Connections between Evaporite Deposition and Glacial Periods since the Middle Pleistocene in Salt Lakes in the Western Qaidam Basin, China

The Quaternary was the main evaporite deposition period in the Qaidam Basin(QB), but the correlation between the evaporite deposition period and the glacial period is still unclear. In this study, the research objects are primarily evaporite-bearing strata in a 461.58 m-long drill core in the QB. X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were applied to study the evaporite minerals, U-Th dating being applied to construct the ~(230)Th geochronological framework. Evaporite deposition from Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 15 to MIS 4 in the borehole was reconstructed via mineralogical and geochronological data. The evaporite minerals are mainly halite(NaCl), mirabilite(Na_(2)SO_(4)·10H_(2)O), thenardite(Na_(2)SO_(4)) and gypsum(CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O). A total of 9 effective ~(230)Th data points, ranging from 492.5 ± 43.0 ka to 62.0 ± 11.9 ka, were obtained. The depositional age of the earliest halite layer in the borehole is 592.5–563.0 ka. There were mirabilite deposits in the QB during the cold glacial environment of MIS 6. During MIS 4, the study area desiccated, with mirabilite and halite being deposited. This study suggests that mirabilite is an indicator mineral for the glacial environment in the QB, while halite deposition does not correspond well to glaciation.

Interactions of Copper, Evaporite, and Organic Matter and Genesis of Sandstone-Hosted Copper Deposits in the Chuxiong Basin, Yunnan Province

Studies on organic geochemistry indicate that the origin, type and maturity of organic matter are different among coal-bearing, copper-bearing and evaporite formations in the Mesozoic continental Chuxiong Basin, Yunnan, China. A mechanism has been proposed that (1) during the diagenetic mineralization stage the short-chain organic acids dervied from kerogen played an important role in remobilizing copper from source beds, while oils acted as important carrier of copper, and that (2) during the transformation or remolding mineralization stage, meteoric water leached the evaporite layers and formed downward-percolating oxidizing SO42-rich fluids; meanwhile, the copper-bearing fluids migrating upwards along growth faults from the basement was contaminated by the coal-bearing series on the way and formed reducing organic-rich fluids; oxidation-reduction occurred and sulfides formed when the two kinds of fluids met within sandstones.

Status and Trends in Research on Deep-Water Gravity Flow Deposits

Deep-water gravity flows are one of the most important sediment transport mechanisms on Earth. After 60 years of study, significant achievements have been made in terms of classification schemes, genetic mechanisms, and depositional models of deep-water gravity flows. The research history of deep-water gravity flows can be divided into five stages： incipience of turbidity current theory; formation of turbidity current theory; development of deep-water gravity flow theory; improvement and perfection of deep-water gravity flow theory; and comprehensive development of deep-water gravity flow theory. Currently, three primary classification schemes based on the sediment support mechanism, the rheology and transportation process, and the integration of sediment support mechanisms, rheology, sedimentary characteristics, and flow state are commonly used.Different types of deep-water gravity flow events form different types of gravity flow deposits. Sediment slump retransportation mainly forms muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and surge-like turbidity currents. Resuspension of deposits by storms leads to quasi-steady hyperpycnal turbidity currents （hyperpycnal flows）. Sustainable sediment supplies mainly generate muddy debris flows, sandy debris flows, and hyperpycnal flows. Deep-water fans, which are commonly controlled by debris flows and hyperpycnal flows, are triggered by sustainable sediment supply; in contrast, deep-water slope sedimentary deposits consist mainly of debris flows that are triggered by the retransportation of sediment slumps and deep-water fine-grained sedimentary deposits are derived primarily from fine- grained hyperpycnal flows that are triggered by the resuspension of storm deposits. Harmonization of classification schemes, transformation between different types of gravity flow deposit, and monitoring and reproduction of the sedimentary processes of deep-water gravity flows as well as a source-to-sink approach to document the evolution and deposition of deep-water gravity flows are the most important research aspects for future studies of deep-water gravity flows study in the future.

