Electroencephalogram Signal Correlations between Default Mode Network and Attentional Functioning

Attentional issues may affect acquiring new information, task performance, and learning. Cortical network activities change during different functional brain states, including the default mode network (DMN) and attention network. We investigated the neural mechanisms underlying attentional functions and correlations between DMN connectivity and attentional function using the Trail-Making Test (TMT)-A and -B. Electroencephalography recordings were performed by placing 19 scalp electrodes per the 10 - 20 system. The mean power level was calculated for each rest and task condition. Non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation was used to examine the correlation in power levels between the rest and TMT conditions. The most significant correlations during TMT-A were observed in the high gamma wave, followed by theta and beta waves, indicating that most correlations were in the parietal lobe, followed by the frontal, central, and temporal lobes. The most significant correlations during TMT-B were observed in the beta wave, followed by the high and low gamma waves, indicating that most correlations were in the temporal lobe, followed by the parietal, frontal, and central lobes. Frontoparietal beta and gamma waves in the DMN may represent attentional functions.

Adverse selection,loan access and default behavior in the Chilean consumer debt market

Why do households use different types of loans?Which factors cause borrowers to default?Using a comprehensive survey dataset from Chile,I estimate a partial information model of consumer debt access,lender choice,loan amount and default.The model consists of a first-stage multinomial logit that explains the choice across the five loan types,plus the options of no access to debt due to credit constraints and a no wish for consumer debt.In the second and third stages,the model assumes a log-linear regression of the debt amount and a logit regression of the default behavior,accounting for the loan type selection probability.Identification is obtained using factors measured at different time periods for the default and the loan type choices.I find that households choose different lenders based on income,education and labor risks.Higher income and education decrease the probability of credit constraints,while increasing bank lending and debt amounts.Unemployment risk and household size increase the chances of all the loan types;however,unemployment decreases the debt amount.Age and wage volatility reduce the probability of all loans.Default decreases with income,education and age,whereas it increases with indebtedness,unemployment,household size,health shocks,and paying previous loans.Counterfactual exercises demonstrate that pension reform,higher requirements for borrowers’capacities,and financial literacy programs could substantially reduce default risk.Financial literacy could greatly reduce arrears,households with credit constraints,the number of debtors and the aggregate debt amounts,especially for non-bank lending.Highlights Chilean borrowers present heterogeneous adverse selection across lender types.No Debt Access decreases with income,age,education,but it increases with risk.Default is associated with income,unemployment,indebtedness and demographics.Paying past loans and health needs are associated with indebtedness and default.Financial literacy programs may be a powerful policy to improve the debt market.

The default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection:a longitudinal study

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic changes in the default mode network following acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection and antiretroviral therapy.Specifically,when brain imaging data at only one time point are analyzed,determining the duration at which the default mode network is the most effective following antiretroviral therapy after the occurrence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.However,because infection times and other factors are often uncertain,longitudinal studies cannot be conducted directly in the clinic.Therefore,in this study,we performed a longitudinal study on the dynamic changes in the default mode network over time in a rhesus monkey model of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.We found marked changes in default mode network connectivity in 11 pairs of regions of interest at baseline and 10 days and 4 weeks after virus inoculation.Significant interactions between treatment and time were observed in the default mode network connectivity of regions of interest pairs area 31/V6.R and area 8/frontal eye field(FEF).L,area 8/FEF.L and caudal temporal parietal occipital area(TPOC).R,and area 31/V6.R and TPOC.L.ART administered 4 weeks after infection not only interrupted the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus infection but also preserved brain function to a large extent.These findings suggest that the default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and that it may serve as a potential biomarker for early changes in brain function and an objective indicator for making early clinical intervention decisions.

一种DEFAULT密码算法抵抗差分故障攻击新方法

针对DEFAULT轻量级分组密码算法无法抵抗差分故障攻击的问题,利用横向混淆和线性码提出一种抵抗差分故障攻击的方法。该方法在算法实现冗余部分针对算法结构使用横向混淆(或纵向隐藏)的方式实现,并结合[10,4,6]线性码的1 bit纠错和4 bit检错能力对每个S盒进行防护。研究结果表明,该方法不仅提供了对算法半字节的纠错和所有比特位的检测能力,而且仅需要约25.08%的额外软件实现性能消耗。相较于已有的防护方法,该方法在通用性、故障检测效果及实现代价方面均有明显优势。

