Stereo particle image velocimetry measurement of 3D soil deformation around laterally loaded pile in sand

A developed stereo particle image velocimetry(stereo-PIV) system was proposed to measure three-dimensional(3D) soil deformation around a laterally loaded pile in sand.The stereo-PIV technique extended 2D measurement to 3D based on a binocular vision model,where two cameras with a well geometrical setting were utilized to image the same object simultaneously.This system utilized two open software packages and some simple programs in MATLAB,which can easily be adjusted to meet user needs at a low cost.The failure planes form an angle with the horizontal line,which are measured at 27°-29°,approximately three-fourths of the frictional angle of soil.The edge of the strain wedge formed in front of the pile is an arc,which is slightly different from the straight line reported in the literature.The active and passive influence zones are about twice and six times of the diameter of the pile,respectively.The test demonstrates the good performance and feasibility of this stereo-PIV system for more advanced geotechnical testing.

A case study on behaviors of composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in a deep excavation

A complete case of a deep excavation was explored. According to the practical working conditions, a 3D non-linear finite element procedure is used to simulate a deep excavation supported by the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in soft soil. The modified cam clay model is employed as the constitutive relationship of the soil in the numerical simulation. Results from the numerical analysis are fitted well with the field data, which indicate that the research approach used is reliable. Based on the field data and numerical results of the deep excavation supported by four different patterns of the composite soil nailed wall, the significant corner effect is founded in the 3D deep excavation. If bored piles or soil anchors are considered in the composite soil nailed wall, they are beneficial to decreasing deformations and internal forces of bored piles, cement mixing piles, soil anchors, soil nailings and soil around the deep excavation. Besides, the effects due to bored piles are more significant than those deduced from soil anchors. All mentioned above prove that the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles is feasible in the deep excavation.

Numerical simulations of shake-table experiment for dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefi able soils

A shake-table experiment on pile foundations in liquefi able soils composed of liquefi able sand and overlying soft clay is studied. A three-dimensional(3D) effective stress fi nite element(FE) analysis is employed to simulate the experiment. A recently developed multi-surface elasto-plastic constitutive model and a fully coupled dynamic inelastic FE formulation(u-p) are used to model the liquefaction behavior of the sand. The soil domains are discretized using a solid-fl uid fully coupled(u-p) 20-8 noded brick element. The pile is simulated using beam-column elements. Upon careful calibration, very good agreement is obtained between the computed and the measured dynamic behavior of the ground and the pile. A parametric analysis is also conducted on the model to investigate the effect of pile-pinning, pile diameter, pile stiffness, ground inclination angle, superstructure mass and pile head restraints on the ground improvement. It is found that the pile foundation has a noticeable pinning effect that reduces the lateral soil displacement. It is observed that a larger pile diameter and fi xed pile head restraints contribute to decreasing the lateral pile deformation; however, a higher ground inclination angle tends to increase the lateral pile head displacements and pile stiffness, and superstructure mass seems to effectively infl uence the lateral pile displacements.

3D finite element analysis on pile-soil interaction of passive pile group

The interaction between pile and soft soil of the passive pile group subjected to soil movement was analyzed with three-dimensional finite element model by using ANSYS software. The soil was assumed to be elastic-plastic complying with the Drucker-Prager yield criterion in the analysis. The large displacement of soil was considered and contact elements were used to evaluate the interaction between pile and soil. The influences of soil depth of layer and number of piles on the lateral pressure of the pile were investigated, and the lateral pressure distributions on the (2×1) pile group and on the (2×2) pile group were compared. The results show that the adjacent surcharge may result in significant lateral movement of the soft soil and considerable pressure on the pile. The pressure acting on the row near the surcharge is higher than that on the other row, due to the "barrier" and arching effects in pile groups. The passive load and its distribution should be taken into account in the design of the passive piles.

Dynamic torsional response of pre-strained end bearing pile embedded in pre-strained isotropic saturated soil medium

The influence of initial strain state on the dynamic response of an end bearing pile embedded in isotropic saturated soil is investigated through the linearized theory of small elastic perturbation superposed on largely stressed bodies. The governing equations for soil, based on Blot＇s poroelasticity theory, are derived in the cylindrical coordinates, and the pile is modeled by using the one-dimensional elastic theory. The analytical solutions of pile impedance, frequency response of both twist angle and time history of velocity response are obtained by using of separation of variables technique. Finally, a parametric study of the influence of initial strains on the torsional impedance, twist angle, and velocity response at the top of the pile is carried out.

