Evaluation System for Farmers' Satisfaction Degree in the Green Energy Saving Rebuilding of Rural Residence

In view of the present situation of measuring a green residence just by energy saving and environmental protection,we propose that we should build the rural residence more from the farmer's view and set up an evaluation system based on farmers satisfaction.A total of 16 factors affecting the farmers' satisfaction degree of green energy saving rebuilding of rural residence are selected.Questionnaire survey on 110 peasant households is carried out under different situations in Guanzhong region in Shaanxi Province,so as to obtain the importance score of evaluation index.During constructing the evaluation system for farmers' satisfaction degree,Factor Analysis Method is used to classify the related influencing factors.Subjective analysis of Analytic Hierarchy Process and the objective analysis of Factor Analysis Method are combined together to determine the weights of factors at different grades.Then,the final evaluation model is obtained,which provides guidance for the further green energy saving rebuilding of rural residence in China.

Research on Benefit Distribution Mechanism of Farmers’ Specialized Cooperative Economic Organization

On the basis of conducting survey in Jiaonan City,the thesis analyzes benefit distribution mechanism of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,the benefit correlation is mainly the contract correlation;secondly,the profit distribution is mainly the dividend;thirdly,patronage refund has many connotations;fourthly,the public accumulation has not yet been quantified to individual;fifthly,the government support capital is ill-defined.Based on these,the measures are put forward in order to improve benefit distribution pattern of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,reform structure of property rights and realize farmers’ ownership;secondly,change mode of decision-making,and realize farmers’ control;thirdly,increase turnover rebate and realize farmers’ benefiting;fourthly,quantify public accumulation and government support fund.

Financial Support for Farmers' Cooperative Organizations——A Case of Yunan Province,China

In the paper,the status quo of the development of farmers' cooperative organizations in Yunnan Province is introduced.And then a series of problems exist in the financial support of farmers' cooperatives in Yunnan is analyzed,covering the unitary mainstay of credit and loan supply;inadequate credit and loan supply caused by famers' lack of security and mortgage;farmers' difficulties in loaning from banks or other financial institutions;single financial service,which can not satisfy the demands of farmers;the private loans are active while lacks right direction and guide;the outflow of capital in rural areas has limited the development of rural economy.In view of the above mentioned problems,countermeasures and relevant suggestions are put forward,namely increasing the subjects of the loan and credit supply and expanding the financing channels.Therefore,the spheres of business of the Agricultural Development Bank of China should be expanded.Besides,the support from Agricultural Bank of China for rural construction should be strengthened and the major role played by rural credit cooperatives in rural finance should be enforced.In addition,the innovation of financial products should be highlighted;the appearance of private financing should be allowed;financial support from the government should be increased and the preferential policies for taxes and fees should be implemented.

Construction of the Government Support and Evaluation Index System of Farmers' Cooperative Economic Organizations

On the basis of expounding the necessity of evaluation index system of farmers' cooperative economic organization,the three first level indexes including organization development index,member development index and social development index and 13 second level indexes including aggregate capital of cooperative organization,annual profit share of cooperative organization,annual total income of cooperative organization,etc.,are established according to the principles of Systematics and the methods of Statistics and Quantitative economics.By using the analytical hierarchy process,the weight of each index is tested and the operation result and evaluation mode is established,as well as the index standard value and comprehensive value.As for the result of the evaluation,it is suggested that the government should support the farmers' cooperative organizations in hierarchy and targeted way according to local conditions.Though the construction of index system and comprehensive score,the government should establish the entry and exit mechanism of farmers' cooperative organizations to reasonably guild the rapid development of cooperators.

International Experience of Farmers Specialized Cooperative Economic Organizations in Marketing of Agricultural Products

In the world,development modes of farmers specialized cooperative economic organizations mainly includes two types:( i) specialized agricultural cooperatives with the United States of America as representative,and( ii) comprehensive agricultural cooperatives with Japan and South Korea as representative. In comparison,China mainly develops farmers specialized cooperatives which are agricultural production with family as unit and small in land and management scale like agricultural production in Japan. Therefore,in marketing of agricultural products,cooperatives in the United States of America and Japan have successful experience. China may learn such experience in the development of farmers specialized cooperatives.

The Degree of Farmers' Cognition on Non-point Source Pollution:Based on the Statistical Analysis of 453 Farmers

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,agricultural non-point source pollution becomes increasingly serious in China,improving farmers' environmental protection consciousness plays a very important role in the reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution.Therefore,this investigation and study chooses rural areas of five counties from Chongqing city and Zhejiang province as our samples,our investigation and statistical analysis includes the following four aspects:farmers' cognition on non-point source pollution concept,farmers' cognition to rural environment satisfaction,farmers' cognition on non-point source pollution in agricultural production and farmers' cognition on the consequences of agricultural non-point source pollution and the effects on ecological environment.The analysis and conclusions of farmers' consciousness cognition on agricultural non-point source pollution,provides the supports in theory and practice for optimizing the behavior of farmers,promoting the management of agricultural non-point source pollution and implementing new rural construction goal.