Supply-Side Structural Reform, Digital Economy and Corporate Default Risk

In recent years, a lot of corporate defaults have had an impact on the capital market. How to prevent corporate default risks has become an important topic of concern for the academic community, enterprises and the government. We took China’s A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2018 as a sample, and used the double difference method to analyze the impact of supply-side structural reforms on corporate default risks. We found that supply-side structural reforms have reduced the risk of corporate default, and the inhibitory effect has gradually increased. In the relationship between supply-side structural reforms and corporate default risks, corporate financing capabilities have played an intermediary role. Supply-side structural reforms can improve the company’s endogenous financing capabilities, thereby reducing the risk of corporate default. However, we also found that the mediating effect of a company’s exogenous financing capability is not significant. At the same time, the regression results show that the digital economy can play a regulatory role. It can not only actively regulate the relationship between supply-side structural reforms and corporate default risks, but also mediate the mediating effect of corporate endogenous financing capabilities. The results of this article provide some evidence for the synergy between supply-side structural reforms and the digital economy.

How does an individual’s default behavior on an online peer-to-peer lending platform influence an observer’s default intention?

Previous studies indicate that individuals’default behaviors on online peer-to-peer(P2P)lending platforms greatly influence other borrowers’default intentions.However,the mechanism of this impact is not clear.Moreover,there is scarce research in regard to which factors influence the relationship between an individual’s default behavior and an observer’s default intention.These important questions are yet to be resolved;hence,we conducted two experiments using the scenario-based research method,focusing on Chinese online P2P lending platforms.Our results indicate that an individual’s default behavior can trigger an observer’s default intention as a result of the imperfect punitive measures as they currently exist on Chinese online P2P lending platforms.Both the observer’s moral disengagement level and pragmatic self-activation level serve as mediating variables.In situations where an observer knows an individual’s default behavior,the level of intimacy between the defaulter and observer positively affects the relationship between their default behavior and intention.The intimacy level also positively influences the relationship between the individual’s default behavior and the two mediator variables.Based on the findings,we provide management suggestions in the context of online P2P lending.Our study sets a foundation for future research to utilize other methods to extend the present research findings to other regions and domains.

On translators paying attention to the culture default

In the relevance-theoretic framework,translation is an act of communication carried out between two cultures through the medium of language,which involves the cognition of three parts;the original writer,the translator,and the target reader.Since it is a culture-specific phenomenon and the cognitive environment of the original writer and the target reader are different,cultural default often results in misreading or incoherent understanding in cross-cultural communication.

对“default pathway”译法的一点建议

对于“default pathway” ,国内的一些资料译法不妥 ,本文拟对此作一些解释 .

Econometric Model to Estimate the Probability of Default and Loss Given Default in the EBA Stress Test in 2016

In this research,an econometric with panel data using Ordinary least squares OLS model is constructed following the guidelines recommended by the EBA stress test methodology for 2016.The findings indicate that macroeconomic factors affecting defaults are the expected ones in the Spanish credit institutions.However,loan impairments do not follow the patterns that a priori would be normal.Divergent is outcomes in defaults and impairments:the Non-Performing Loans(NPL)is pro-cyclical and impairment losses are counter-cyclical.

Research on the Debt Default Risk of Guangyi Technology

In the process of production and operation,the funds held by enterprises often do not meet the needs of the expanding production scale,so enterprises usually obtain the required funds by borrowing.However,the financing mode of enterprises is not only limited to borrowing from banks or other financial institutions.With the rapid economic development and the continuous activity of the capital market,the bond market has gradually become an important channel for enterprise financing⑴,In order to improve the layout of the industrial chain,Guangyi Technology has carried out continuous mergers and acquisitions(M&A)since 2013.Due to its limited funds,Guangyi Technology acquired a large amount of funds required for M&A by means of equity pledge.However,the copyright cloud project invested in M&A in the early stage did not achieve the expected results,leading to a frequent breach of equity pledge,which evolved into debt defaults.Therefore,this article takes Guangyi Technology as the research subject and puts forward relevant avoidance suggestions through the evaluation of its debt default risk.

