Study of High Temperature Deformation and Recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V Steel

The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels. ABSTRACT:The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels.

Effects of heat treatment on structures and properties of high speed steel rolls

The effects of quenching temperature, cooling pattern, temper temperature andtemper times on the structure and properti-es of high speed steel (HSS) rolls have beeninvestigated. The results show that, when the quenching temperature is lower than 1050℃ thehardness of HSS increases with the quenching temperature increasing in oil cooling, but when thequenching temperature exceeds 1100℃ the hardness decreases. In the conditions of salt bath coolingand air cooling, the effect of quenching temperature on the hardness is similar to the above law,but the quenching temperature obtaining the highest hardness is higher than that in oil cooling.When the temper temperature below 350℃ the hardness of HSS has a little change, when above 475℃the hardness will increase with the temper temperature increasing, and the highest hardness isobtained at 525℃. When the temper temperature continues to increase, the hardness decreases. Twicetemper has little effect on the hardness, but three times temper decreases the hardness. HSS in aircooling has lower hardenability, oil cooling can easily produce crackle, and HSS quenching in saltbath has high harde-nability and excellent wear resistance.

Hot workability of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel(Fe - 20Mn - 3Si - 3Al) were investigated by using hot compression test in a temperature range from 800℃to 1 050℃and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s^(-1) to 5.0 s^(-1).The effects of temperature,strain rate,and true strain on the flow behavior and microstructures of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel were discussed.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization occurs only at higher temperature and lower strain rate.Hot deformation behaviors of high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel were sensitive to temperature and strain rate.The apparent stress exponent and the apparent activation energy of the investigated steel were about 4.280 and 463.791 kJ/mol, respectively.The apparent activation energy of the high manganese transformation induced plasticity steel was approached to the austenitic stainless steel(400 -500 kJ/mol).The hot working equation is obtained. Hot deformation peak stress increased with increasing of the value of lnZ.Peak stress and InZ exhibits a linear variation,the linear correlation coefficient was 0.988 9.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization was prone to occur when lnZ≤43.842 26 and Z≤1.098×10^(19),and better hot deformation properties would be obtained under this condition.

Co8W6Mo5Cr4V3粉末高速钢的热变形行为

采用熔炼、电渣重熔和气雾化法制备Co8W6Mo5Cr4V3粉末,再通过热等静压制备Co8W6Mo5Cr4V3粉末高速钢。在不同变形条件下进行热压缩实验,研究粉末高速钢的热变形行为,根据获得的应力-应变曲线,建立热变形本构方程,绘制热加工图。结果表明:Co8W6Mo5Cr4V3粉末高速钢的流变应力随变形温度升高或应变速率减小而减小;通过本构方程预测的流变应力和实验得到的流变应力间的相关系数为0.995,可用此方程对粉末高速钢在不同变形条件下的应力进行预测;根据热加工图,粉末高速钢最优的变形温度为1 100~1 150℃,应变速率为0.1~1.0 s^(-1)。

高强钢多道次热压缩晶粒尺寸模型

为准确描述300M高强钢在多道次热压缩过程中的晶粒尺寸演变行为,解决晶粒尺寸在不同再结晶过程之间不连续的问题,提出了包含15个待定参数的晶粒尺寸演化模型。在温度950~1150℃、应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1)、应变0~0.9、道次间保温时间0~600 s的范围内开展了双道次热压缩实验,结果表明,随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,平均晶粒尺寸呈增加趋势;亚动态再结晶和静态再结晶在变形后保温大约3 min就发生地比较完全,在后续的保温过程中,晶粒长大非常缓慢。随着应变的增加,再结晶体积分数增加。基于实验结果,通过参数识别获得模型参数,平均相对误差为6.90%,平均相对偏差为3.3μm。将模型集成在DEFORM中,模拟了Ф90 mm×200 mm的圆柱形试样的平均晶粒尺寸变化,并在模锻压力机上开展了验证实验,结果表明所建立的双道次压缩晶粒尺寸演化模型能很好地预测300M高强钢平均晶粒尺寸的演化。

Effect of Grain Size and Compression Direction on the Hot Deformation Characteristics of High-Cr Ultra-Super-Critical Rotor Steel with Columnar Grains