Microfacies of Deep-water Deposits and Forming Models of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling-SKII

Extensive transgression of lake water occurred during the Cretaceous Qingshankou Stage and the Nengjiang Stage in the Songliao basin, forming widespread deep-water deposits. Eleven types of microfacies of deep-water deposits have been recognized in the continuous core rocks from the SKII, including mudstone of still water, marlite, dolostone, off shale, volcanic ashes, turbidite, slump sediment, tempestite, seismite, ostracoda limestone and sparry carbonate, which are divided into two types： microfacies generated due to gradually changing environments （Ⅰ） and microfacies generated due to geological events （Ⅱ）. Type Ⅰ is composed of some special fine grain sediments such as marlite, dolomite stone and oil shale as well as mudstone and Type Ⅱ is composed of some sediments related to geological events, such as volcanic ashes, turbiditie, slump sediment, tempestite, seismite, ostracoda limestone. The formation of sparry carbonate may be controlled by factors related to both environments and events. Generally, mudstone sediments of still water can be regarded as background sediments, and the rest sediments are all event sediments, which have unique forming models, which may reflect controlling effects of climatics and tectonics.

Deep-water gravity flow deposits in a lacustrine rift basin and their oil and gas geological significance in eastern China

The types,evolution processes,formation mechanisms,and depositional models of deep-water gravity flow deposits in a lacustrine rift basin are studied through core observation and systematic analysis.Massive transport of slide and slump,fluid transport of debris flow and turbidity currents are driven by gravity in deep-water lacustrine environment.The transformation between debris flow and turbidity current,and the transformation of turbidity current between supercritical and subcritical conditions are the main dynamic mechanisms of gravity flow deposits in a lake basin.The erosion of supercritical turbidity current controls the formation of gravity-flow channel.Debris flow deposition gives rise to tongue shape lobe rather than channel.Deep-water gravity flow deposits are of two origins,intrabasinal and extrabasinal.Intrabasinal gravity flow deposits occur as single tongue-shape lobe or fan of stacking multiple lobes.Extrabasinal gravity-flow deposits occur as sublacustrine fan with channel or single channel sand body.However,the nearshore subaqueous fan is characterized by fan of stacking multiple tongue shape lobes without channel.The differential diagenesis caused by differentiation in the nearshore subaqueous fan facies belt results in the formation of diagenetic trap.The extrabasinal gravity flow deposits are one of the important reasons for the abundant deep-water sand bodies in a lake basin.Slide mass-transport deposits form a very important type of lithologic trap near the delta front often ignored.The fine-grained sediment caused by flow transformation is the potential"sweet spot"of shale oil and gas.

He-Ar-S-Pb Isotopic Compositions of Pyrite：Constraints on the Source of Ore-forming Materials of the Chengchao Skarn Iron Deposit,SE Hubei Province,Eastern China

The Chengchao iron deposit,the largest high-grade skarn iron deposit in southeastern Hubei Province,contains considerable amounts of magnetite and by-product anhydrite.To obtain better understanding of the ore-formation process,this study carried out He-Ar-S-Pb multi-isotopic analyses on the pyrites formed during two stages of mineralization.The results indicate that the δ34S values（ranging from 14.0‰ to 17.6‰） of pyrites formed from the two stages have no obvious differences,suggesting that they were not derived from a single magmatic sulfur source.The δ34S values of anhydrite mostly range from 21.9‰ to 28.4‰,similar to that of the Middle Triassic sedimentary anhydrite in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt（MLYRB）.The Pb isotopic compositions of the pyrites of both stages are homogeneous,with values of 208Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb,and-206Pb/204Pb being 38.006-38.257,15.523-15.556,and 17.806-18.052,respectively,indicating a mixed crust-mantle source.The He-Ar results exhibit different compositions of the two stages：the -3He/-4He（R/Ra） and 40Ar/-36Ar values for the early-stage pyrite are 0.46-0.63 and 311-322,respectively,whereas the values for late-stage pyrite are 0.23-0.34 and 305-361,respectively.Both stages of pyrites indicate the multiple sources of the ore-forming fluids,with decreasing amount of magmatic water and increasing amount of modified meteoric water（MASW） during fluid evolution.The Triassic evaporites played an important role in the mineralization process.

