Fecal calprotectin and endoscopic scores: The cornerstones in clinical practice for evaluating mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease

Managing inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is becoming increasingly complex and personalized,considering the advent of new advanced therapies with distinct mechanisms of action.Achieving mucosal healing(MH)is a pivotal therapeutic goal in IBD management and can prevent IBD progression and reduce flares,hospitalization,surgery,intestinal damage,and colorectal cancer.Employing proactive disease and therapy assessment is essential to achieve better control of intestinal inflammation,even if subclinical,to alter the natural course of IBD.Periodic monitoring of fecal calprotectin(FC)levels and interval endoscopic evaluations are cornerstones for evaluating response/remission to advanced therapies targeting IBD,assessing MH,and detecting subclinical recurrence.Here,we comment on the article by Ishida et al Moreover,this editorial aimed to review the role of FC and endoscopic scores in predicting MH in patients with IBD.Furthermore,we intend to present some evidence on the role of these markers in future targets,such as histological and transmural healing.Additional prospective multicenter studies with a stricter MH criterion,standardized endoscopic and histopathological analyses,and virtual chromoscopy,potentially including artificial intelligence and other biomarkers,are desired.

Inhibition of protein degradation increases the Bt protein concentration in Bt cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)cotton production is challenged by two main problems,i.e.,the low concentration of Bt protein at the boll setting stage and the lowest insect resistance in bolls among all the cotton plant’s organs.Therefore,increasing the Bt protein concentration at the boll stage,especially in bolls,has become the main goal for increasing insect resistance in cotton.In this study,two protein degradation inhibitors(ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA)and leupeptin)were sprayed on the bolls,subtending leaves,and whole cotton plants at the peak flowering stage of two Bt cultivars(medium maturation Sikang 1(SK1))and early maturation Zhongmian 425(ZM425)in 2019 and 2020.The Bt protein content and protein degradation metabolism were assessed.The results showed that the Bt protein concentrations were enhanced by 21.3 to 38.8%and 25.0 to 38.6%in the treated bolls of SK1 and ZM425 respectively,while they were decreased in the subtending leaves of these treated bolls.In the treated leaves,the Bt protein concentrations increased by 7.6 to 23.5%and 11.2 to 14.9%in SK1 and ZM425,respectively.The combined application of EDTA and leupeptin to the whole cotton plant increased the Bt protein concentrations in both bolls and subtending leaves.The Bt protein concentrations in bolls were higher,increasing by 22.5 to 31.0%and 19.6 to 32.5%for SK1 and ZM425,respectively.The organs treated with EDTA or/and leupeptin showed reduced free amino acid contents,protease and peptidase activities and significant enhancements in soluble protein contents.These results indicated that inhibiting protein degradation could improve the protein content,thus increasing the Bt protein concentrations in the bolls or/and leaves of cotton plants.Therefore,the increase in the Bt protein concentration without yield reduction suggested that these two protein degradation inhibitors may be applicable for improving insect resistance in cotton production.

Achieving high-efficient photocatalytic persulfate-activated degradation of tetracycline via carbon dots modified MIL-101(Fe)octahedrons

The synergistic reaction of photocatalysis and advanced oxidation is a valid strategy for the degradation of harmful antibiotic wastewater.Herein,carbon dots(CDs)modified MIL-101(Fe)octahedrons to form CDs/MIL-101(Fe)composite photocatalyst was synthesized for visible light-driven photocatalytic/persulfate(PS)-activated tetracycline(TC)degradation.The electron spin resonance(ESR)spectra,scavenging experiment and electrochemical analysis were carried out to reveal that the high visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation activity of TC over CDs/MIL-101(Fe)photocatalysts is not only ascribed to the production of free active radicals in the CDs/MIL-101(Fe)/PS system(·OH,·SO_(4-),^(1)O_(2),h^(+)and·O_(2)^(-))but also attributed to the consumption of electrons caused by the PS,which can suppress the recombination of photo-generated carriers as well as strong light scattering and electron trapping effects of CDs.Finally,the possible degradation pathways were proposed by analyzing intermediates via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.This research presents a rational design conception to construct a CDs/PS-based photocatalysis/advanced oxidation technology with high-efficient degradation activity for the remediation of organic antibiotic pollutant wastewater and for the improvement of carrier transport kinetics of photocatalysts.

