Application of fluid modulus inversion to complex lithology reservoirs in deep-water areas

It has been a challenge to distinguish between seismic anomalies caused by complex lithology and hydrocarbon reservoirs using conventional fluid identification techniques,leading to difficulties in accurately predicting hydrocarbon-bearing properties and determining oil-water contacts in reservoirs.In this study,we built a petrophysical model tailored to the deep-water area of the Baiyun Sag in the eastern South China Sea based on seismic data and explored the feasibility of the tri-parameter direct inversion method in the fluid identification of complex lithology reservoirs,offering a more precise alternative to conventional techniques.Our research found that the fluid modulus can successfully eliminate seismic amplitude anomalies caused by lithological variations.Furthermore,the seismic databased direct inversion for fluid modulus can remove the cumulative errors caused by indirect inversion and the influence of porosity.We discovered that traditional methods using seismic amplitude anomalies were ineffective in detecting fluids,determining gas-water contacts,or delineating high-quality reservoirs.However,the fluid factor Kf,derived from solid-liquid decoupling,proved to be sensitive to the identification of hydrocarbon-bearing properties,distinguishing between high-quality and poor-quality gas zones.Our findings confirm the value of the fluid modulus in fluid identification and demonstrate that the tri-parameter direct inversion method can significantly enhance hydrocarbon exploration in deep-water areas,reducing associated risks.

Salt-Lake Basin Bedrock Weathered Crust Gas Reservoir in the Altun Mountains Front of the Qaidam Basin,Western China

The bedrock weathered crust in front of the Altun Mountains in the Qaidam Basin,western China,is different from others because this is a salt-lake basin,where saline water fluid infiltrates and is deposited in the overlying strata.A large amount of gypsum infills the bedrock weathered crust,and this has changed the pore structure.Using core observation,polarized light microscopy,electron probe,physical property analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy experiments,the characteristics of the weathered bedrock have been studied.There are cracks and a small number of dissolved pores in the interior of the weathered crust.Matrix micropores are widely developed,especially the various matrix cracks formed by tectonics and weathering,as well as the stress characteristics of small dissolved pores,and physical properties such as porosity and permeability.This‘dual structure’developed in the bedrock is important for guiding the exploration of the lake basin bedrock for natural gas.

Theoretical and technical progress in exploration practice of the deep-water large oil fields, Santos Basin, Brazil

The history and results of petroleum exploration in the Santos Basin, Brazil are reviewed. The regularity of hydrocarbon enrichment and the key exploration technologies are summarized and analyzed using the seismic, gravity, magnetic and drilling data. It is proposed that the Santos Basin had a structural pattern of two uplifts and three depressions and the Aram-Uirapuru uplift belt controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation. It is believed that the main hydrocarbon source kitchen in the rift period controlled the hydrocarbon-enriched zones, paleo-structures controlled the scale and quality of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, and continuous thick salt rocks controlled the hydrocarbon formation and preservation. The process and mechanism of reservoirs being transformed by CO_(2)charging were revealed. Five key exploration technologies were developed,including the variable-velocity mapping for layer-controlled facies-controlled pre-salt structures, the prediction of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, the prediction of intrusive/effusive rock distribution, the detection of hydrocarbons in lacustrine carbonates, and the logging identification of supercritical CO_(2)fluid. These theoretical recognitions and exploration technologies have contributed to the discovery of deep-water super-large reservoirs under CNODC projects in Brazil, and will guide the further exploration of deep-water large reservoirs in the Santos Basin and other similar regions.

