A Rapid Crack Detection Technique Based on Attention for Intelligent M&O of Cross-Sea Bridge

Rapid and accurate segmentation of structural cracks is essential for ensuring the quality and safety of engineering projects.In practice,however,this task faces the challenge of finding a balance between detection accuracy and efficiency.To alleviate this problem,a lightweight and efficient real-time crack segmentation framework was developed.Specifically,in the network model system based on an encoding-decoding structure,the encoding network is equipped with packet convolution and attention mechanisms to capture features of different visual scales in layers,and in the decoding process,we also introduce a fusion module based on spatial attention to effectively aggregate these hierarchical features.Codecs are connected by pyramid pooling model(PPM)filtering.The results show that the crack segmentation accuracy and real-time operation capability larger than 76%and 15 fps,respectively,are validated by three publicly available datasets.These wide-ranging results highlight the potential of the model for the intelligent O&M for cross-sea bridge.

Customized scaffolds for large bone defects using 3D‑printed modular blocks from 2D‑medical images

Additive manufacturing(AM)has revolutionized the design and manufacturing of patient-specific,three-dimensional(3D),complex porous structures known as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.The use of advanced image acquisition techniques,image processing,and computer-aided design methods has enabled the precise design and additive manufacturing of anatomically correct and patient-specific implants and scaffolds.However,these sophisticated techniques can be timeconsuming,labor-intensive,and expensive.Moreover,the necessary imaging and manufacturing equipment may not be readily available when urgent treatment is needed for trauma patients.In this study,a novel design and AM methods are proposed for the development of modular and customizable scaffold blocks that can be adapted to fit the bone defect area of a patient.These modular scaffold blocks can be combined to quickly form any patient-specific scaffold directly from two-dimensional(2D)medical images when the surgeon lacks access to a 3D printer or cannot wait for lengthy 3D imaging,modeling,and 3D printing during surgery.The proposed method begins with developing a bone surface-modeling algorithm that reconstructs a model of the patient’s bone from 2D medical image measurements without the need for expensive 3D medical imaging or segmentation.This algorithm can generate both patient-specific and average bone models.Additionally,a biomimetic continuous path planning method is developed for the additive manufacturing of scaffolds,allowing porous scaffold blocks with the desired biomechanical properties to be manufactured directly from 2D data or images.The algorithms are implemented,and the designed scaffold blocks are 3D printed using an extrusion-based AM process.Guidelines and instructions are also provided to assist surgeons in assembling scaffold blocks for the self-repair of patient-specific large bone defects.

Crystalline and amorphous metal sulfide composite electrode materials with long cycle life:Preparation and performance of hybrid capacitors

Crystalline@amorphous NiCo_(2)S_(4)@MoS_(2)(v-NCS@MS)nanostructures were designed and constructed via an ethylene glycol-induced strategy with hydrothermal synthesis and solvothermal method,which simultaneously realized the defect regulation of crystal NiCo_(2)S_(4) in the core.Taking advantage of the flexible protection of an amor-phous shell and the high capacity of a conductive core with defects,the v-NCS@MS electrode exhibited high specif-ic capacity(1034 mAh·g^(-1) at 1 A·g^(-1))and outstanding rate capability.Moreover,a hybrid supercapacitor was assembled with v-NCS@MS as cathode and activated carbon(AC)as anode,which can achieve remarkably high specific energy of 111 Wh·kg^(-1) at a specific power of 219 W·kg^(-1) and outstanding capacity retention of 80.5%after 15000 cycling at different current densities.

Development and application of rapid rehabilitation system for reconstruction of maxillofacial soft-tissue defects related to war and traumatic injuries

Background: Maxillofacial war injuries usually cause severe facial organ defects and deformities, handicapping the patient's daily activities, even result in a tendency to commit suicide. The application of maxillofacial prosthesis is an alternative to surgery in functional–aesthetic facial reconstruction. Computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing has opened up a new approach to the fabrication of maxillofacial prosthesis. An intelligentized rapid simulative design and manufacture system for prosthesis was developed to facilitate the prosthesis fabrication procedure.Methods: Maxillofacial prosthesis rapid simulation design and rapid fabrication system consists of three components: digital impression, intelligentized prosthesis designing, and rapid manufacturing. The patients' maxillofacial digital impressions were taken with Structured-light 3D scanner; and then the 3D model of prostheses and their negative molds could be designed in specific software; finally, with the resin molds fabricated by rapid prototyping machine, the prostheses could be produced directly and quickly.Results: Fifteen patients of maxillofacial defect caused by traumatic injuries received prosthesis rehabilitation provided by the established system. The contour of the prostheses coordinated properly with the appearance of the patients, and the uniform-thickness border sealed well to adjacent tissues. All the patients were satisfied with their prostheses.Conclusions: The rapid simulative rehabilitation system of maxillofacial defects has been approaching completion. It could provide advanced technological reservation for the Army in the issue of maxillofacial defect rehabilitation.