Present Situation and Development Mode of Chinese Farmers' Cooperative Organizations

In developed countries,the typical modes of farmers' cooperative organizations are " German mode", " Japan and South Korea mode" and " American mode". The development of farmers' cooperative organizations in China is the product of need and being needed,with low level of specialization,systematism and industrialization. However,Chinese farmers' cooperative organizations have the advantages of diversification,full supporting and great opportunities of Internet economy and e-commerce environment. Based on that,this paper puts forward the " Chinese mode" for the development of farmers' cooperative organizations in China in the future,that is,the main body of innovation and entrepreneurship will unite,and the other entities of production and industry will follow them.

Analysis on Development Pathway of Farmer Organization under the Background of Rural Revitalization

The development of farmer organization will play an important role in rural revitalization. Basic pathways of farmer organization development are excavating common interest,playing the role of farmer elite,cultivating modern farmers and increasing government support. But due to the influences of rural culture tradition and current management system,there exists certain difficulty to meet these conditions to different extents,which decides that benign development of farmer organization will be a long persistence process.

Local Knowledge of Farmer Communities in the Use of Organic Fertilizers to Increase Cashew Production in Buton Utara Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Local knowledge has an important role in agricultural practices.This study aims to describe the local knowledge of farming communities about the use of organic fertilizers as a strategy to increase cashew production in Buton Utara Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques using in-depth interviews and observation.The research results showed that the farming community in this area has in-depth local knowledge of how to make and apply effective organic fertilizers sourced from the surrounding natural environment.However,there are challenges in access to the organic materials needed and constraints in the widespread implementation of organic fertilizers.This study recommends strengthening education and training programs to increase farmers’awareness and skills in using organic fertilizers.

The Function,Future and Support Elements of Farmer Cooperative Economy Organization

The nature of farmer cooperative economy organization( known as FCEO) determines the fact that the economic effects of farmer cooperative economy organization are as important as its social effects. Many experts,however,now would only focus on its economic function, and either neglect or weaken its social influence. Therefore,this paper introduces the theoretical foundation of the farmer cooperative economy organization,and studies the nature of cooperative economics. Based on those typical cases,the future of cooperative organization and four supporting elements were put forward in this paper.

Development of business capacity and organization of commercial business of farmer based organizations in the northern intervention zone in Ghana: A case study of nine-farmer based organizations

The Agricultural Component of the Millennium Challenge Account Ghana Compact was to alleviate poverty and improve livelihoods of farmers through commercial development of farmer organizations in the intervention zones in Ghana. In Ghana, there were three intervention zones as Southern Horticultural Zone, Afram Basin Zone and Northern Horticultural Zone. Nine Farmer Based Organizations (FBO’s) of 450 farmers consisting of 65.1% males and 34.9% females in the West Mamprusi district of the Northern Horticultural Zone were trained by authors under the Millennium Development Authority (MiDA) Agricultural Project. Farmers of the FBO’s were trained on nine modules on Business Capacity Building and five modules on Organization of Commercial Business over a period of six weeks. Age range of trainee farmers was 30-39 years for males representing 37.54% and 40-49 years for females representing 29.94%. Educational level of trainee farmers was 9.90% males and 1.91% females who completed primary school. Trainee farmers who completed senior high school were 2.73% and 0.64% for males and females, respectively. There were no university graduates among the trainees of the nine farmer groups trained. Among the educated trainee farmers was 81.91% male illiterate and 91.72% illiterate. Trainees’ farm size was 0.4-2.0 hectares representing 57.43% males and 66.45% females. Attendance of male trainees over the period of six weeks was 89.76% and 10.24% absentees, whereas attendance of females over the same period was 88.96% and 11.04% absentees. Nine Action Business Plans were developed for the nine FBO’s to access financial support from the MiDA participating financial institutions in the horticultural zone for the commercial development of farmers’ organizations. This paper presents a case study analysis of Business Capacity Building and Organization of Commercial Business modules provided in the Northern Horticultural Zone to nine Farmer Based Organizations (FBO’s).

The Construction of Intensive and Organized Agricultural Industrialization Model with Farmers as the Main Body

The current agricultural conflicts of China are analyzed and the forms and drawbacks of current agricultural industrial structure are listed.The situations for intensifying the farmland with appropriate scale are analyzed from the aspects of policy,farmers,farms and modernization of agriculture.It is pointed out that the situations for the intensive use of land are becoming mature.Taking the single pig-breeding chain as an example,the agricultural industrialization model,which takes farmers as the main body,is expounded.Besides,its functions and significance in solving "the three agriculture problems" and facilitating the modernization of agriculture are discussed.