黄土地基中能量桩群桩承载变形性状模型试验

基于室内缩尺试验研究了含能量桩群桩在4次冷热循环过程中的桩身热力学特性及桩基承载变形特性变化规律,分析冷热循环对桩土温度、承台沉降、桩顶荷载及桩身摩阻力的影响。试验结果表明:冷热循环过程中能量桩较浅位置处桩身及桩侧土温度始终高于较深处,热循环过程中能量桩的传热效率高于冷循环过程。冷热循环会使承台顶面的工作荷载及群桩中各基桩的桩顶荷载发生往复变化,相应地引起承台发生往复倾斜,热循环引起的承台倾斜稍大于冷循环。热循环引起的能量桩桩身上部摩阻力为负,下部为正,冷循环时则相反。

非挤土桩对于砂土地层地震液化的影响机制研究

如何通过工程措施实现地基抗液化能力的有效提升,是岩土工程领域近年来研究的热点问题之一。非挤土桩作为地基处理的常用措施,其加固后地层的抗液化能力能否得到提升,在学术界还存在着一定争议,主要原因是其对于砂层地震液化的影响机制尚未明确。针对该问题,本文开展了干砂及饱和砂土原状场地与非挤土桩加固场地的超重力模型试验,通过对比不同试验中地层的动力响应与超静孔隙水压力的发生发展规律,首次发现非挤土桩对于地层的作用机制并非仅有“刚度效应”,还有因振动过程中桩-土变形不协调而产生的附加作用力,该作用力将显著提升浅层土体的应力及应变水平,加大其液化的可能性,且随着埋深增加,该附加作用力逐渐变小,“刚度效应”将逐渐占据主导地位,相关研究成果可为进一步揭示非挤土桩抗震加固机理、评估其加固效果提供一定的基础和支撑。

基于有限元分析的塑性混凝土本构模型对比研究

塑性混凝土力学性能介于混凝土与土体之间,其本构模型选择尚无统一标准。本文采用有限元方法,结合实例工程,分别采用塑性损伤和硬化土两种本构模型对塑性混凝土进行模拟,系统对比分析两种本构模型的计算差异性。结果表明,两种本构模型的计算结果规律基本一致,塑性损伤本构模型表达式简单,计算结果偏保守、安全,而硬化土体本构模型计算结果准确度更高,但模型参数测定较为复杂,后续可基于硬化土本构模型对塑性混凝土本构模型进行改进。

渐进式滑坡锚索抗滑桩预应力张拉值计算

依据渐进式滑坡蠕变特点,现有锚索抗滑桩计算模型针对渐进式滑坡桩–锚–土三者相互作用过程考虑较少。针对这一问题,将渐进式滑坡缓慢失稳的变形特征和预应力锚索抗滑桩从空载到满载动态工作过程相结合,利用Winkler弹性地基梁理论,优化了锚索抗滑桩桩–锚变形协调条件,考虑桩后土压力渐进变化过程,构建不同工况桩–锚–土协同工作的计算模型,推导了预应力锚索抗滑桩施工阶段初张拉值的计算方法。结合工程算例和有限元软件数值模拟结果,为获取较高精度的计算数值,采用MATLAB软件编译程序进行计算分析。结果表明:1)渐进式滑坡“稳定–蠕动–失稳”阶段性变形特点决定了预应力锚索抗滑桩“空载–加载–满载”三阶段桩–锚动态内力变形过程,明确了各阶段桩后可能存在的土压力模型,单纯进行满载阶段锚索拉力设计不符合渐进式滑坡实际作用机理,进一步证明施工阶段锚索预应力张拉值设计的重要性;2)渐进式滑坡推力由尚未产生的初始空载阶段至完全作用的满载阶段,两阶段并非互相独立存在,二者通过桩–锚变形协调条件相互作用,表明了施工阶段抗滑桩预应力张拉力值大小受满载阶段桩锚内力及变形大小的影响;3)依据渐进式滑坡锚索抗滑桩动态内力变形过程,保证抗滑桩受荷段和锚固段内力大小均衡相等,优化了满载阶段全桩弯矩平衡设计原则,确立了以静止土压力作为施工阶段预应力张拉值设计标准,对比表明,此计算方法优于其余4种现有算法,同时有限元数值模拟结果与本文算法贴合度较高,进一步验证了此计算方法的合理性和可靠性。研究成果可为渐进式滑坡中预应力锚索抗滑桩的设计计算和施工提供技术指导。

