Modelling rapid non-destructive test using light weight deflectometer on granular soils across different degrees of saturation

This study introduces an advanced finite element model for the light weight deflectometer(LWD),which integrates contact mechanics with fully coupled models.By simulating LWD tests on granular soils at various saturation levels,the model accurately reflects the dependence of the LWD modulus on dry density,water content,and effective stress.This model addresses and overcomes the limitations of previous finite element models for this specific problem.Simultaneously,this research presents the first experimentally validated fully coupled contact impact model.Furthermore,the research provides a comparative assessment of elastoplastic and nonlinear elastic models and contrasts an enriched node-tosegment method(developed in this study)with the more precise mortar technique for contact mechanics.These comparisons reveal unique advantages and challenges for each method.Moreover,the study underscores the importance of careful application of the LWD modulus,emphasising the need for sophisticated tools to interpret soil behaviour accurately.

Influence of relative compaction and degree of saturation on the deformation characteristics of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles

Bentonite,consisting of clay minerals of the montmorillonite group,has been widely used as an adsorbent and backfill material in nuclear waste disposal and groundwater remediation.It is challenging to use bentonite as a filling material in cold regions since bentonite is highly sensitive to thermal environmental changes,during which its bulk volume and microstructure change significantly.In this study,a series of one-dimensional and three-dimensional freeze-thaw tests were carried out within a closed system to investigate the influencing factors of the deformation of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles.Results show that the initial soil water content greatly impacts bentonite's deformation during freeze-thaw cycles.For an initial higher degree of saturation(Sr),the expansion caused by the formation of ice lenses has a greater impact than the shrinkage induced by dehydration,ice-cementation,and so on.Conversely,bentonite tends to shrink at a lower degree of saturation during freezing.And the critical degree of saturation that determines bentonite's behavior of frost heave or frost shrinkage seems to be roughly 0.8.As the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises,initially uncompacted bentonite clay becomes more compacted,and initially compacted bentonite clay remains unchanged.

Laboratory investigation on relationship between degree of saturation, B-value and P-wave velocity

Laboratory tests were performed on Toyoura sand specimens to investigate the relationship between degree of saturation Sr, B-value and P-wave velocity Vp. Different types of pore water （de-aired water or tap water） and pore gas （air or CO2） as well as different magnitudes of back pressure were used to achieve different Sr （or B-value）. The measured relationship between B-value and Vp was not consistent with the theoretical prediction. The measurement shows that the Vp value in the specimen flushed with de-aired water is independent of B-value （or St） and is always around the one in fully saturated condition. However, the Vp value in the specimen flushed with tap water increases with B-value, but the shape of the relationship between Vp and B-value is quite different from the theoretical prediction. The possible explanation for the discrepancy between laboratory measurement and theoretical prediction lies in that the air exists in the water as air bubbles and therefore the pore fluid （air-water mixture） is heterogeneous instead of homogenous assumed in the theoretical prediction.

Estimation of the Degree of Saturation of Shallow Soils from Satellite Observations to Model Soil Slips Occurred in Emilia Romagna Region of Northern Italy

For the development of alert systems for soil slip occurrence, it is important to evaluate the degree of saturation of shallow soils (Sr) over wide areas. Taking into account the possibility to estimate spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture using remote sensing techniques, a possible correlation between Sr and the daily output of a sequential data assimilation system called ACHAB (Assimilation Code for HeAt and moisture Balance) has been studied. ACHAB is based on integrated use of remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) and common data on meteorological forcing such as air temperature, wind-speed and incident solar radiation. The aim of this study is to understand if it is possible to use ACHAB output (a daily value of evaporative fraction for the whole Italian territory) to define the parameter Sr that could be introduced in a simplified model for the description of soil slip triggering mechanisms on territorial scale.