Discovery of lacustrine shale deposits in the Yanshan Orogenic Belt,China: Implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The mechanism of formation of lacustrine deposits within stable orogenic belts and their potential for shale oil and gas exploration are frontier themes of challenge in the fields of sedimentology and petroleum exploration. Orogenic belts witness strong tectonic activities and normally cannot host stable lacustrine basins and deep shale formations. Therefore, basins in orogenic belts are considered to have no potential to form shale hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here we investigate the Luanping Basin located in the Yanshan orogenic belt where previous studies regarded rivers and fan deltas as the major main Mesozoic deposits. Based on detailed field exploration and scientific drilling, we report the finding of a large number of lacustrine shale continental deep-water deposits in the Mesozoic strata. Our finding of the occurrence of active shale oil and gas also in this basin also subvert the previous perceptions.We report SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age that define the bottom boundary of the target interval as 127.6 ± 1.7 Ma belonging to the early Cretaceous strata. Tectonics and climate are considered to be the main factors that controlled the deep-water sedimentation during this period. The drill cores revealed evidence of shale gas and the TOC of shale is 0.33%–3.60%, with an average value of 1.39% and Ro is 0.84%–1.21%, with an average value of 1.002%. The brittleness index of shale is between 52.7% and 100%. After vertical well fracturing, the daily gas production is more than 1000 m^(3). Our findings show that the basin has considerable potential for shale oil and gas. The geological resources of the shale gas in the Xiguayuan Fm. are estimated as 1110.12 × 10^(8) m^(3), with shale oil geological resources of 3340.152 × 10^(4) t. Our findings indicate that the Yanshan orogenic belt has potential exploration prospect. This work not only redefines the Luanping Basin as a rift deep-water Mesozoic Lake Basin, but also rules out the previous notion that the basin is dominated by shallow water sediments. The discovery of shale oil and gas also provides an important reference for subsequent petroleum exploration and development in this basin. Our study shows that shale oil and gas reservoirs can be found in the lacustrine basins of orogenic belts which were strongly influenced by volcanism. These results have significant implications for the sedimentology and oil exploration in the Qinling and Xingmeng Orogenic Belts of China, as well as those in other terranes of the world including the New England Orogenic Belt in Australia.

Cambrian- Ordovician Deep - Water Deposits in Southwest Jiangxi, China

The Cambrian-Ordovician rocks in southwestern Jiangxi are mainly composed of deep-water deposits, in which 5 facies have been recognized: sandstone facies, sandstone-mudstone facies, siltstone-mudstone facies, mudstone (slate)facies, and chert facies. They are of turbidity current origin and are related to pelagic and hemipelagic deposits. In the light of facies distribution, the Cambrian-Ordovician deposits can be classified into 3 facies associations formed in middle fan, outer fan and deep-sea plain environments respectively. The 3 different orders of vertical cycles in the stratigraphic sequence are considered to be controlled by factors such as sea-level fluctuation, basin subsidence and submarine fan progradation. The tectonic setting of the sedimentary basin is interpreted as passive continental margin based on the chemical composition analysis of the sandstone.

塔里木盆地中-下寒武统沉积相带与储盖关系

探讨塔里木盆地中-下寒武统沉积相带展布与储层、盖层发育规律。通过分析最新钻井的岩石结构、沉积序列,刻画优势储层相带、盖层发育规律,结果表明:肖尔布拉克组自塔南古隆起向北发育混积潮坪-碳酸盐缓坡沉积体系,盆地北部沙雅-轮探1井一带为中缓坡外带;吾松格尔组沉积期,巴楚一带因水体局限而发育膏盐坪,塔北隆起区局部发育台内砂屑滩;中寒武世膏盐湖沉积体系中,台内仍有浅滩发育,阿瓦塔格组膏盐湖向北延伸至轮探1井一带;优势储层分为高能滩相白云岩储层和台内云坪相白云岩储层两大类,高能滩相白云岩储层由颗粒滩相储层和高能丘滩相储层组成;沙依里克组发育2套稳定的膏盐岩盖层,阿瓦塔格组发育3套膏盐岩盖层,并逐渐增厚,分布范围向塔北扩大。5套膏盐岩盖层有效封盖了下伏的高能滩相、云坪相白云岩储层,白云岩-膏盐岩的岩石组合、高能滩相-膏盐湖的垂向沉积序列是塔里木盆地中-下寒武统油气成藏的重要前提。