填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性数值分析

目前建筑倾斜事故频繁发生,但对于大底盘建筑倾斜全过程的变形力学行为受到了较少的关注。因此,研究了填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程的沉降变形特性及受力特性。基于数值模拟,探讨了填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性相应变化规律,分析填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程中沉降变形及大底盘基础变形受力特性,研究了填方区地基处理优化方案。研究结果表明:建筑倾斜过程中,基础边缘处剪切变形最大,剪切变形值与倾斜值呈正相关;大底盘建筑倾斜过程中基础顶板混凝土首先开裂,其弯曲点不断变化;基础底板尚未开裂但底板南半段出现隆起现象,在靠近倾斜建筑0.2 L(L为底板长度)位置处存在开裂风险,倾斜过程弯曲点基本不变;水泥粉煤灰碎石桩(cement fly-ash gravel,CFG)桩地基处理方案剪应变最大值比原有方案剪应变最大值降低了67.08%,沉降值和倾斜值分别降低了67.52%、73.83%,达到此类建筑倾斜率不应超过3‰的规范要求;研究结果为类似复合地基大底盘建筑纠偏加固提供了借鉴和参考。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

基于液化砂土地基等能量等变形挤密群桩现场试验规律分析

为解决地震导致地基饱和砂土和粉土液化,造成建筑沉降、倾斜甚至破坏的发生,以海南省海口市江东新区房建项目砂性地基土严重液化为依托,采用等能量等变形挤密桩技术进行桩周土的二次挤密加固,通过加固前后标准贯入度试验击数计算液化指数(I_(LE)),再进行单桩竖向抗压静载试验检验承载力。现场试验得出,处理深度内整体地基土由原严重液化程度改善为轻微液化趋近于不液化;前后标贯随深度平均锤击数之差拟合方程为Y=0.307857X+10.3617,R^(2)=0.84792,Pearson系数为0.93109,前后标贯平均击数在-5 m至-13 m区间内每层提高12~15击,各土层加固均匀;加固后地基达到单桩承载力设计特征值2250 kN。研究规律可供类似工程提供参考。

堆载引起岸坡土体与高桩码头相互作用机制试验研究

码头后方堆场堆载会导致倾斜岸坡场地的侧向位移,对码头基础设施安全构成挑战。以天津港典型高桩码头为背景,基于大型土工离心试验平台,探究了堆场荷载作用下岸坡场地的变形特性、码头位移和内力的分布规律。试验结果表明:堆场荷载会导致岸坡出现显著的水平位移,其主要位于后承台下方区域,且随着距堆场距离的增加而逐步趋近于零;码头后承台随堆场荷载的增加会产生显著的向海侧水平位移,由此导致码头前后承台间距缩小进而增加碰撞风险;后承台桩基在岸坡土体水平变形作用下其弯矩响应由桩顶至底部呈S型分布模式;前承台桩基弯矩响应要显著低于后承台,其峰值小于后承台桩基弯矩响应的50%。研究结论可为高桩码头的破坏机制提供借鉴。

复杂环境下的预制工程桩挤土效应施工研究

以上海中医药大学中医药国际标准化研究中心项目为依托,研究在学校内复杂环境下预制管桩静压法施工,如何避免因桩基施工对校内建筑及地下管线造成不利影响。通过采用合理的打桩顺序,控制沉桩速率、优化沉桩路线、采取防挤沟槽、应力释放孔等有效保护措施,以利于地基土体释放沉桩施工产生的有效应力和超静孔隙水压力的消散,并减少地基土体中的超静孔隙水压力、地基土体变形的影响范围和程度,保证不对工程正常施工及对周边环境产生影响。总结的经验可为类似项目提供借鉴。

一种适用于板桩与土体相互作用的p-y曲线折减方法

p-y曲线法可充分考虑土体的塑性变形及抗力极限值,但该方法是基于单桩水平静载试验提出的一种桩土弹簧计算方法,无法直接应用于板桩与土体的相互作用。通过引入p-y曲线折减系数,提出一种适用于板桩与土体相互作用的p-y曲线折减方法,将其结果与Plaxis有限元模型计算结果及现场位移观测结果进行对比,并验证该方法的准确性。结果表明,该方法可以充分考虑土弹簧的非线性及土体地基反力极限值,弥补了m法和p-y曲线方法的不足。