Determining the degree of saturation of rocks as a function of time:A case study from mountainous area of Turkey

The aim of this study is to scrutinize whether, in terms of saturation, the 48 hour duration suggested by ISRM(International Society for Rock Mechanics) methods and ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) standard in rocks is sufficient or not, and to examine how the degree of saturation of rocks may be determined as a function of time. For this purpose, samples from five different rock groups including igneous(andesite, granite, andesitic tuff) and sedimentary(limestone, sandstone) exposed in Gümü?hane city which is from mountainous area of north-eastern Turkey, have been compiled. Measurements were taken on the samples left for saturation under laboratory conditions as a result of which the degree of saturation values at the end of these time periods were determined. Similarly, at the end of 48 hours, the samples were left to dry under atmospheric conditions in the laboratory environment and their time dependent degree of saturation were also calculated at different times. The changes as a function of time in the degree of saturation were then examined mathematically using non-linear, exponential and logarithmic functions. Graphs and equations related with the acquired time-degree of saturation values and the correlation coefficient(r) values for these equalities have indicated a high accordance between time and degree of saturation for the studied rock groups. The applied methodology will be beneficial for determining the degree of saturation based on time for engineering studies that will be carried out in similar lithologies.

Modeling of Surface Waves in a Fluid Saturated Poro-Elastic Medium under Initial Stress Using Time-Space Domain Higher Order Finite Difference Method

In this present context, mathematical modeling of the propagation of surface waves in a fluid saturated poro-elastic medium under the influence of initial stress has been considered using time dependent higher order finite difference method (FDM). We have proved that the accuracy of this finite-difference scheme is 2M when we use 2nd order time domain finite-difference and 2M-th order space domain finite-difference. It also has been shown that the dispersion curves of Love waves are less dispersed for higher order FDM than of lower order FDM. The effect of initial stress, porosity and anisotropy of the layer in the propagation of Love waves has been studied here. The numerical results have been shown graphically. As a particular case, the phase velocity in a non porous elastic solid layer derived in this paper is in perfect agreement with that of Liu et al. (2009).

EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON ORDERING DEGREE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN FeSiAl ALLOYS

FeSiAl alloys ribbons synthesized by melt-quench were annealed in vacuum at 873 K for 60 rain. The flaky powders were prepared by milling the annealed ribbons for 70 h. After milling, the powders were heat treated at 573 K for 90 rain. The ordering degree of the powders lattice structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The measurement of specific saturation magnetization was carried out by vibrating samples magnetometer （VSM）. Complex permittivity and complex permeability in the frequency band of 0.5-18 GHz were measured with the vector network analyzer. The ordering degree of the superlattice structure increased from 0.2＇7 to 0.49. Complex permittivity and complex permeability decreased with increasing Si content. After ordering, the specific saturation magnetization decreased from 134.2 to 85.0 A.m2.kg-1. For use in anti-EMI material, the total contents of Si and Al in FeSiAl alloys should be controlled at a low level.

EFFECT OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO_2 ON THE pH AND THE SATURATION STATES OF CALCITE AND ARAGONITE OF SEAWATER

Growth of phytoplankton, zooplankton and probably most other marine organisms as well, is likely to be affected by the pH of seawater. Growth of calcareous shells and skeletons is less likely to be affect ed by the saturation states of calcite and aragonite but the dissolution is. The increase of CO2 in the oceans due to burning of fossil fuel and clearing of forests is decreasing the pH of seawater and the degress of saturation for calcite and aragonite worldwide. This paper presents the results of the first attempt to estimate the vertical distribution of anthropogenic CO2, and the decreases in pH and the degrees of saturation of calcite and aragonite in seawater near Taiwan. Most ef fects are very small except for the possible dissolution of aragonite on the upper continental slope starting around 2050 AD.

ON THE SATURATION OF L_w^p-APPROXIMATION BY (O-q'-q) TYPE HERMITE-FEJER INTERPOLATING POLYNOMIALS

The 'o' saturation theorem and the degree of Lwp, approximation by (0 - q' - q) type Hermite-Fejer interpolating polynomials for mean convergence are obtained.