Risk factors of treatment default and death among tuberculosis patients in a resource-limited setting

Objective:To evaluate the rates,timing and determinants of default and death among adult tuberculosis patients in Nigeria.Methods:Routine surveillance data were used.A retrospective cohort study of adult tuberculosis patients treated during 2011 and 2012 in two large health facilities in Ebonyi State.Nigeria was conducted.Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to tdentify independent predictors for treatment default and death.Results:Of 1668 treated patients,the default rate was 157(9.4%),whilst 165(9.9%) died.Also,35.7%(56) of the treatment defaults and 151(91.5%) of deaths occurred during the intensive phase of treatment.Risk of default increased with increasing age(adjusted odds ratio(aOR) 1.2;95%confidence interval(CI)1.1-1.9).smear-negative TB case(aOR 2.3:CI 1.5-3.6).extrapulmonary TB case(aOR 2.7:CI 1.3-5.2).and patients who received the longer treatment regimen(aOR 1,6;1.1-2.2).Risk of death was highest in extrapulmonary TB(aOR 3.0:CI 1.4-6.1) and smear-negative TB cases(aOR 2.4:CI1.7-3.51.rural residents(aOR 1.7:CI 1.2-2.6),HIV co-infected(aOR 2.5:CI 1.7-3.6),not receiving antiretroviral therapy(aOR 1.6:CI 1.1-2.9),and not receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis(aOR 1.7:CI 1.2—2.6).Conclusions:Targeted interventions to improve treatment adherence for patients with the highest risk of default or death are urgently needed.This needs to he urgently addressed by the National Tuberculosis Programme.

Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and default mode network connectivity in high myopia:a resting-state fMRI study

AIM:To analyze changes in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(ALFFs)and default mode network(DMN)connectivity in the brain,using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI),in high myopia(HM)patients.METHODS:Eleven patients with HM(HM group)and 15 age-and sex-matched non-HM controls(non-HM group)were recruited.ALFFs were calculated and compared between HM group and non-HM group.Independent component analysis(ICA)was conducted to identify DMN,and comparisons between DMNs of two groups were performed.Region-of-interest(ROI)-based analysis was performed to explore functional connectivity(FC)between DMN regions.RESULTS:Significantly increased ALFFs in left inferior temporal gyrus(ITG),bilateral rectus gyrus(REC),bilateral middle temporal gyrus(MTG),left superior temporal gyrus(STG),and left angular gyrus(ANG)were detected in HM group compared with non-HM group(all P<0.01).HM group showed increased FC in the posterior cingulate gyrus(PCC)/precuneus(preCUN)and decreased FC in the left medial prefrontal cortex(mPFG)within DMN compared with nonHM group(all P<0.01).Compared with non-HM group,HM group showed higher FC between mPFG and bilateral middle frontal gyrus(MFG),ANG,and MTG(all P<0.01).In addition,HM patients showed higher FC between PCC/(preCUN)and the right cerebellum,superior frontal gyrus(SFG),left pre CUN,superior frontal gyrus(SFG),and medial orbital of the superior frontal gyrus(ORB supmed;all P<0.01).CONCLUSION:HM patients show different ALFFs and DMNs compared with non-HM subjects,which may imply the cognitive alterations related to HM.

Central Pain Syndrome: Etiological Perspectives from the 3D Default Space Model of Consciousness

In this article, the mechanisms of central pain syndrome (CPS) are examined for the purpose of gaining insight into how a unified conscious experience arises from brain and body interaction. We provide a novel etiology for CPS via implementation of the previously proposed 3D Default Space (3DDS) consciousness model in which consciousness and body schema arise when afferent information is processed by corticothalamic feedback loops and integrated via the thalamus. Further, we propose the mechanisms by which CPS represents deficits in dynamic interactions between afferent and efferent signaling. Modern hypotheses of CPS suggest roles for maladaptive neuroplasticity, a deafferentated somatosensory cortex and/or thalamus, and reorganization along the sensory pathways of the spinothalamic tract in the pathogenesis of the painful sensations. We propose that CPS arises when painful sensory signals originating along the maladapted and/or dysfunctional spinothalamic tract become accentuated by the dominant top down mechanisms of the brain.

Borrower’s default and self-disclosure of social media information in P2P lending

Background:We examine the signaling effect of borrowers’social media behavior,especially self-disclosure behavior,on the default probability of money borrowers on a peer-to-peer(P2P)lending site.Method:We use a unique dataset that combines loan data from a large P2P lending site with the borrower’s social media presence data from a popular social media site.Results:Through a natural experiment enabled by an instrument variable,we identify two forms of social media information that act as signals of borrowers’creditworthiness:(1)borrowers’choice to self-disclose their social media account to the P2P lending site,and(2)borrowers’social media behavior,such as their social network scope and social media engagement.Conclusion:This study offers new insights for screening borrowers in P2P lending and a novel usage of social media information.