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues （VR） collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica （PoR）, collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches （as well as their removal） constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion： （a） C/N ratio 〈 15; （b） NH4^＋-N 〈 400 mg/kg; （c） CO2-C 〈 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; （d） dehydrogenase activity 〈 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; （e） germination index （GI） 〉 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N （13.0 g/kg）, P （4.74 g/kg） and MgO （15.80 g/kg）. Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.

Study of oxidative desulphurization process of coal with different metamorphism degrees

The oxidative desulphurization process of coal with different metamorphism degrees treated by an air-steam mixture has been studied.It has been shown that the pyrite present in black coal and anthracite is oxidized with the sulphur dioxide formation,and the process chemical mechanism does not depend on the quality of organic matter.The medium-metamorphized coal,capable of turning into a plastic state and cake in the range of investigated temperatures(350～450 ℃),is desulphurized with the greatest difficulty.The chemical mechanism dealing with the transformations of pyritic sulphur present in brown coal differs from similar processes taking place in black coal and anthracite,because FeS2 is converted with hydrogen sulphide formation at desulphurization.

Degree of nutrient consumption as an aging index of upwelling or vertically mixed water in the northern Taiwan Strait

In order to determine the relative aging status of upwelled or vertically mixed water in the northern Taiwan Strait, a recently developed method of calculating the degree of nutrient consumption (DNC) was employed. Upwelling was detected at a water depth of about 75 m in summer. Bottom waters in the aphotic zone and newly-upwelled waters in the euphoric zone were found to be low in terms of their DNC. In general, a low DNC was noted alongside the other traditional upwelling indicators, such as lower temperature and degree of oxygen saturation, but higher salinity, apparent oxygen utilization, nutrient contents and chlorophyll-a. Enhanced vertical mixing, but without an apparent upwelling signal, was detected near the same location in winter.

Hierarchical Self-organization of Complex Systems

Researches on organization and structure in complex systems are academic and industrial fronts in modern sciences. Though many theories are tentatively proposed to analyze complex systems, we still lack a rigorous theory on them. Complex systems possess various degrees of freedom, which means that they should exhibit all kinds of structures. However, complex systems often show similar patterns and structures. Then the question arises why such similar structures appear in all kinds of complex systems. The paper outlines a theory on freedom degree compression and the existence of hierarchical self-organization for all complex systems is found. It is freedom degree compression and hierarchical self-organization that are responsible for the existence of these similar patterns or structures observed in the complex systems.

The Changes of Fiscal Agriculture-Supporting Expenditure and Farmers' Income Based on Grey Correlation Theory

According to the relevant data of China Statistical Yearbook and Chinese Rural Statistical Yearbook in the year of 2009,the changes of grey correlation degree of farmers' net income,various items of incomes,national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure and various items of expenditures,farmers' net income and various items of fiscal agriculture-supporting expenditure in the Eighth Five-Year Plan,Ninth Five-Year Plan and Tenth Five-Year Plan by using grey correlation degree and the by choosing seven indicators covering income from wage and salary,income from household business,transfer income and property income,agricultural production-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure,expenses of three items of agricultural technology and the fee of rural relief.The results show that the grey correlation degree of each time period and household net income shows the downward trend;from overall perspective,the grey correlation degree of national gross agriculture-supporting expenditure,agricultural basic construction expenditure and agricultural production-supporting expenditure shows the descending trend;the grey correlation degree of fiscal agricultural supporting expenditure and the expenditure of three items of agricultural technology and fee of rural relief show the upward trend;the influence of agricultural production-supporting expenditure on farmers' income shows downward trend;the influence of agricultural basic construction on farmers' income shows upward trend;the fee of rural relief play an active role in the promoting the farmers' income increase;the role played by fee of rural relief in promoting farmers' income increase should be further increased;the increase of farmers' income shows great reliance on agricultural science and technology.In the end,the relevant suggestions on establishing stable increase mechanism of fiscal agricultural support and insisting on the dynamic adjustment of the structure of fiscal agricultural supporting capital are put forward.

Consumer Ideology Determines Shopping Preferences at Farmers Markets in Two US Geographical Regions

The purpose of this study was to identify if there were differences that existed in the behaviors, attitudes, awareness, and motivating factors that influenced people to shop at farmers’ markets and purchase USDA certified organic food in two geographic regions: Corvallis, Oregon and Muncie, Indiana. A survey was administered to consumers who shopped at the Minnetrista Farmers’ Market (MFM) and the Corvallis-Albany Farmers’ Market (CAFM) in the summer of 2012 to measure the shoppers’ purchasing perceptions. Specific areas of interest in this study included consumer values towards supporting local farmers and consuming USDA certified organic food. A comparison of responses between regions was analyzed. Results of the study provide insights on consumers’ purchasing attitudes and behaviors regarding USDA certified organic products, and why they chose to shop at Farmers’ Markets. Ideology was the strongest predictor for consumer purchasing behaviors. Understanding how regional differences affect food choice has implications for wellness programs and industry marketing materials.