Treatment design of geological defects in dam foundation of Jinping I hydropower station

Jinping I hydropower station is one of the most challenging projects in China due to its highest arch dam and complex geological conditions for construction.After geological investigation into the dam foundation,a few large-scale weak discontinuities are observed.The rock masses in the left dam foundation are intensively unloaded,approximately to the depth of 150–300 m.These serious geological defects lead to a geological asymmetry on the left and right banks,and thus some major diffculties of dam construction are encountered.In this paper,the influences of geological defects on the project are analyzed,followed by the concepts and methods of treatment design.Based on the analysis,the treatment methods of the weak rock masses and discontinuities are carefully determined,including the concrete cushion,concrete replacement grids,and consolidation grouting.They work together to enhance the strength and integrity of the dam foundation.Evaluations and calibrations through geo-mechanical model tests in combination with feld monitoring results in early impoundment period show that the arch dam and its foundation are roughly stable,suggesting that the treatment designs are reasonable and effective.The proposed treatment methods and concepts in the context can be helpful for similar complex rock projects.

A Case Study on Design Patterns and Software Defects in Open Source Software

Design patterns are object oriented software design practices for solving common design problems and they affect software quality. In this study, we investigate the relationship of design patterns and software defects in a number of open source software projects. Design pattern instances are extracted from the source code repository of these open source software projects. Software defect metrics are extracted from the bug tracking systems of these projects. Using correlation and regression analysis on extracted data, we examine the relationship between design patterns and software defects. Our findings indicate that there is little correlation between the total number of design pattern instances and the number of defects. However, our regression analysis reveals that individual design pattern instances as a group have strong influences on the number of defects. Furthermore, we find that the number of design pattern instances is positively correlated to defect priority. Individual design pattern instances may have positive or negative impacts on defect priority.

Rail Internal Defect Detection Method Based on Enhanced Network Structure and Module Design Using Ultrasonic Images

Improving the detection accuracy of rail internal defects and the generalization ability of detection models are not only the main problems in the field of defect detection but also the key to ensuring the safe operation of high-speed trains.For this reason,a rail internal defect detection method based on an enhanced network structure and module design using ultrasonic images is proposed in this paper.First,a data augmentation method was used to extend the existing image dataset to obtain appropriate image samples.Second,an enhanced network structure was designed to make full use of the high-level and low-level feature information in the image,which improved the accuracy of defect detection.Subsequently,to optimize the detection performance of the proposed model,the Mish activation function was used to design the block module of the feature extraction network.Finally,the pro-posed rail defect detection model was trained.The experimental results showed that the precision rate and F1score of the proposed method were as high as 98%,while the model’s recall rate reached 99%.Specifically,good detec-tion results were achieved for different types of defects,which provides a reference for the engineering application of internal defect detection.Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Design of Photonic Crystal Triplexer with Core-Shell Rod Defects

We investigate an optical compact triplexer based on two photonic crystal waveguides and resonant cavities. For performing wavelength selection, we use three core-shell rods as the resonant cavities. The core rods are created by introducing air holes in the center of the silicon rods. By varying the radii of the air holes, three specific wavelengths 1.31, 1.49 and 1.55μm can be obtained. This structure is designed and its performance is verified by the finite-difference time-domain method, which is highly suitable for photonic integrated circuits （PICs）. The average output transmission efficiency and quality factor are more than 98.85% and 560, respectively. The mean value of the crosstalk between output channels is about -36.49 dB. The present device is extremely compact with total size 96.24μm2, which is suitable for PICs and can be utilized in the fiber-to-the-home system.

Keystone design perforator island flap in facial defect reconstruction

Facial defect coverage is a common subject in the field of reconstructive surgery.There are many methods for facial defect reconstruction,and reconstructive surgeons should choose the most appropriate method on a case-by-case basis to achieve both functional and aesthetic improvement.Among various options for facial reconstruction,the local flap technique is considered the best reconstructive modality to provide good tissue matches of color and texture,which is consistent with the ideal goal of reconstruction(replacement of like-with-like).Keystone design perforator island flap(KDPIF),devised by Behan in 2003,has been applied to various fields of reconstructive surgery in the past decade due to its design simplicity,robust vascular supply,and reproducibility.Several studies have reported KDPIF reconstruction of facial defects,such as large parotid defects,small-to-moderate nasal defects,and eyelid defects.However,KDPIF has been used relatively less in facial defects than in other body regions,such as the trunk and extremities.The purpose of this review is to provide an organized overview of facial KDPIF reconstruction including the classification of KDPIF,modifications,physiology,mechanism of flap movement,consideration of facial relaxed skin tension lines and aesthetics,surgical techniques,clinical applications,and precautions for successful execution of KDPIF reconstruction.