The columnar grains with a duplex grain size distribution in the ingot increase the difficulty of the hot forging of the as-cast high Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel.The hot deformation behaviors of the high Cr steel with different initial grain sizes under various compression directions were investigated.The results show that the hot deformation characteristic is strongly grain size and compression direction dependent.The finer grain size and compression direction perpendicular to the columnar grains increase the flow stress and activation energies of hot deformation,comparing with the large grain and deformation direction parallel to the columnar grains.The relationships between flow stress and deformation parameters for the different initial structures conform to the established constitutive equations.The former enhances the critical stress of the dynamic recrystallization(DRX),inhibiting the occurrence of DRX and reducing the dimensions of DRX grains.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Spray Formed M3∶ 2 High Speed Steel

Hot deformation behavior of a new type of M3∶ 2 high speed steel with niobium addition made by spray forming was investigated based on compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1 150 ℃ and strain rate of 0. 001-10 s^（-1）. A comprehensive constitutive equation was obtained,which could be used to predict the flow stress at different strains. Processing map was developed on the basis of the flow stress data using the principles of dynamic material model. The results showed that the flow curves were in fair agreement with the dynamic recrystallization model. The flow stresses,which were calculated by the comprehensive constitutive equation,agreed well with the test data at low strain rates（ ≤1 s^（-1））. The material constant（ α）,stress exponent（ n） and the hot deformation activation energy（ Q_（HW）） of the new steel were 0. 006 15 MPa^（-1）,4. 81 and 546 kJ·mol^（-1）,respectively. Analysis of the processing map with an observation of microstructures revealed that hot working processes of the steel could be carried out safely in the domain（ T = 1 050-1 150 ℃,ε = 0. 01- 0. 1 s^（-1））with about 33% peak efficiency of power dissipation（ η）. Cracks was expected in two domains at either lower temperatures（ 〈 1 000 ℃） or low strain rates（ 0. 001 s^（-1）） with different cracking mechanisms. Flow localization occurred when the strain rates exceeded 1 s^（-1） at all testing temperatures.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROFORMED COPPER LINER OF SHAPED CHARGE AT DIFFERENT STRAIN RATES

The paper deals with different plastic deformation behavior of electroformed copper liner of shaped charge, deformed at high strain rate (about 1×107s-1) and normal strain rate (4×10-4s-1). The crystallographic orientation distribution of grains in recovered slugs which had undergone high-strain-rate plastic deformation during explosive detonation was investigated by electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern technique. Cellular structures formed by tangled dislocations and sub-grain boundaries consisting of dislocation arrays were detected in the recovered slugs. Some twins and slip dislocations were observed in specimen deformed at normal strain rate. It was found that dynamic recovery and recrystallization take place during high-strain-rate deformation due to the temperature rising, whereas the conventional slip mechanism operates during deformation at normal strain rate.

高速铁路大跨度钢桁架-混凝土板组合梁斜拉桥稳定性研究

为研究高速铁路大跨度钢桁架-混凝土板组合梁斜拉桥的稳定性,依托主跨300 m深茂铁路虎跳门水道特大桥,采用有限元软件ANSYS建立以梁单元为主的空间杆系有限元模型,对铁路钢桁架-混凝土板组合梁斜拉桥开展线弹性稳定分析,并进行考虑几何初始变形及材料弹塑性的非线性稳定性分析。结果表明:在弹性稳定分析下,该桥梁的一阶失稳形式为主梁整体纵飘及塔纵弯失稳,二~四阶均为桥塔处的主梁下弦杆首先出现横向偏位而局部失稳;在运营阶段弹性稳定系数最小为7.639,第二、三阶和第四、五阶稳定系数分别相同且失稳形式为对称失稳;考虑最大几何初始变形(k=L/1 000)后,一阶稳定系数减小6.39%;考虑非线性因素影响后稳定系数降低明显,仅考虑几何非线性因素的影响后一阶、二阶和四阶稳定系数分别降低11.23%、9.01%和10.13%,而考虑几何及材料双重非线性因素影响后,一阶、二阶和四阶稳定系数分别降低67.78%、60.63%和52.56%,表明材料非线性对铁路钢桁架-混凝土板组合梁斜拉桥的稳定系数影响更为显著;考虑最大几何初始变形(k=L/1 000)以及双重非线性因素影响后,铁路钢桁架-混凝土板组合梁斜拉桥的稳定系数为1.985,大于规范1.7的要求。