楚雄盆地铜、盐、有机质相互作用与砂岩铜矿生成

矿床的有机地球化学研究表明:楚雄盆地含煤、含铜和含膏盐建造中的有机质在来源、类型和成熟度上是不一致的。成岩期干酪根降解形成的短链羧酸是矿源层中铜活化的重要因素,石油烃是矿质搬运的重要载体。改造成矿期,天水淋滤膏盐展形成富SO_4^(2-)的下渗氧化性流体,为改造成矿提片供了硫源。另一方面,来自基底的含矿流体沿同生断裂上涌,混染煤系地层形成还原性流体,沿次级断裂进入到高渗透的砂岩储集层。当两种流体在砂岩中相遇时,发生氧化-还原作用而形成改造期矿体。

金顶超大型铅锌矿床成矿条件分析

通过对金顶铅锌矿床矿区的区域地质背景、盆地性质以及矿区地质特征的研究,分析了该矿床的成矿条件,认为正是由于在动荡的区域地质背景和巨厚的碎屑岩建造中,在有机质以及蒸发岩中的硫酸岩提供还原硫的环境下,断裂系统长期继承性的活动,使得成矿热液能够稳定地向同一空间部位迁移,并且景星组顶板和云龙组上段的底板均为以泥岩为主的细碎屑岩,从而形成圈闭,使得成矿物质淀积下来,形成超大型矿床。金顶铅锌矿床有可能是以沉积岩为主岩的一种新型矿床。

柴达木盆地西部第三系蒸发岩与生油岩共生沉积作用研究

许多人认为柴达木盆地第三纪盐湖环境不利于形成有机质丰度高的优质生油岩。作者通过柴达木盆地西部下干柴沟组、上干柴沟组 (E3和 N1)蒸发岩沉积成因和生油岩有机质富集状态的研究 ,发现优质生油岩 (TOC>1 % ,干酪根类型为 型或 1型 )恰好发育在石膏、芒硝和岩盐最发育的构造部位和层位 ,提出了一种“大咸盆套小盐湖”的蒸发岩与生油岩共生的沉积模式 ,认为第三纪盐湖的水体深浅既控制了蒸发岩沉积和分布 ,又控制了一般生油岩和优质生油岩的形成 。

蒸发岩中硫同位素的地球化学特征及其沉积学意义——以思茅盆地MZK-3井为例

思茅盆地目前是中国唯一的含古代固体钾盐矿床的沉积盆地,其钾盐形成时代、物源特征、海侵方向等多年来一直存在争议。本文依据海相硬石膏的形成条件、存在形式、同位素分馏机理,重点分析了盆地内MZK-3井蒸发岩硫同位素的地球化学特征。结果表明:①岩盐中的硬石膏在蒸发盆地析岩盐阶段即可形成,单独成层的硬石膏是由原始沉积的石膏经历了沉积埋藏升温进而脱水而成;②岩盐中硬石膏的硫同位素值具有"双峰"特征,分别为14‰～16‰和8‰～10‰或6‰～8‰,这体现了硫酸盐的双重来源——原始海水中的硫酸盐和陆源淡水输入的硫酸盐或火山活动提供的硫源;③硬石膏层的硫同位素在区域上具有对比性,结合^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr值的特征,认为其代表了海相的沉积环境;④硬石膏层的硫同位素值平面上由南向北降低,可能反映了在此方向陆源淡水或火山活动对蒸发岩盆地的影响逐渐增强,进而说明这可能也是海侵的方向。可见对硬石膏硫同位素的研究,不仅在沉积学上能揭示物源、沉积环境、海侵方向等信息,更能对研究区钾盐矿床勘查提供有益的参考。