Influences of environmental factors on the modern 14C reservoir effects in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lakes

The establishment of reliable age in the lake sediment profile mainly depends on the AMS 14C dating technique.However,the presence of the 14C lake reservoir effects(LREs)restricted for using radiocarbon dating in lake sediment,especially in dry and cold areas with a scarce plant cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Hence,the discussion of influence factors of LREs is crucial.This paper selected 15 lakes(17 sediment and 3 plant samples)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to examine the distribution characteristics of the modern LREs and their main influencing factors.In our study area,14 lakes were all affected by the LREs.The minimum 14C year is 5900 a BP towards the deep water area,whereas the maximum 14C year is up to 7185 a BP in the margins of Lake Heihai.The maximum 14C year is up to 7750 a BP,and the minimum 14C year is present-day carbon in the 15 lakes.One further study indicated that the LRE differences in individual lake are mostly owing to the contribution of exogenous carbonate.The results displayed that the LREs tended to increase with the increase of the salinity,moreover,the LREs of saltwater lakes or salt lakes were significantly larger than freshwater lakes due to the possible supply of old total dissolved inorganic carbon with a long residence time in the lakes.Moreover,the contribution of calcite played a significant role on the LREs.Additionally,the LREs differences are affected by the source of organic matter.The lake with groundwater supply shows large LRE due to likely being influenced by crustal and ancient CO_(2) uprising.

A New Understanding of Channel Patterns and Facies Models of the Shallow Lake Delta Facies of Fuyu Oil Reservoir in Songliao Basin,China

In the Fuyu Reservoir of Songliao Basin, there occur a series of well-developed peculiar shallow lake delta facies, which can be divided to such three ones as the upper delta plain subfacies, the lower delta plain subfacies, and the delta front subfacies. Among them the upper delta plain subfacies mainly grows proximal distributary channels; the lower delta plain subfacies mainly grows distal ones. The entire Fuyu Reservoir has mainly developed 7 kinds of distributary channel patterns： proximal/ distal meandering type distributary channels, proximal/distal low-sinuosity type distributary channels, proximal/distal straight type distributary channels, and subaqueous distributary channels. Among these patterns, the proximal and distal meandering type distributary channels have bigger thickness of point bar and better sorting and low content of mud; moreover, they are the major reservoirs and occur in the bottom of Quan-4th member. The sandbars of the subaqueous distributary channels have higher mud content, and serve as the poorer reservoirs, and mainly occur in the top of Quan-4th member.

Deep-water gravity flow deposits in a lacustrine rift basin and their oil and gas geological significance in eastern China

The types,evolution processes,formation mechanisms,and depositional models of deep-water gravity flow deposits in a lacustrine rift basin are studied through core observation and systematic analysis.Massive transport of slide and slump,fluid transport of debris flow and turbidity currents are driven by gravity in deep-water lacustrine environment.The transformation between debris flow and turbidity current,and the transformation of turbidity current between supercritical and subcritical conditions are the main dynamic mechanisms of gravity flow deposits in a lake basin.The erosion of supercritical turbidity current controls the formation of gravity-flow channel.Debris flow deposition gives rise to tongue shape lobe rather than channel.Deep-water gravity flow deposits are of two origins,intrabasinal and extrabasinal.Intrabasinal gravity flow deposits occur as single tongue-shape lobe or fan of stacking multiple lobes.Extrabasinal gravity-flow deposits occur as sublacustrine fan with channel or single channel sand body.However,the nearshore subaqueous fan is characterized by fan of stacking multiple tongue shape lobes without channel.The differential diagenesis caused by differentiation in the nearshore subaqueous fan facies belt results in the formation of diagenetic trap.The extrabasinal gravity flow deposits are one of the important reasons for the abundant deep-water sand bodies in a lake basin.Slide mass-transport deposits form a very important type of lithologic trap near the delta front often ignored.The fine-grained sediment caused by flow transformation is the potential"sweet spot"of shale oil and gas.