DRB:HAWAII中基于Default Route的路径更新算法

HAW II是IP网络中的一种微移动协议.随着节点在域内不断移动,HAW II需要不断变更移动节点到域网关的路径.针对HAW II的特点,本文提出了一种基于D efau lt R ou te的路径更新算法DRB,该算法在充分考虑各种网络环境的基础上,将defau lt rou te用于HAW II的路径更新过程.模拟结果和相关计算表明,该算法在保持与原有算法相近性能的条件下,具有更大的灵活性,并有效降低了路由表的开销.

A Study on The Timeliness of Credit Rating on Bond Defaults--Evidence from Chinese Bond Market

With the increase of China’s bond issuance and slowdown of the economic growth,the potential credit risks such as bond default in the bond market are gradually emerging.The frequent occurrence of bond defaults and the problem of false credit ratings make bond investors and market participants more cautious about the credit ratings issued by rating agencies.Based on the default bonds from 2016 to 2019,this paper analyzes the adjustment of rating of defaulted bonds by rating agencies before default.It also compares the impact of both the regulatory events and the entrance of international agencies on timeless of credit ratings on default bonds.At the same time,the divergence of rating timeliness between different rating agencies is compared.The research shows that after the unified supervision of regulators and the punishment of Dagong Global Credit Rating Co.Ltd in 2018,the timeliness of rating agencies'downgrading of defaulted bonds has increased significantly;Compared with other rating agencies,the timeliness of rating agencies owned by international rating agencies are better.

The Pricing of Corporate Bond with the Default Correlation

The pricing of corporate bond with the default correlation was studied when the corporate holded the share of other corporates . On the basis of stochastic interest rate, the model of firm's bond with default correlation was established by means of reduced form and partial differential equations (PDE). Also, the close form formula for the pricing of the firm's bond was obtained. Finally, some numerical examples were given to illustrate how our models work.

Determining threshold default risk criterion for trade credit granting

To solve the problem of setting threshold default risk criterion to select retailer eligible for trade credit granting, a novel method of solving simultaneous equations is proposed. This method is based on the bilevel programming modeling of trade credit decisions as an interaction between supplier and retailer. First, the bilevel programming is set up where the supplier decides on credit terms at the top level considering a retailer's default risk, and the retailer determines the order quantity at the lower level in response to the credit terms offered. By solving this bilevel programming, the relationship between the optimal terms and the corresponding default risk can be derived. Second, set the extreme scenario where the threshold default risk is approached as the point causing a zero marginal profit to the supplier. Another equation describing this particular scenario can also be derived. Thus, a system of two equations with two unknown variables can be obtained where the exact threshold default risk criterion can be found by solving them. A numerical example is presented as an illustration of the method proposed. It shows that the threshold criterion can be uniquely determined when the financial costs, inventory costs, and the marketing parameters of supplier and buyer are specified.

Valuation of Credit Default Swap with Counterparty Default Risk by Structural Model

This paper provides a methodology for valuing a credit default swap (CDS) with considering a counterparty default risk. Using a structural framework, we study the correlation of the reference entity and the counterparty through the joint distribution of them. The default event discussed in our model is associated to whether the minimum value of the companies in stochastic processes has reached their thresholds (default barriers). The joint probability of minimums of correlated Brownian motions solves the backward Kolmogorov equation, which is a two dimensional partial differential equation. A closed pricing formula is obtained. Numerical methodology, parameter analysis and calculation examples are implemented.

Analysis on Risk Prevention Mechanism for Farmers' Default in Small Amount Credit

Through analysis, it is believed that major reasons for default risks in operation of small amount credit include low management level and vacancy of normative system, vacancy of risk sharing mechanism, rating distortion due to imperfect credit investigation system, and uncertainty of borrower's credit. On the basis of these, static and dynamic models are established to analyze the prevention mechanism for default risk in small amount credit. It is concluded that we must establish a restriction mechanism during operation of small amount credit as long as three values increase, namely, N (potential loss of bad credit record due to farmers' default), Q (probability of successful recovery by small amount credit institution), and S (cost of small amount credit institution punishing farmers after successful recovery). Finally, following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: perfect laws and regulations and credit reward and punishment mechanism for risk management of small amount credit; bring into play proper function of loan officer in small amount credit practice; widely promote rural "Group Credit Union" system.