市域快线钢弹簧浮置板静载强度试验研究

城市轨道交通以其巨大的社会效益和经济效益在国内得到了迅速发展。同时,它还面临着一些亟待解决的关键技术,如列车提速、列车诱发振动对轨道结构和周围环境的影响等。因此,钢弹簧浮置板受到广泛关注。基于此,设计一种适用于时速160 km市域快线的新型钢弹簧浮置板轨道,通过在实验室开展足尺模型静载试验,研究2倍列车轴重荷载作用下新型钢弹簧浮置板轨道的静载强度和承载能力,包括钢轨和浮置板的变形,浮置板应力及裂缝发展规律。研究结果表明:1)钢轨相对垂向位移随静载增加呈非线性增长,浮置板垂向位移随静载增加呈线性增长,且在650 kN之后增长速率有所提升,双倍轴重750 kN荷载作用下分配梁处钢轨最大相对位移为1.524 mm,浮置板板中最大位移为1.135 mm;2)浮置板受力以纵向应力为主,应力随静载增加呈线性增长,650 kN后,应力变化加剧,达到750 kN时,板边底面纵向拉应力为5.33 MPa,超过C50混凝土轴心抗拉强度;3)荷载达到750 kN时,浮置板跨中底面产生裂缝,最大裂缝宽度为0.14 mm,荷载达到1 100 kN时,最大裂缝宽度为0.28 mm。研究结果表明,新型高速钢弹簧浮置板在不利的支承和加载条件下能发挥良好的承载能力,且具有充足的安全储备空间。

浅埋顶管群下穿运营高铁施工地表变形研究

为了研究下穿运营高铁顶管群施工过程中的地表变形情况,通过三维数值模拟及现场监测,研究下穿运营高铁顶管施工案例中的地表变形规律,并通过分析相关影响因素,提出地表沉降控制措施。研究表明:顶管施工过程中,3倍管径范围内地表变形受施工影响较明显,最大变形点发生在顶进断面顶管轴线位置,当距管轴线距离大于3倍管径时,地表沉降量逐渐收敛于零;横向沉降趋势呈“U”形分布,沉降量随着距顶进面距离增大而整体减小,但变形量分布形态基本保持不变。天窗施工期间,列车开通运行24 h后地表产生明显变形,列车运行48 h后地表变形基本趋于稳定。受管-土相互作用影响,地表沉降理论计算结果较数值模拟结果略小,建议复杂地层条件下微型顶管土压力计算优先选用太沙基理论。

On the transformation textures influenced by deformation in electrical steels,high manganese steels and pure titanium sheets

Transformation texture is normally different to deformation and recrystallization textures,thus influencing materials properties differently.As deformation and recrystallization are often inseparable to transformation in materials which shows a variety in types such as diffusional or non-diffusional transformations,different phenomena or rules of strengthening transformation textures occur.This paper summarizes the complicated phenomena and rules by comparison of a lot of authors’published and unpublished data collected from mainly electrical steels,high manganese steels and pure titanium sheets.Three kinds of influencing deformation are identified,namely the dynamic transformation with concurrent deformation and transformation,the transformation preceded by deformation and recrystallization and the surface effect induced transformation,and the textures related with them develop in different mechanisms.It is stressed that surface effect induced transformation is particularly effective to enhance transformation texture.It is also shown that the materials properties are also improved by controlled transformation textures,in particular in electrical steels.It is hoped that these phenomena and processing techniques are beneficial to the establishment of transformation texture theory and property improvement in practice.

Hot Deformation and Corrosion Resistance of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

The hot deformation characteristics and the corrosion behavior of a high-strength low-alloy(HSLA) steel were investigated at deformation temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 ℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 s-1 using an MMS-200 thermal simulation testing machine. Based on the flow curves from the experiment, the effects of temperature and strain rate on the dynamic recrystallization behavior were analyzed. The flow stress decreased with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate. With the assistance of the process parameters, constitutive equations were used to obtain the activation energy and hot working equation. The hot deformation activation energy of HSLA steel in this work was 351.87 kJ/mol. The work hardening rate was used to determine the critical stress(strain) or the peak stress(strain). The dependence of these characteristic values on the Zener-Hollomon parameter was found. A dynamic recrystallization kinetics model of the tested HSLA steel was constructed, and the validity of the model was confirmed by the experimental results. Observation of the microstructures indicated that the grain size increased with increasing deformation temperature,which led to a lowered corrosion resistance of the specimens.