The Use of Coastal Reservoirs and SPP Strategy to Provide Sufficient High Quality Water to Coastal Communities

Water quality-induced water shortage is emerging as one of the main threats for the growth of the world’s population and economic development, especially for coastal cities in developing nations. This paper discusses how to supply enough sufficiently clean water to such cities using the technologies of coastal reservoirs and wetland pre-treatments, as well as employing the SPP strategy. The so-called coastal reservoir is defined as a freshwater reservoir situated in seawater which sources its water from river runoff;to improve its water quality, a wetland is used to pre-treat the runoff that is potentially polluted by domestic, agricultural and industrial contaminants. Generally, the existing lakes in the urban-rural fringe are severely polluted;the Separation, Protection and Prevention (SPP) strategy can quickly restore the lakes’ water quality to a drinkable standard. In this study, we take Shanghai, the largest city in China, as an example to investigate the feasibility of the proposed strategies. This investigation shows that using the technology of coastal reservoirs in Shanghai, namely the Qingcaosha Reservoir, freshwater can be pumped from the sea without requiring the desalination process and if an agricultural wetland on Chongming Island is used to pre-treat the river water prior to its storage, its water quality will be improved to Class II. It is also found that Dianshan Lake, which has been polluted and had a water quality of worse than class 5 in 2015, can have its water quality improved to class II in a short period if the SPP strategy is applied. It is expected that it will be a cost-effective and sustainable water supply method for coastal cities.

Importance and vulnerability of lakes and reservoirs supporting drinking water in China

Drinking water is closely related to human health,disease and mortality,and contaminated drinking water causes 485,000 deaths from diarrhea each year worldwide.China has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity due to both water shortages and poor water quality.Ensuring safe and clean drinking water is a great challenge and top priority,especially for China with 1.4 billion people.In China,more than 4000 centralized drinking water sources including rivers,lakes and reservoirs,and groundwater have been established to serve urban residents.However,there is little knowledge on the percentage,serving population and water quality of three centralized drinking water source types.We collected nationwide centralized drinking water sources data and serving population data covering 395 prefecture-level and county-level cities and water quality data in the two most populous provinces(Guangdong and Shandong)to examine their contribution and importance.Geographically,the drinking water source types can be classified into three clear regions exhibiting apparent differences in the respective contributions of rivers,lakes and reservoirs,and groundwater.We further found that overall,lakes and reservoirs account for 40.6%of the centralized drinking water sources vs.river(30.8%)and groundwater(28.6%)in China.Lakes and reservoirs are particularly important in the densely populated eastern region,where they are used as drinking water sources by 51.0%of the population(318 million).Moreover,the contribution to the drinking water supply from lakes and reservoirs is increasing due to their better water quality and many cross-regional water transfer projects.These results will be useful for the government to improve and optimize the establishment of centralized drinking water sources,which provide safe and clean drinking water in China to safeguard people's lives and health and realize sustainable development goals.

Depth distribution and ecological preferences of periphytic algae in Kenyir Lake,the largest tropical reservoir of Malaysia

We studied the depth distribution of periphyton,growing on inundated dead trees in Kenyir Lake,Malaysia in June 1995.The algal floral composition and structure manifested changes down the depth gradient in terms of species richness,abundance,diversity and cell density.In regression analysis,all these algal attributes were negatively correlated with the depth gradients at P<0.05.In terms of species richness,the bacillariophytes showed dominance over the cyanophytes and chlorophytes;whereas with respect to standing crop,the cyanophytes showed dominance over the bacillariophytes and chlorophytes.The chlorophyll a was higher at the mid and bottom-depths than the surface-depth in both the downstream and upstream sites,which showed that vertical productivity or biomass accumulation was greater in low light irradiance.The product-moment correlation analysis showed that conductivity,turbidity,dissolved oxygen,reactive phosphate and ammonium-nitrogen were highly correlated with the algal assemblage data.However,photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) showed poor correlation with the community data.These observations have cast some light on the autoecological characteristics,habitat preferences and environmental responses of tropical periphytic communities.

