神狐海域浅表层沉积物以及钻探采获的含或不含天然气水合物的沉积物的顶空气样品中烃类气体组分和同位素组成进行了测试分析,结果表明:291个1 mbsf(bsf,below sea floor)沉积物顶空气样品中的烃类气体以甲烷为主,甲烷含量经过归一化处理后的变化范围为2.49~77.23μL/kg,平均值为15.22μL/kg。根据趋势面分析共圈出12个异常区,这些异常区受NE向断裂构造控制呈NE向展布;4PC和23PC两个站位的14个顶空气样品中甲烷的δ13C值为-74.3‰^-46.2‰(PDB),平均值为-60.9‰(PDB),C1/(C2+C3)比值为5.78~49.45,平均值为16.23,烃类气体主要来源于微生物气,同时混入少量热解气;钻探采获的4个顶空气样品中甲烷的δ13C值为-62.2‰^-54.1‰(PDB),δD值为-225‰^-180‰(SMOW),C1/(C2+C3)比值为575~1 668,它们为微生物气或以微生物气为主的混合气,甲烷主要为二氧化碳还原型,同时还有少量来自深部热成因。浅表层沉积物顶空气中的烃类气体主要来源于深部地层中天然气水合物的分解以及更深地层中的烃源岩或天然气藏,这些烃类气体沿断裂或底辟构造等通道向上运移,前者以微生物气为主,后者为热解气。

南海北部陆坡区晚中新世以来沉降特征

南海北部陆坡区T3界面是新近系裂后期的重要地质界面(中中新世与晚中新世的交界面,约11.608Ma),分隔了裂后期热沉降和加速沉降阶段。文中基于构造沉积背景综合分析,将南海北部陆坡区的加速沉降阶段地层充填序列划分为3大构造层,分别对应晚中新世、上新世和第四纪,采用回剥技术恢复其埋藏史,并选取1092口模拟井,采用Airy均衡模型分别计算不同时期的构造沉降速率。结果表明:1)总体上,晚中新世以来南海北部陆坡区以构造沉降为主,占70%以上;2)平面上,晚中新世以来的沉降中心集中于琼东南盆地中央拗陷带、珠江口盆地和台西南盆地的深水区域,其中台西南盆地的沉降特征最为显著,第四纪的构造沉降速率最高达190m·Ma 1;3)垂向演化上,晚中新世至上新世期间,构造沉降速率变化差异不大,有略微减小的趋势,平均构造沉降速率为70m·Ma 1,第四纪以来,构造沉降速率急剧增大,平均构造沉降速率达120m·Ma 1;4)局部特征上,构造沉降速率变化较快的部位往往发育在盆地边界、拗隆交汇及断层、褶皱发育地区,这些地区均有利于天然气水合物的聚集成藏。