A study on effects of ceramic foam filter on flow aspect through water modeling experiment

Casting defects that are closely related to entrapped air bubbles and metallic oxides occur very frequently in the sand mold casting process. Many researchers have shown that these defects can be reduced by adopting an appropriate gating system design. However, it is difficult for field engineers to identify a specific gating system that is more appropriate for their products. In this study, we tried to draw a comparison between two gating system designs with and without a ceramic foam filter. The ceramic foam filter was added to the horizontal runner just after the down sprue to prevent air bubble generation and reduce turbulence without a change of gating system design. The water modeling experiment was conducted with four different amounts of the initial volumes of water in the reservoir to verify the effects of initial pouring velocity. The results of the experiment applying the filter showed remarkably changed flow characteristics. The use of the filter was found to convert the flow pattern of water in the desired direction. The ceramic foam filter performed well to reduce flow velocity and stabilize the water stream.The flow pattern without a filter can be improved significantly even with the the use of just a 10 PPI irregular filter. Although the study confirmed that use of the filter may change the flow characteristics, it needs to be noted that the use of the ceramic filter alone cannot solve all the problems caused by a poorly designed gating system.

Large-scale photonic crystals with inserted defects and their optical properties

Deliberately introducing defects into photonic crystals is an important way to functionalize the photonic crystals. We prepare a special large-scale three-dimensional （3D） photonic crystal （PC） with designed defects by an easy and low-cost method. The defect layer consists of photoresist strips or air-core strips. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） shows that the 3D PC is of good quality and the defect layer is uniform. Different defect states shown in the ultraviolet-visible spectra are induced by the photoresist strip layer and air-core strip layer. The special large-scale 3D PC can be tested for integrated optical circuits, and the defects can act as optical waveguides.

Design Process Optimization Based on Design Process Gene Mapping

The idea of genetic engineering is introduced into the area of product design to improve the design efficiency. A method towards design process optimization based on the design process gene is proposed through analyzing the correlation between the design process gene and characteristics of the design process. The concept of the design process gene is analyzed and categorized into five categories that are the task specification gene, the concept design gene, the overall design gene, the detailed design gene and the processing design gene in the light of five design phases. The elements and their interactions involved in each kind of design process gene signprocess gene mapping is drawn with its structure disclosed based on its function that process gene.

基于混合注意力机制的管道漏磁缺陷分类实验

该文将管道漏磁缺陷分类任务设计成应用型教学实验。该实验使用迁移学习的方法,调用预训练模型ResNet50,并插入主流的注意力机制(SE、CA、ECA、CBAM)进行对比分析。同时,利用Grad-CAM++可解释算法对模型内部的识别逻辑进行可视化,以便帮助学生更好地理解模型。实验结果显示,插入注意力机制的最优模型准确率达99.7%,能够有效识别管道中的正常情况和分类缺陷情况。该实验依托高性能计算机硬件和最新的Pytorch2.0软件包搭建了深度学习平台,有助于培养学生的创新意识和科研能力,也是对多学科交叉融合人才培养模式的探索和实践。

不同缺陷类型双层石墨烯旋转摩擦特性

采用分子动力学模拟方法,构建双层石墨烯旋转摩擦的原子模型,研究缺陷类型、浓度、尺寸效应、石墨烯堆叠方式等因素对其层间旋转摩擦特性的影响,并探讨应变工程的减摩效应.实验结果表明,缺陷类型和堆叠方式对石墨烯旋转摩擦特性的影响较为显著,缺陷类型的影响程度最高.当对底层石墨烯引入拉伸应变后,其旋转摩擦阻力发生衰减,且单空位缺陷与无缺陷模型的力矩递减趋势最为相似.对比研究底层石墨烯的压缩应变,发现其在一定范围内使得层间摩擦增大.本研究有助于缺陷石墨烯层间旋转摩擦特性理论的进一步完善.