Migration and accumulation mechanisms and main controlling factors of tight oil enrichment in a continental lake basin

Based on the typical dissection of various onshore tight oil fields in China,the tight oil migration and accumulation mechanism and enrichment-controlling factors in continental lake basins are analyzed through nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)displacement physical simulation and Lattice Boltzmann numerical simulation by using the samples of source rock,reservoir rock and crude oil.In continental lake basins,the dynamic forces driving hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of high-quality source rocks are the foundational power that determines the charging efficiency and accumulation effect of tight oil,the oil migration resistance is a key element that influences the charging efficiency and accumulation effect of tight oil,and the coupling of charging force with pore-throat resistance in tight reservoir controls the tight oil accumulation and sweet spot enrichment.The degree of tight oil enrichment in continental lake basins is controlled by four factors:source rock,reservoir pore-throat size,anisotropy of reservoir structure,and fractures.The high-quality source rocks control the near-source distribution of tight oil,reservoir physical properties and pore-throat size are positively correlated with the degree of tight oil enrichment,the anisotropy of reservoir structure reveals that the parallel migration rate is the highest,and intralayer fractures can improve the migration and accumulation efficiency and the oil saturation.

Study on Ecological Restoration Model of the Fluctuating Belt of Reservoir at the Xueye Lake in Laiwu City, Shandong Province

Fluctuating belt of reservoir is a dry-wet alternating area with special ecological conditions, quality of its ecological environment directly infl uences the reservoir ecosystem. This paper, on the basis of analyzing ecological functions and problems of the reservoir fl uctuating belt, elaborated the ecological restoration of the fl uctuating belt of the Xueye Lake in Shandong Province. According to the coastal planning types and water resource conservation needs, 4 ecological restoration models were given, i.e., pond wetland model, terraced fi eld model, conservation model, and consolidated embankment model(or Baokan model), and also 7 vegetation restoration models. Landscape planning and design of the reservoir fl uctuating belt was reviewed from the perspective of ecological restoration, to establish the eco-friendly fl uctuating belt, and this study has high promotional value.

A global satellite survey of density plumes at river mouths and at other environments: Plume configurations, external controls, and implications for deep-water sedimentation

The U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) has archived thousands of satellite images of density plumes in its online publishing outlet called 'Earth Observatory' since 1999. Although these images are in the public domain, there has not been any systematic compilation of configurations of density plumes associated with various sedimentary environments and processes. This article, based on 45 case studies covering 21 major rivers(e.g., Amazon, Betsiboka, Congo [Zaire], Copper, Hugli [Ganges], Mackenzie, Mississippi, Niger, Nile, Rhone, Rio de la Plata, Yellow, Yangtze, Zambezi, etc.) and six different depositional environments(i.e., marine, lacustrine, estuarine, lagoon, bay, and reef), is the first attempt in illustrating natural variability of configurations of density plumes in modern environments. There are, at least, 24 configurations of density plumes. An important finding of this study is that density plumes are controlled by a plethora of 18 oceanographic, meteorological, and other external factors. Examples are: 1) Yellow River in China by tidal shear front and by a change in river course; 2) Yangtze River in China by shelf currents and vertical mixing by tides in winter months; 3) Rio de la Plata Estuary in Argentina and Uruguay by Ocean currents; 4) San Francisco Bay in California by tidal currents; 5) Gulf of Manner in the Indian Ocean by monsoonal currents; 6) Egypt in Red Sea by Eolian dust; 7) U.S. Atlantic margin by cyclones; 8) Sri Lanka by tsunamis; 9) Copper River in Alaska by high-gradient braid delta; 10) Lake Erie by seiche; 11) continental margin off Namibia by upwelling; 12) Bering Sea by phytoplankton; 13) the Great Bahama Bank in the Atlantic Ocean by fish activity; 14) Indonesia by volcanic activity; 15) Greenland by glacial melt; 16) South Pacific Ocean by coral reef; 17) Carolina continental Rise by pockmarks; and 18) Otsuchi Bay in Japan by internal bore. The prevailing trend in promoting a single type of river-flood triggered hyperpycnal flow is flawed because there are 16 types of hyperpycnal flows. River-flood derived hyperpycnal flows are muddy in texture and they occur close to the shoreline in inner shelf environments. Hyperpycnal flows are not viable transport mechanisms of sand and gravel across the shelf into the deep sea. The available field observations suggest that they do not form meter-thick sand layers in deep water settings. For the above reasons, river-flood triggered hyperpycnites are considered unsuitable for serving as petroleum reservoirs in deep-water environments until proven otherwise.