ON101 Cream Increases the Wound Healing Rate in Diabetic Patients with Uremia—Cases Report

Diabetic patients who underwent long-term dialysis may increase the prevalence of foot ulceration. In addition, diabetic foot ulcer (DFUs) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) do not heal well, and the amputation rate is 6.5 - 10 times higher compared to the non-nephropathic diabetic population. Thus, a suitable therapeutic agent was needed. ON101 is a topical cream that promotes diabetic wound healing through a unique macrophage-regulating ability. In this case series, we included 5 diabetes patients (mean age 54.6 ± 8.7 years, 4 mal) with ESRD (mean eGFR 7.4 ± 3.35 mL/min/1.73m2) and had experienced dialysis for at least 4.5 years. These patients also have UT (University of Texas) grade 2A DFUs that have existed for at least 1.5 months (mean ulcer duration 8.3 ± 8.97 months). These subjects were applied ON101 twice daily for up to 20 weeks, and wound size was recorded during treatment. Among these subjects, three ulcers (patient No. 1, 2, and 3) completely healed within 10 weeks upon ON101 application, and one ulcer was 99% reduced at 20th weeks (patient No. 4). Only one ulcer didn’t show an obvious response that may due to poor compliance in wound care and glucose control. In summary, the overall healing rate was 60%, suggesting ON101 performed equivalence healing efficacy in dialysis patients compared with those who did not have dialysis.

Recent Advancements in the Development of Self Healing Concrete-A Systematic Review

Mechanical as well as durability properties are pivotal for any type of concrete which gets adversely affected due to cracks that may form due to loading beyond its capacity.Concrete has the intrinsic property to heal itself to some extent but not fully as the passive form of autogenous healing plays an inferior role for a complete repair of a cementitious material.The self-healing capabilities can be enhanced by adding chemical admixtures,polymers,and bacteria strains induced calcium carbonate precipitation,etc.In this paper,the advancements in the development and performance of self-healing concrete using chemical admixtures,polymers,and bacteria strains are reviewed.This systematic review includes the available experimental tests and methodologies investigating self-healing efficiency over the last decade.Further,this review focussed on self-healing materials,the ideology,and opinions of those in the construction field on the direction of self-healing concrete for future applications.It is yet not possible to predict the most appropriate technique,however,a generalized opinion about the effectiveness of the different approaches has been illustrated.

High-strength antiswelling adhesive achieves both hemostasis and wound healing

Skin is one of the most vulnerable tissues,but there is a lack of injectable bioactive hydrogel dressings,which possess high strength,antiswelling capacity,and wet tissue adhesiveness,but also a rapid gelling process to enable rapid hemostasis,sutureless wound closure,and scarless healing of infected skin wounds[1e5].A new injectable,antibacterial,and multifunctional hydrogel dressings based on poly(citric acid-co-polyethylene glycol)-g-dopamine(PCPD)and amino-terminated Pluronic F127(APF)mi-celles loaded with astragaloside IV(AS)was developed for this pur-pose,as shown in Fig.1A[6].

Age-related secretion of grancalcin by macrophages induces skeletal stem/progenitor cell senescence during fracture healing

Skeletal stem/progenitor cell(SSPC)senescence is a major cause of decreased bone regenerative potential with aging,but the causes of SSPC senescence remain unclear.In this study,we revealed that macrophages in calluses secrete prosenescent factors,including grancalcin(GCA),during aging,which triggers SSPC senescence and impairs fracture healing.Local injection of human rGCA in young mice induced SSPC senescence and delayed fracture repair.Genetic deletion of Gca in monocytes/macrophages was sufficient to rejuvenate fracture repair in aged mice and alleviate SSPC senescence.Mechanistically,GCA binds to the plexin-B2 receptor and activates Arg2-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction,resulting in cellular senescence.Depletion of Plxnb2 in SSPCs impaired fracture healing.Administration of GCA-neutralizing antibody enhanced fracture healing in aged mice.Thus,our study revealed that senescent macrophages within calluses secrete GCA to trigger SSPC secondary senescence,and GCA neutralization represents a promising therapy for nonunion or delayed union in elderly individuals.