单轴压缩过程中冻结砂岩的损伤局部化规律研究

损伤局部化是岩石受荷破坏过程中的必经阶段和破坏前兆特征。本文研究冻结岩石受荷破坏过程中的损伤局部化规律,并探讨初始饱和度的影响。在-20℃下对具有不同初始饱和度的冻结砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,并采用数字图像相关(DIC)和声发射(AE)系统采集试验过程中的表面变形和声发射信号,分析了试样表面应变局部化模式与内部微裂纹扩展类型。结果表明:(1)初始饱和度令试样的单轴抗压强度产生阶段性变化,并改变了试样各加载阶段占比和破裂过程中的声发射振铃计数分布特征;(2)以40%初始饱和度为转折点,试样的表面应变局部化模式由拉应变为主变为剪应变为主,初始饱和度超过90%时出现了拉、剪应变同时发展的混合模式,并能与试样的最终破坏形态对应;(3)损伤局部化过程中,试样内部的微裂纹扩展类型与表面应变局部化模式基本吻合。最后,结合不同初始饱和度下冻结岩石孔隙中的相组成分变化,分析了其对冻结岩石损伤局部化模式的影响。本研究有助于加深研究人员对冻结岩石力学性质的认识,为寒区岩石工程破坏与失稳预测提供重要参考。

MRI PDWI-FS序列评估膝骨关节炎病变程度的临床价值及意义

目的 探究磁共振脂肪抑制质子密度加权成像(MRI PDWI-FS)序列评估膝骨关节炎(KOA)病变程度的临床价值及意义。方法 选取2022年1月至2023年12月漯河医学高等专科学校第二附属医院收治的105例KOA患者,均行MRI PDWI-FS序列扫描,以关节镜检查结果作为金标准,分析MRI PDWI-FS序列对KOA软骨损伤分级、K-L分级标准的诊断价值。结果 K-L分级标准显示,105例KOA患者中初期23例,早期17例,中期37例,晚期28例;关节镜检查显示,105例KOA患者2B级损伤82个,占28.67%;3级损伤53个,占18.53%;MRI PDWI-FS序列检出1级损伤83个;2A级损伤64个;2B级损伤86个;3级损伤53个,PDWI-FS序列诊断KOA软骨损伤分级与关节镜检查的一致性较高,Kappa值=0.934,95%CI为0.866~1.002,P<0.001;MRI PDWI-FS序列检出初期21例,早期17例,中期38例,晚期29例,PDWI-FS序列诊断K-L分级标准与关节镜检查的一致性较高,Kappa值=0.856,95%CI为0.743~0.970,P<0.001。结论 MRI PDWI-FS序列可清晰显示关节软骨损伤病灶位置、范围、深度等信息,可有效评价软骨下骨组织挫伤、骨囊变等,有助于临床诊断患者病情程度、针对性制定治疗方案,临床应用价值较高。

不同初始饱和度条件下高液限滑带土环剪试验

针对某高速公路沿线边坡滑带土,开展了一系列环剪试验研究含水率对其残余强度的影响。制作1.20 g·cm^(-3)和1.35 g·cm^(-3)两种干密度条件下初始饱和度为25%、45%、65%、85%和100%的滑带土试样,在100 kPa、200 kPa和400 kPa正应力条件下开展试验,获得了滑带土剪应力与剪切角关系曲线。根据曲线得到残余剪切强度,得出滑带土的残余强度参数。结果表明,当正应力为100 kPa时,初始饱和度对滑带土残余强度影响不明显,当正应力为200 kPa和400 kPa时,初始饱和度增大将使残余强度降低。当干密度为1.35 g·cm^(-3)时,残余黏聚力随初始饱和度增加而增加,而当干密度为1.20 g·cm^(-3)时则表现出先增后减的规律。对于两种干密度的滑带土,残余摩擦角均随初始饱和度增加而减小。低干密度条件下残余强度参数随初始饱和度的变化更敏感。

孔隙率对多孔介质模型内水-气两相驱替规律的影响

多孔介质的孔隙率是影响水气两相驱替模式和注液饱和度的重要因素,饱和度是决定离子型稀土矿浸出率的关键指标。开展四种孔隙率的多孔介质中水气两相驱替微流体模型试验,确定了水气两相驱替模式,分析了气体团簇的形成机理及其分布特征,研究了孔隙率对模型内注液饱和度的影响。结果表明:水气两相驱替为毛细管指进模式,孔隙率高的多孔介质中指进现象更显著;随着毛细管数的增大,渗流模式逐渐趋于稳定。毛细管指进过程容易在多孔介质孔隙中形成气体团簇,低孔隙率模型中的气体团簇小而多;高孔隙率模型内的气体团簇大而少。模型内的注液饱和度随着孔隙率的增大而减小,随着注液强度的增大而增大。