Development,sand control mechanism and hydrocarbon accumulation of beach-bar sandstone in a saline lake basin:A case from the Neogene of southwestern Qaidam Basin,NW China

Based on the data of field outcrops,drilling cores,casting thin sections,well logging interpretation,oil/gas shows during drilling,and oil/gas testing results,and combined with modern salt-lake sediments in the Qinghai Lake,the Neogene saline lake beach-bars in southwestern Qaidam Basin are studied from the perspective of sedimentary characteristics,development patterns,sand control factors,and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics.Beach-bar sand bodies are widely developed in the Neogene saline lake basin,and they are lithologically fine sandstone and siltstone,with wavy bedding,low-angle cross bedding,and lenticular-vein bedding.In view of spatial-temporal distribution,the beach-bar sand bodies are stacked in multiple stages vertically,migratory laterally,and extensive and continuous in NW-SE trending pattern in the plane.The stacking area of the Neogene beach-bar sandstone is predicted to be 3000 km^(2).The water salinity affects the sedimentation rate and offshore distance of beach-bar sandstone,and the debris input from the source area affects the scale and enrichment of beach-bar sandstone.The ancient landform controls the morphology and stacking style of beach-bar sandstone,and the northwest monsoon driving effect controls the long-axis extension direction of beach-bar sandstone.The beach-bars have a reservoir-forming feature of“one reservoir in one sand body”,with thick beach-bar sand bodies controlling the effective reservoir distribution and oil-source faults controlling the oil/gas migration and accumulation direction.Three favorable exploration target zones in Zhahaquan,Yingdong-eastern Wunan and Huatugou areas are proposed based on the analysis of reservoir-forming elements.

湖库蓝藻水华控制技术发展、应用及展望

蓝藻水华暴发会引起供水系统堵塞、水体异味、水生生物死亡等一系列生态环境问题,严重时还将威胁饮用水安全,因此采取切实有效的蓝藻水华控制技术对蓝藻水华防控至关重要。通过文献调研系统梳理了国内外蓝藻水华控制技术发展历程,综述了典型蓝藻水华控制技术及其适用范围、应用情况及优缺点等。结果表明:蓝藻水华控制技术总体分为物理控藻技术、化学控藻技术和生物控藻技术。从技术文献关键词时间发展脉络看,2010年之前国外蓝藻水华控制技术关键词多集中在絮凝、混凝等化学控藻技术,2010年后向水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术发展;我国蓝藻水华控制技术关键词2010年前主要集中在鲢鳙鱼控藻、水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术,2010年后超声波、机械除藻等物理控藻技术和絮凝等化学控藻技术快速发展,2015年后物理控藻技术进一步发展。国外蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪50年代起步于化学控藻技术,2000年后研发了超声波、光波等物理控藻技术,2010年后主要以生物控藻和化学控藻技术为主;国内蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪80年代起步于针对小型水体的生物控藻技术,2000年后逐渐发展为针对大型湖库的机械除藻技术(物理控藻技术)。物理控藻、化学控藻技术的应急效果显著,但物理控藻技术存在成本高、长效性不足等缺点,化学控藻技术存在二次污染风险;而生物控藻技术存在见效慢、有外来物种入侵风险、生态系统被扰乱风险等生态安全问题,目前实际应用案例较少。未来应加快推进蓝藻水华控制技术优化筛选和示范应用,同时开展蓝藻水华控制技术与内外源污染控制、水生态修复等技术的集成应用,提高蓝藻水华控制效果。