A Skin-Inspired Self-Adaptive System for Temperature Control During Dynamic Wound Healing

The thermoregulating function of skin that is capable of maintaining body temperature within a thermostatic state is critical.However,patients suffering from skin damage are struggling with the surrounding scene and situational awareness.Here,we report an interactive self-regulation electronic system by mimicking the human thermos-reception system.The skin-inspired self-adaptive system is composed of two highly sensitive thermistors(thermal-response composite materials),and a low-power temperature control unit(Laserinduced graphene array).The biomimetic skin can realize self-adjusting in the range of 35–42℃,which is around physiological temperature.This thermoregulation system also contributed to skin barrier formation and wound healing.Across wound models,the treatment group healed~10%more rapidly compared with the control group,and showed reduced inflammation,thus enhancing skin tissue regeneration.The skin-inspired self-adaptive system holds substantial promise for nextgeneration robotic and medical devices.

αB-crystallin mini-peptides support corneal healing in vitro and in vivo in rabbit model

AIM:To evaluate if topical use of αB-crystallin minipeptides supports corneal healing following flap surgery.METHODS:Cultured corneal cells were treated with fluorescent taggedαB-crystallin mini-peptides to assess its internalization.Cultured corneal cells pre-treated with or without the mini-peptides were exposed to H_(2)O_(2) and cell viability was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Elongation of neurites of cultured trigeminal neurones was examined following treatment either withαB-crystallin mini-peptides or protein.Cultured trigeminal neurones were pre-treated either with αB-crystallin mini-peptides or crystallin protein and exposed to H_(2)O_(2) and presence of beading in the dendrites and axons was assessed.Corneal flap surgery was conducted on rabbit cornea and treated topically either withαB-crystallin peptide(0.5 mg/mL thrice daily for 14d)or phosphate-buffered saline(PBS).Corneal healing was evaluated under slit-lamp biomicroscope,mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines were assessed and the corneas were evaluated by histopathology.RESULTS:Internalization ofαB-crystallin mini-peptides was ascertained by the detection of fluorescence within the corneal cells.The MTT assay revealed that treatment withαB-crystallin mini-peptide reduced cell death induced by H_(2)O_(2) treatment.The mini-peptides did not influence the elongation of trigeminal neurites,but significantly(P<0.05)reduced beading in the neurites.In rabbit eye,the treated corneas showed reduced hyper-reflective zones(P<0.05)and suppression in the expression of inflammatory cytokines.Histopathological examination also revealed reduction of inflammatory response in treated corneas.CONCLUSION:TheαB-crystallin mini-peptides restrict the damage to corneal cells and neurons and aids in corneal healing.

Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Streambed/Floodplain Sediments in Passaic River—New Jersey Area

This paper is intended to explore soil organic matter and carbon isotope fractionation at three locations of the Passaic River to determine if microbial degradation of organic contaminants in soil is correlated to the surrounding physical environment. Microbial degradation of organic contaminants is important for the detoxification of toxic substances thereby minimizing stagnation in the environment and accumulating in the food chain. Since organic contaminants are not easily dissolved in water, they will penetrate sediment and end up enriching the adjacent soil. The hypothesis that we are testing is microbial activity and carbon isotope fractionation will be greater in preserved soils than urban soils. The reason why this is expected to be the case is the expectation of higher microbial activity in preserved environments due to less exposure to pollutants, better soil structure, higher organic matter content, and more favorable conditions for microbial growth. This is contrasted with urban soils, which are impacted by pollutants and disturbances, potentially inhibiting microbial activity. We wish to collect soil samples adjacent to the Passaic River at a pristine location, Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge, a suburban location, Goffle Brook Park, Hawthorne NJ, and an urban location, Paterson NJ. These soil samples will be weighed for soil organic matter (SOM) and weighed for isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to test organic carbon isotopes. High SOM and δ13C depletion activity indicate microbial growth based on the characteristics of the soil horizon rather than the location of the soil sample which results in degradation of organic compounds.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Plastic Waste: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