深厚软土区桩梁式路堤承载及变形特性现场试验研究

为探究深厚软土区桩梁式路堤的荷载传递机制及深层地基变形规律,对桩梁式路堤的桩梁顶和桩间土压力、分层沉降、地基侧向变形和连梁钢筋应力进行长期监测研究。结果表明:路面下桩梁顶平面处实测土压力明显大于路堤中坡下实测土压力;地基深层水平位移随深度增加且呈“鱼腹”形变化,最大侧向变形主要集中在路堤中坡下近临坡脚区域。地基分层沉降随深度迅速衰减,并于地表下6 m后逐渐趋于平稳,分层沉降的稳定具有“滞后性”。连梁发生上侧受压、下侧受拉的挠曲变形,有利于桩梁式路堤整体受力。最后,将现场实测结果、现有理论和规范方法计算所得结果进行对比,表明桩梁式路堤的土拱效应比桩承式路堤更明显。

Time-dependent deviation of bridge pile foundations caused by adjacent large-area surcharge loads in soft soils and its preventive measures

Time-dependent characteristics(TDCs)have been neglected in most previous studies investigating the deviation mechanisms of bridge pile foundations and evaluating the effectiveness of preventive measures.In this study,the stress-strain-time characteristics of soft soils were illustrated by consolidation-creep tests based on a typical engineering case.An extended Koppejan model was developed and then embedded in a finite element(FE)model via a user-material subroutine(UMAT).Based on the validated FE model,the time-dependent deformation mechanism of the pile foundation was revealed,and the preventive effect of applying micropiles and stress-release holes to control the deviation was investigated.The results show that the calculated maximum lateral displacement of the cap differs from the measured one by 6.5%,indicating that the derived extended Koppejan model reproduced the deviation process of the bridge cap-pile foundation with time.The additional load acting on the pile side caused by soil lateral deformation was mainly concentrated within the soft soil layer and increased with the increase in load duration.Compared with t=3 d(where t is surcharge time),the maximum lateral additional pressure acting on Pile 2#increased by approximately 47.0%at t=224 d.For bridge pile foundation deviation in deep soft soils,stress-release holes can provide better prevention compared to micropiles and are therefore recommended.

高速公路顺层边坡锚索框架梁和抗滑桩联合支护体系变形特征研究

以贵州省乌长高速公路某顺层高边坡为例,建立有限元模型,对锚索框架梁-抗滑桩支护体系的变形规律进行研究。结果表明:对各排锚索施加相同的预应力值不合理,存在锚索框架和抗滑桩顺序破坏的风险,应根据各排锚索随桩顶位移的变化规律,设置差异化的预应力值,使锚索框架和抗滑桩两种支护形式同时达到最佳支护效果;靠近桩顶位置,应设置较低的预应力值,远离桩顶位置,应设置较高的预应力值。提出基于变形协调条件下的锚索预应力值计算方法,得到的锚索预应力值与数值模拟计算结果误差在6%以内,满足设计精度要求。

微型桩组合抗滑结构在滑坡治理工程设计中的应用

由于滑坡地质灾害的突发性、复杂性和不确定性,在该类治理工程中,工程环境往往成为方案选型的首要限制因素;常会遇到施工场地狭窄,施工作业面受限,大型机械无法到达、常规施工工艺无法施工等特殊问题,需要因地制宜地选择最优治理方案。微型桩组合抗滑结构因其具有桩径小、施工快捷、施工人员安全保障高、经济性好等优点[1],可用于滑坡地质灾害治理工程中,尤其是快速抢险工程。结合数值模拟分析及工程设计实例,结果表明:连系梁对微型桩的变形起到一定的限制作用,对其受力则影响较大;变形最大值出现在临边坡侧后排桩的上部,且后排桩锚索对整体变形的限制作用明显;组合抗滑结构稳定性验算应重点包括剩余下滑力、结构整体抗力、微型桩沿滑面抗剪承载力、桩内力、桩嵌固长度等内容。

基于颗粒非连续变形法的路基桩网结构土拱效应

桩网路基由于其施工工期短和沉降变形小等优点在中国铁路和公路建设中得到了广泛的应用。为研究桩网路基中土拱效应的机理和影响因素,采用非连续变形分析方法(discontinuous deformation analysis, DDA),通过改变路基高度、桩间净距和土工格栅参数建立了九种不同模型。结果表明:数值结果与实验结果吻合良好,验证了非连续变形分析方法在模拟路基桩网结构土拱效应上的可行性;随着路基高度的增加,土拱产生的作用逐渐显著,等沉面高度稳定为0.8~0.85倍桩间净距;桩间净距对桩土应力比峰值时刻有明显影响,随着桩间净距的减小,桩顶接受来自路基荷载传递的压力增大,桩土应力比达到峰值的速度加快。桩间净距的减小会导致等沉面高度的下降;加入土工格栅后,桩网结构所产生的桩土应力比与未加入土工格栅的相比更大,说明土工格栅可有效提高路基强度。