三峡库区汉丰湖水华期水体富营养化研究

汉丰湖是三峡库区的“库中库”,同时也是我国西部地区最大的城市人工湖,近年来时有水华暴发。通过在汉丰湖流域蓝藻水华暴发期选择10个采样点进行水环境质量监测,结合对该地区的实地调研情况,分析了该区域水污染的主要成因。结果表明,研究区的总磷、氨氮、总氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、高锰酸盐指数等各污染物指标均较高,且时空分布差异较大,南河汇入区水质明显劣于其他区域。根据富营养化评价结果,研究区的富营养化指数自西向东逐渐下降,氮、磷是导致水体出现富营养化的重要因素。

淡水硅藻水华成因与控制技术研究进展

在全球气候变暖和人类活动的共同影响下,硅藻水华爆发趋势加剧,并对水生态及供水安全产生负面影响.因此明确其形成原因并探索高效的防控技术至关重要.目前关于淡水硅藻水华已有较多研究成果,但缺少系统性整理.淡水硅藻水华爆发的关键因素为温度、光照、营养盐和流速.在原位防控方面,生态调度和扬水曝气等物理技术较为成熟,低剂量的化学药剂处理效果不佳,而生物方法的实施会受到环境条件的限制.联合使用混凝剂和助凝剂或氧化剂可以有效去除硅藻,但硅藻水华范围的扩大致使部分水厂未能及时调整工艺,影响制水效率.本文对硅藻水华的成因及防治方法进行了分析和总结,与蓝藻水华进行比较,并展望后续研究热点,对确保饮用水安全和水体污染控制与治理有着重要意义.

湖、库水体CH_(4)冒泡排放研究进展

冒泡排放是湖、库水体CH_(4)排放的主要方式之一,其排放通量和占CH_(4)总排放量比例均具有极其显著的时空差异性,是当前水体CH_(4)排放估算不确定性的主要来源之一。然而,目前关于湖、库水体CH_(4)冒泡排放通量监测、时空分布规律、过程机制和模型模拟的系统梳理鲜有报道。本研究对比了目前水体CH_(4)冒泡的监测方法技术的适用性及优缺点,分析总结湖、库水体CH_(4)冒泡排放及通量的时空分布特征,梳理CH_(4)气泡在沉积物-水体中的产生-成长-迁移-释放的过程、影响因素及模型,并提出了水体CH_(4)冒泡过程模型框架。最后,本研究提出未来研究应基于湖、库水体分类、设备开发和改进来构建适应性的湖、库水体CH_(4)冒泡排放监测标准体系,开发基于过程的CH_(4)冒泡机理模型,为认识变化环境下湖、库水体CH_(4)冒泡过程和准确估算CH_(4)排放量提供支撑。

1956—2022年鄱阳湖枯水情势演变及驱动机制分析

鄱阳湖枯水情势变化将极大影响区域水资源、水环境和水生态安全状态。复杂条件下鄱阳湖水文极端事件成因分析与灾害预警是当前亟待突破的难点。本文基于湖区年补水-退水水文过程分析,运用“江湖关系”分期分析等方法,探究了湖区枯水情势演变规律和驱动机制。结果显示:(1)后三峡时期,湖区枯水情势显著加剧,星子站年最低水位平均下降5.7%,低水烈度、低水天数平均增加36.9%、26.6%;(2)单因素分析中,湖区低水天数受长江水流条件的影响大于湖区最低水位、低水烈度;多因素分析中,6个解释因子综合解释了上述3个湖区枯水特征量的演变,相应回归模型的R 2依次为0.83、0.83、0.70;(3)贡献分析表明,近20年的枯水整体加剧趋势主要源于长江水流条件改变的综合影响,以湖区年最低水位减小为例,江湖水位流量关系变异贡献138.0%,三峡水库蓄水期汉口径流减小贡献8.4%,三峡水库补水期汉口径流增加(缓解)贡献-34.2%。本研究将为鄱阳湖的枯水情势驱动机制解耦、干旱预警研究提供参考。