Microplastics are persistent anthropogenic pollutants that have become a global concern due to their widespread distribution and unfamiliar threat to the environment and living organisms. Conventional technologies are unable to fully decompose and mineralize plastic waste. Therefore, there is a need to develop an environmentally friendly, innovative and sustainable photocatalytic process that can destroy these wastes with much less energy and chemical consumption. In photocatalysis, various nanomaterials based on wide energy band gap semiconductors such as TiO2 and ZnO are used for the conversion of plastic contaminants into environmentally friendly compounds. In this work, the removal of plastic fragments by photocatalytic reactions using newly developed photocatalytic composites and the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of microplastics are systematically investigated. In these degradation processes, sunlight or an artificial light source is used to activate the photocatalyst in the presence of oxygen.

Antimicrobial,antibiofilm,angiogenesis,anti-inflammatory,and wound healing activities of zinc nanoparticles green synthesized using Ferula macrecolea extract

Objective:To assess the antimicrobial,antibiofilm,anti-inflammatory,angiogenic,and wound healing activities of zinc nanoparticles(ZNPs)green synthesized using Ferula macrecolea extract.Methods:The green synthesis was conducted using the precipitation method.Then,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC),and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration 50%(MBIC50)of ZNPs against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)were evaluated.The effects of ZNPs on the gene expressions of Staphylococcus spp.[intracellular adhesion A(icaA)and D(icaD)]and P.aeruginosa(rhlI and rhlR)were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR.In addition,the effects of ZNPs on wound healing,angiogenesis,and anti-inflammatory markers were assessed.Results:The green-synthesized ZNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa.The biofilm formation in S.aureus and P.aeruginosa was also inhibited by ZNPs with MBIC50 values of 3.30μg/mL and 2.08μg/mL,respectively.Additionally,ZNPs downregulated the expression of biofilm-related genes icaA,icaD,rhlI,and rhlR in the tested bacteria.They also demonstrated promising in vitro wound healing effects by promoting fibroblast cell proliferation and wound closure in a dose-dependent manner.A significant increase in the expression of HLA-G5 and VEGF-A genes as well as a marked decrease in the expression of NF-κB,IL-1β,and TNF-αgenes were observed in cells treated with ZNPs compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:ZNPs display promising antibacterial effects against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa and wound-healing effects by inhibiting biofilm formation,inducing angiogenesis,and reducing inflammation.However,further studies must be conducted to specify the accurate mechanisms of action and toxicity of ZNPs.

Biodegradation of Crystalline Chitin:A Review of Recent Advancement,Challenges,and Future Study Directions

Chitin is the second most abundant renewable polysaccharide on Earth.The degradation of chitin into soluble and bioactive N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides(NCOSs)and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(GlcNAc)has emerged as a pivotal step in the efficient and sustainable utilization of chitin resources.However,because of its dense structure,high crystallinity,and poor solubility,chitin typically needs pretreatment via chemical,physical,and other methods before enzymatic conversion to enhance the accessibility between substrates and enzyme molecules.Consequently,there has been considerable interest in exploring the direct biological degradation of crystalline chitin as a cost-effective and environment-friendly technology.This review endeavors to present several biological methods for the direct degradation of chitin.We primarily focused on the importance of chitinase containing chitin-binding domain(CBD).Additionally,various modification strategies for increasing the degradation efficiency of crystalline chitin were introduced.Subsequently,the review systematically elucidated critical components of multi-enzyme catalytic systems,highlighting their potential for chitin degradation.Furthermore,the application of microorganisms in the degradation of crystalline chitin was also discussed.The insights in this review contribute to the explorations and investigations of enzymatic and microbial approaches for the direct degradation of crystalline chitin,thereby fostering advancements in biomass conversion.