Mimics软件三维重建技术行钛网形态优化设计在颅骨成形术中的应用

目的探讨应用Mimics软件三维重建技术进行钛网形态优化设计在颅骨成形术中的应用效果。方法2017年5月至2022年5月前瞻性进行颅骨成形术60例,其中30例应用Mimics软件三维重建技术进行钛网形态优化设计(优化组),30例应用常规设计的钛网(对照组)。结果与对照组比较,优化组手术切口供血良好率明显增高(80.0%vs.53.3%;P=0.028),术后切口甲级愈合率明显增高(70.0%vs.40.0%;P=0.020),术后拆线时间明显缩短[(7.07±0.95)d vs.(7.83±1.12)d;P=0.006],术后大量硬膜外积液发生率明显降低(10.0%vs.36.7%;P=0.015)。优化组术后无颅内出血、钛网外露情况。结论应用Mimics软件三维重建技术对钛网形态进行优化设计,可有效降低颅骨成形术中切口缝合的张力,术后切口供血和愈合更佳,缩短术后拆线时间,降低大量硬膜外积液的发生率,有效减少颅内出血和钛网外露。

多组分多层级3D打印材料研究进展

多组分多层级3D打印材料(McMl3DPMs)是一种新兴的先进材料,源于多孔材料、复合材料和增材制造的融合。由于增材制造赋予了Mc Ml3DPMs三维架构跨越广泛组分构成和结构类型的能力,Mc Ml3DPMs拥有杰出的机械性能,甚至是通常被认为相互排斥的性能(例如高强度和高韧性)。本文重点介绍为了实现高性能结构用Mc Ml3DPMs所必须解决的科学挑战以及最近研究工作对此做出的努力,将从结构设计、制造过程建模、缺陷表征和性能评价3个方面对相关案例进行回顾。最后,本文指出了当前研究的不足之处,并展望了Mc Ml3DPMs的未来发展,包括讨论了进一步推进这一新兴领域发展的几个可能的研究方向。

基于视觉技术和深度学习的纸张缺陷识别系统及软件设计

为解决人工视觉不能识别纸张小尺寸缺陷,无法保障缺陷识别精确度与稳定性,且难以适应大面积、高速生产要求等一系列问题,以机器视觉技术与深度学习算法为载体进行了纸张缺陷识别系统硬件与软件设计,并提出了基于BP神经网络的纸张缺陷识别算法。其中系统硬件由工业摄像机、荧光灯、FPGA、DSP等构成,系统软件以MFC框架与C++编程语言为辅助开发设计。纸张缺陷识别算法则经过纸张缺陷图像预处理、特征提取与选择、识别分类实现缺陷识别。此系统识别方法简单、识别精准且实时性强,可在很大程度上取代传统人工视觉识别方法。

超高铬合金叶轮消失模铸造工艺开发

介绍了超高铬合金叶轮的消失模铸造工艺,采用合金成分优化、大口出流底注式浇注系统和合理设置冒口、内冷铁以及细晶强化等措施,铸件实现了顺序凝固,消除了缩孔及裂纹等缺陷,提高了抗磨蚀性能。最终产品质量满足渣浆泵设备酸蚀工况的使用要求。

Unveiling the surface-interface properties of perovskite crystals and pivotal regulation strategies

Metal-halide perovskite solar cells have garnered significant research attention in the last decade due to their exceptional photovoltaic performance and potential for commercialization.Despite achieving remarkable power conversion efficiency of up to 26.1%,a substantial discrepancy persists when compared to the theoretical Shockley-Queisser(SQ)limit.One of the most serious challenges facing perovskite solar cells is the energy loss incurred during photovoltaic conversion,which affects the SQ limits and stability of the device.More significant than the energy loss occurring in the bulk phase of the perovskite is the energy loss occurring at the surface-interface.Here,we provide a systematic overview of the physical and chemical properties of the surface-interface.Firstly,we delve into the underlying mechanism causing the energy deficit and structural degradation at the surface-interface,aiming to enhance the understanding of carrier transport processes and structural chemical reactivity.Furthermore,we systematically summarized the primary modulating pathways,including surface reconstruction,dimensional construction,and electric-field regulation.Finally,we propose directions for future research to advance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells towards the radiative limit and their widespread commercial application.

大尺寸三维超声振动系统的智能优化设计

对大尺寸三维超声换能器系统的耦合振动进行有效控制,优化系统的性能,一直都是功率超声领域亟待解决的难题.研究发现,一些声子晶体槽、孔结构可以对大尺寸换能器系统的横向振动进行抑制,提高系统振幅分布均匀度,且可以通过改变声子晶体结构的配置参数人为地实现对大尺寸三维超声振动系统性能的调控.但过多的设计参数必然会增加系统设计的复杂度,且目前大尺寸三维超声换能器系统的优化设计依赖于经验试错法,设计效率和成功率较低,性能也无法保证.研究引入同质位错、点缺陷结构对大尺寸三维超声振动系统进行优化设计,并利用数据分析技术评价了同质位错、点缺陷结构的配置对系统辐射面的纵向位移振幅、振幅分布均匀度、辐射声功率、工作带宽等的影响规律,建立了同质位错结构、近周期缺陷结构的结构参数——大尺寸超声换能器系统性能的预测模型,实现了对大尺寸功率超声换能器系统的智能设计,提高了设计效率和成功率,降低了设计成本.