“干化蒸发”与“回灌重溶”——对鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系蒸发岩成因的新认识

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系发育巨厚的蒸发岩地层 ,已有不少学者对其成因提出了不同的假设。本文通过对该区蒸发岩微相分布规律、剖面结构及地球化学等特征的分析 ,提出该区蒸发岩形成于成盐盆地与外海周期性隔绝的“干化蒸发”条件下的新认识。首次提出用“回灌重溶”机制来解释厚层石盐岩中的泥质薄夹层的成因、各种石盐岩颜色的成因及蒸发岩剖面中缺乏干化蒸发晚期阶段的钾镁盐层的原因 ,并由此提出“溶积层”的概念。微相分析表明 ,在形成蒸发岩的盐坳盆地东部的水下古地形隆起上 ,发育有堤坝状的礁或生物丘等生物建隆 ,其在地形上的隆起构成了盐坳盆地与外海的障壁 ,在海平面下降期间可使盐坳与外海完全隔绝而进入干化蒸发阶段 ,从而形成了石盐沉积 ;由海平面上升所造成的突发性海水回灌事件又使先成的石盐层部分溶解 (回灌重溶 ) ,并由于不溶残余物的富集成层 (溶积层 )而阻止了下伏石盐层的进一步溶解。这是该区蒸发岩地层中缺少典型干化证据的主要原因。本区奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩与蒸发岩间互分布的地层层序结构特征 ,主要受控于区域海平面变化旋回 ,碳酸盐岩主要形成于海侵期和高水位期 。

特提斯域的密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床

特提斯域是全球最重要的密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床富集区,矿床广泛地分布在陆-陆碰撞造山带两侧的陆块上,就位于碰撞形成的褶皱-逆冲带和前陆带内,成矿通常发生在碰撞挤压作用晚期或之后、区域处于走滑或伸展的阶段。矿床、矿体的就位与张性断裂密切相关,主要控矿因素有蒸发盐底辟构造、碳酸盐岩溶蚀垮塌构造、蒸发盐溶蚀垮塌构造、高孔隙度白云岩、含重晶石地层等。油气流体在许多矿床和矿集区出现,其主要通过与硫酸盐发生反应为铅锌成矿提供还原硫。陆-陆碰撞的大地构造环境、大量的蒸发盐、丰富的油气流体是特提斯域富集MVT矿床的重要原因,域内寻找MVT矿床的潜力巨大。

地球同火星蒸发岩沉积的对比

迄今为止,人类已经通过火星轨道探测器、火星着陆器及火星漫游车在火星上发现了碳酸盐、硫酸盐及氯化物等一系列的盐类矿物,尽管整体上火星盐类矿物组合与地球上基本一致,但在许多细节方面还是和地球上有所不同。文中首先对于火星盐类认知的现状作了简要综述;基于地球火星蒸发盐沉积及成盐作用规律的对比,预测火星表面及次表面可能存在着广泛分布的钾盐;此外,发现火星轨道伽玛光谱仪所获的火星表面K的分布与火星表面已探测到的氯化物的分布有比较强的相关性,喻示火星表面氯化物沉积地区的卤水浓度已经接近或达到钾盐形成的条件,同时指出这些地区存在钾盐的可能性很大。

楚雄盆地有机质、膏盐与砂岩铜矿生成关系的有机地球化学证据与机理

云南楚雄中生代陆相盆地发育了良好的含煤、含铜和含膏盐的三位一体的建造组合。煤、膏盐和砂岩铜矿床中有机质在丰度、类型、成熟度、可溶有机质及生物标志物上既有一定差异，又有一定的相似性。煤和膏盐均参与了砂岩铜矿成矿作用，煤系为改造成矿作用提供了丰富的还原性有机质，膏盐提供了氧化性的ＳＯ２－４，间接提供了硫源。

中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展

我国东部断陷湖盆和西部坳陷湖盆第三系均有蒸发岩与烃源岩共生现象。前者水体深、咸化范围小,在氯化盐和碳酸盐沉积环境中形成了优质烃源岩;后者水体浅、咸化范围大,在氯化盐和硫酸盐沉积环境中发育了优质烃源岩。两种湖盆出现的水体分层是有机质堆积和保存的重要条件。济阳坳陷和柴达木盆地为两类咸化湖盆的典型代表,对它们的研究可以深化蒸发岩-烃源岩共生区油气地质的认识、促进勘探发展。