Porous nanofibrous dressing enables mesenchymal stem cell spheroid formation and delivery to promote diabetic wound healing

Delayed and nonhealing of diabetic wounds imposes substantial economic burdens and physical pain on patients.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)promote diabetic wound healing.Particularly when MSCs aggregate into multicellular spheroids,their therapeutic effect is enhanced.However,traditional culture platforms are inadequate for the efficient preparation and delivery of MSC spheroids,resulting in inefficiencies and inconveniences in MSC spheroid therapy.In this study,a three-dimensional porous nanofibrous dressing(NFD)is prepared using a combination of electrospinning and homogeneous freeze-drying.Using thermal crosslinking,the NFD not only achieves satisfactory elasticity but also maintains notable cytocompatibility.Through the design of its structure and chemical composition,the NFD allows MSCs to spontaneously form MSC spheroids with controllable sizes,serving as MSC spheroid delivery systems for diabetic wound sites.Most importantly,MSC spheroids cultured on the NFD exhibit improved secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,and hepatocyte growth factor,thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing.The NFD provides a competitive strategy for MSC spheroid formation and delivery to promote diabetic wound healing.

Achieving high strength and rapid degradation in Mg-Gd-Ni alloys by regulating LPSO phase morphology combined with extrusion

In this study,Mg-13.2Gd-4.3Ni alloys containing continuous bulk-shaped long-period stacking ordered(LPSO),lamellar LPSO,and a small amount of eutectic phase were prepared,and the evolution of microstructure at different extrusion temperatures and its influence on mechanical and degradation properties as well as corrosion mechanism were investigated.Preheating before extrusion can effectively promote the precipitation of lamellar LPSO in matrix.EX400 with higher volume fraction of non-DRXed grains exhibited higher strength,which was mainly due to strong texture,high dislocation density,and high volume fraction of lamellar LPSO.The EX420 with higher volume fraction of DRXed grains showed higher degradation rate,which was mainly due to the higher density of grain boundary.The EX400 exhibited excellent comprehensive properties with tensile yield strength(TYS)of 334 MPa,ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 484 MPa and elongation(EL)of 7.4%,ultimate compressive strength(UCS)of 638 MPa and compressive yield strength(CYS)of 443 MPa,degradation rate of 86.1 mg/cm^(2)/h at 93℃in 3 wt.%KCl solution.

Molecular Dynamics-Based Simulation of Polyethylene Pipe Degradation in High Temperature and High Pressure Conditions

High-density polyethylene(HDPE)pipes have gradually become the first choice for gas networks because of their excellent characteristics.As the use of pipes increases,there will unavoidably be a significant amount of waste generated when the pipes cease their operation life,which,if improperly handled,might result in major environmental contamination issues.In this study,the thermal degradation of polyethylene materials is simulated for different pressures(10,50,100,and 150 MPa)and temperatures(2300,2500,2700,and 2900 K)in the framework of Reactive Force Field(ReaxFF)molecular dynamics simulation.The main gas products,density,energy,and the mean square displacement with temperature and pressure are also calculated.The findings indicate that raising the temperature leads to an increase in the production of gas products,while changing the pressure has an impact on the direction in which the products are generated;the faster the temperature drops,the less dense the air;both temperature and pressure increase impact the system’s energy conversion or distribution mechanism,changing the system’s potential energy as well as its total energy;the rate at which molecules diffuse increases with temperature,and decreases with pressure.The results of this investigation provide a theoretical basis for the development of the pyrolytic treatment of polyethylene waste materials.