管线钢X65高温变形动态再结晶研究

用热加工模拟试验机对X65钢进行了高温压缩试验，建立了试验用钢的奥氏体热变形方程式及动态再结晶临界条件回归方程式。根据动态再结晶动力学。

氮强化高锰奥氏体钢热变形行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1253～1423K，应变速率为0．1～10s^-1的条件下对32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0．3N奥氏体钢进行了热压缩变形试验，测定了其真应力-应变曲线，观察了变形后的组织。试验结果表明，流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大。真应变为0．6时，在1423K、应变速率在0．1～10s^-1之间的试样均已发生完全动态再结晶；在1373K以下变形时，应变速率在0．1～10s^-1之间，试样发生部分动态再结晶。动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的升高而增大，随着应变速率的升高而减小。32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0．3N奥氏体钢的热变形激活能Q值为469．03kJ／mol，并获得热变形方程。

一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢的热变形行为

用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1223～1323K，应变速率为0．2～10s^-1的条件下对一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢进行了热压缩变形试验，测得了其流变曲线，并观察了变形后的组织。试验结果表明，流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大。试验用钢在真应变为0．8，温度为1223～1323K，应变速率为0．2～10s^-1的条件下，发生完全动态再结晶。测得试验用钢的热变形激活能为289．9kJ／mol，并得出了其热变形方程，以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系和动态再结晶状态图。

X70管线钢管件制造热过程中的形变规律

采用Gleeble-1500热／力模拟压缩试验机研究了X70管线钢在管件制造热过程中的形变规律。结果表明:X70管线钢在管件制造热过程中存在动态回复型和动态再结晶型两种真应力-应变曲线。在高的形变温度和低的应变速率条件下,发生动态再结晶,其热变形方程式为ε=4×10-8σp10.27 exp(-Q/RT);峰值应力σp、峰值应变εp与Zener-Hollomon因子Z的关系分别为lnσp=1．869+ 0．093lnZ、lnεp=-1．291+0．021 ln Z;动态再结晶体积分数Xd=1-exp[-1．51(ε／εp—O．83)1.22]。

钒微合金化低碳钢高温变形动态再结晶

利用热模拟压缩试验测定了不同钒含量的钒微合金化低碳钢在 900~1 000℃温度区间和0 1~1s-1变形速率范围内的真应力-真应变曲线。对曲线的分析表明: 随钢中钒含量的增加, 低碳钢的动态再结晶开始时间延长, 变形奥氏体的动态再结晶名义激活能提高. 实验钢薄膜试样的TEM观察表明, 钢中的微量钒以固溶态存在于奥氏体中, 微量的固溶钒对奥氏体动态再结晶起到抑制作用.

A100超高强度钢的动态再结晶行为及组织演变研究

借助Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了A100超高强度钢在变形温度为850-1200℃、应变速率为0.001-10 s^（-1）和变形程度为60%条件下的热变形行为。基于实验数据计算了动态再结晶激活能,通过引入无量纲Z参数表征了动态再结晶的临界应变/应力、峰值应变/应力和稳态应变/应力模型,并绘制了动态再结晶状态图,同时对该钢的组织演变进行了分析。结果表明：该钢的动态再结晶激活能为380.177 k J·mol^（-1）;随着变形温度的升高或应变速率的下降,Z参数逐渐减小,更容易发生动态再结晶行为,但其晶粒尺寸随之增大,其中在950-1050℃、0.01-0.1 s^（-1）和1050-1150℃、1-10 s^（-1）范围内进行热加工可获得细小、均匀的晶粒组织。根据实验结果建立了动态再结晶晶粒尺寸预测模型,其预测值与实验值具有较高的吻合度。

M2高速钢铸带组织特征及其后续处理

研究了M2高速钢在不同制备条件下的凝固组织特征以及工业铸带中碳化物在高温热处理、热变形作用下的变化,测量了在不同制备条件下高速钢的凝固速度和共晶碳化物网的厚度,采用透射电镜研究了后续高温热处理、热变形对工业铸带中碳化物相的影响,采用定量金相法分析了制备条件和后续处理工艺对铸带组织的影响。研究结果表明,双辊薄带连铸工艺可以细化高速钢凝固组织的枝晶和共晶碳化物网的厚度,改善碳化物的分布,后续高温热处理和热变形可以进一步优化工业铸带中的碳化物组织。建议在工业铸带的后续处理中同时采用高温热处理和热变形工艺以改善铸带组织。