湖北金山店矽卡岩型铁矿田硫同位素特征及其地质意义

矿集区或矿田尺度硫同位素的空间分布特征研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且对找矿实践具有重要的指示作用。本文对金山店矿田范围内的矽卡岩型铁矿床开展了系统的硫同位素研究工作,发现该矿田内矽卡岩型铁矿床中的黄铁矿(+15. 1‰^+25. 6‰)、硬石膏(+24. 9‰^+31. 5‰)和石膏(+27. 5‰^+30. 4‰)均具有富集重硫同位素的特征,明显不同于岩浆热液矿床中这些矿物的δ^(34)S值组成特征,且硬石膏和石膏的δ^(34)S值与三叠系嘉陵江组地层中沉积石膏的δ34S值较为接近,暗示金山店矿田内矽卡岩型铁矿中的硫可能主要来自于含膏盐地层。含膏盐地层广泛参与了金山店矿田中矽卡岩型铁矿的成矿作用,对成矿作用产生了重要的影响:大量硫酸根(SO_4^(2-))的还原过程可以将成矿体系中的Fe^(2+)氧化成Fe^(3+),导致大量磁铁矿的形成;含膏盐地层与流体作用形成大量的盐溶角砾岩,有利于加速成矿流体与围岩之间的水岩作用,并提供容矿空间。系统的对比研究发现,大冶地区的矽卡岩型铁矿和矽卡岩型铁铜矿的赋矿地层、热液硬石膏/石膏规模和硫同位素值组成均存在明显的差异,暗示这些矿床的成矿围岩存在显著的差异。鄂东矿集区尺度的硫同位素等值线所揭示的空间变化规律具有重要的找矿指示作用:在天青石矿区(如狮子立山)或附近可能具有寻找大冶式矽卡岩型铁矿床或铁铜矿床的潜力,而在硬石膏/石膏发育的矽卡岩型铁矿区(如金山店铁矿田和程潮铁矿)或附近则具有寻找狮子立山式热液天青石矿床的潜力。

多元稳定同位素组合示踪含膏盐地层参与湖北金山店矽卡岩型铁矿成矿作用

相比单一稳定同位素而言,多元稳定同位素组合的使用,能更有效地示踪成矿作用过程中流体的来源和演化。本文对已证明有含膏盐地层参与成矿作用的湖北金山店铁矿开展了碳-氧-硫等多元稳定同位素的研究。方解石碳氧同位素结果表明,金山店岩体与灰岩或白云岩之间发生了广泛的水岩反应,这些水岩作用是金山店铁矿蚀变矿化过程的一部分。与各阶段矿物平衡的流体氧同位素值变化范围较小,且表现出随温度降低具有规律性变化的特征:早期矽卡岩阶段氧同位素值在岩浆水范围内变化,磁铁矿阶段则明显富集重氧同位素,而成矿后的各阶段特别是石膏-方解石阶段,成矿流体明显富集轻氧同位素。这些特征暗示成矿之前流体以岩浆水为主,成矿作用发生时有一定含膏盐地层参与成矿,而成矿后大气水特征明显,即成矿流体具有多元混合的特征。硬石膏氧-硫同位素组合暗示成矿流体中具有明显富δ^(34)S-δ^(18)O流体成分的加入,这一流体可能为淋滤了地层中膏盐组分的岩浆水或循环的大气水。成矿阶段和成矿后的黄铁矿均富集重硫同位素,也暗示成矿流体中含膏盐地层组分的加入。多元稳定同位素组合的联合证据表明,金山店铁矿成矿流体具有多元混合的特点,成矿阶段含膏盐地层参与成矿作用特征明显,暗示含膏盐地层中的膏盐组分可能是被岩浆水或循环的大气水或二者的混合流体所淋滤而进入矽卡岩成矿体系的。