Defect mediated losses and degradation of perovskite solar cells:Origin impacts and reliable characterization techniques

The rapid advancement of halide-based hybrid perovskite materials has garnered significant research attention,particularly in the domain of photovoltaic technology.Owing to their exceptional optoelec-tronic properties,they demonstrated power conversion efficiency(PcE)of over 25%in single junction solar cells.Despite the notable progress in PCE over the past decade,the inherent high defect density pre-senting in perovskite materials gives rise to several loss mechanisms and associated ion migration in per-ovskite solar cells(PsCs)during operational conditions.These factors collectively contribute to a significant stability challenge in PsCs,placing their longevity far behind for commercialization.While numerous reports have explored defects,ion migration,and their impacts on device performance,a com-prehensive correlation between the types of defects and the degradation kinetics of perovskite materials and PsCs has been lacking.In this context,this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the origins of defects and ion migration,emphasizing their correlation with the degradation kinetics of per-ovskite materials and PsCs,leveraging reliable characterization techniques.Furthermore,these charac-terization techniques are intended to comprehend loss mechanisms by different passivation approaches to enhance the durability and PCE of PSCs.

Research Progress on Healing Mechanism of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcers are a prevalent complication that can significantly impact quality of life and necessitate high-level amputations. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment, elucidation of pathogenesis, and targeted countermeasures assume paramount importance. Wound healing entails a complex process wherein various components such as inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix, and immune cells intricately interact with each other. Due to the vulnerability of the skin to damage, inadequate or impaired wound healing has emerged as an urgent clinical challenge requiring resolution. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in order to offer theoretical guidance for specific interventions.

Genome Sequencing,Probiotic Analysis,and Oxalate Degradation Modification of Limosilactobacillus reuteri Q35

Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a microbe intricately linked to humans and animal health.A thorough assessment of its safety and potential benefits is imperative prior to its application in human and animals.In this investigation,we performed a comprehensive analysis encompassing genome sequencing,genomic analysis,and phenotypic characterization of L.reuteri Q35,an exceptionally proficient producer of reuterin.The whole genome sequencing results showed that the complete genome sequence spans 2145158 bp with a GC content of 38.9%and encompasses 2121 genes.Initial identification of antibiotic-resistant genes,virulence factors,and toxin-coding genes in the genome substantiated the strain’s low-risk status.Subsequent tests for antibiotic resistance,acute oral toxicology,and hemolysis further confirmed its elevated safety level.The genome of L.reuteri Q35 was found to contain genes associated with adhesion and stress tolerance.Following exposure to artificial gastric juice and bile salt,the strain exhibited a higher survival rate and demonstrated a strong scavenging ability for hydroxyl free radicals in antioxidant capacity tests.These findings suggested that L.reuteri Q35 possesses unique probiotic properties.Additionally,the genome of strain Q35 harbors three truncated oxaloyl-CoA decarboxylase genes(oxc1,oxc2 and oxc3),overexpression of which resulted in a significant increase in ammonium oxalate degradation from 29.5%to 48.8%.These findings highlight that L.reuteri Q35 exhibits both favorable safety characteristics alongside beneficial properties,making it a promising candidate for treating metabolic disorders such as hyperoxaluria.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of phytohormones in the tomato graft healing process

Graft healing involves a series of cytological and molecular events including wound responses, callus formation and vascular bundle remodelling. Hormones are important signalling molecules regulating plant development and responses to environmental stimuli. However,the detailed dynamics of phytohormones in graft healing remain elusive. In this research, internodes above and below the graft site were harvested from 0 to 168 h after grafting(HAG), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) was used to determinate jasmonic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, salicylic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellin levels during the graft healing process. Uniform manifold approximation and projection(UMAP) and k-means analyses were performed to explore hormone spatio-temporal dynamics. We found the stage-specific and asymmetric accumulation of phytohormones in the tomato graft healing process. At the early healing stage(before vascular bundle reconnection), IAA, cZ, ABA, JA and SA mainly accumulated above the graft site, while tZ and ACC mainly accumulated below the graft site. MEIAA, ICAld and IP mainly accumulated at the later stage. Comminated with the healing process, we suggested that JA is mainly involved in wound responses, IAA is beneficial to the formation of callus and vascular cell development, tZ promotes cell division, and IP is linked to vascular bundle remodelling. In addition, expression of JA-related genes SlMYC2 and SlJAZ2, IAA-related gene SlIAA1, tZ-related genes SlHP2 and SlRR8, and IP-related gene SlRR9 correlated with hormone accumulation. The findings provide important information about the hormones and genes involved in the tomato graft healing process.