堆载和固结对高饱和度废弃黏土抗剪强度影响

以杭州某基坑开挖渣土为研究对象,开展了24组大尺寸固结-直剪试验,研究了瞬时、阶梯型和斜坡型3种加载方式下高饱和度黏土固结过程抗剪强度的变化规律.结果表明,在上覆荷载作用下,土体产生瞬时压缩,压缩量随荷载的增大而增加;在3种加载方式下,当最终荷载相同时,最终沉降量较为接近;剪切曲线为应变硬化型,初始切线模量和最终剪应力均随固结度或上覆荷载的增大而提高;加载方式对初始切线模量有一定影响,对最终剪应力影响较小;抗剪强度随固结度的增长呈线性增大趋势,增大幅度随荷载的增大而显著;在3种加载方式下,当上覆荷载和固结度相同时,抗剪强度基本接近.基于试验结果,建立了高饱和度黏土固结过程抗剪强度预测模型,并利用本文试验数据和文献数据验证了其可靠性.模型分析结果表明:随着固结度的增长,抗剪强度包络线截距呈线性增大,而弯曲程度呈线性减小.在高饱和度废弃黏土堆填工程中,可采用本文建立的模型来预测不同堆填方式下土体固结过程的抗剪强度.

基于微纳米CT技术的化学驱后微观剩余油定量描述

利用微纳米CT技术及室内岩心驱油实验,对岩心微观孔隙结构进行三维重构,研究水驱后和化学驱后微观剩余油的分布特征、赋存状态,定量描述不同尺寸孔隙内微观剩余油饱和度,明确不同驱油体系对微观剩余油的动用程度。结果表明:水驱后转聚合物驱的剩余油饱和度为22.3%,水驱后转二元复合驱的剩余油饱和度为18.4%,水驱后转非均相复合驱提高采收率效果明显,最终剩余油饱和度为12%。经三维重构后可以直观地看到不同驱油体系后微观剩余油的分布特征。化学驱后不同孔径内的剩余油饱和度均有所降低,大于25μm孔径内的剩余油动用效果明显,聚合物驱动用程度为66.7%.二元复合驱动用程度为75.7%、非均相复合驱动用程度为85.5%。聚合物驱和二元复合驱对孔径5μm以下孔隙内的剩余油动用程度较低,分别只有19.3%和35.9%;非均相复合驱对小于5μm孔径内的剩余油动用程度达到52.5%。非均相复合体系具有扩大波及体积和降低界面张力的双重作用。

氢化丁腈橡胶耐盐酸性能的研究

研究丙烯腈含量、饱和度和硫化体系对氢化丁腈橡胶(HNBR)硫化胶耐盐酸性能的影响。结果表明:不同牌号HNBR硫化胶经过耐盐酸试验后,均呈硬度和体积增大、拉伸强度和拉断伸长率减小的趋势;丙烯腈含量较小、饱和度较低的HNBR硫化胶的耐盐酸性能更好;与采用过氧化物硫化体系的HNBR硫化胶相比,采用硫黄硫化体系的HNBR硫化胶的耐盐酸性能更好。

Modelling of the variation of granular base materials resilient modulus with material characteristics and humidity conditions

This study aims to quantify the susceptibility of granular materials used in pavements to changes in moisture content and propose a correlation model to incorporate this susceptibility into seasonal analyses.The fines content and the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates were identified as direct indicators of the resilient modulus susceptibility to changes in water content.The results showed that the percentage of fractured coarse aggregates particles(FR)has a more significant impact on the resilient modulus(Er)of crushed granular materials used in pavement construction than the combined indicator of the fines content and sample volumetrics(nf).Crushed granular materials with a higher percentage of fractured coarse aggregates are relatively insensitive to changes in the degree of saturation,but become more sensitive as the fine fraction porosity decreases.An adjusted model was proposed based on the existing formulation,but considers a complex parameter to describe and adjust the sensitivity of base granular materials to variations in moisture content with respect to fabrication charac-teristics,fines content and volumetric properties.The model shows that the variation of Er values is below10%for fully crushed granular materials.However,it reaches approximately±12%for materials with 75%of crushed coarse aggregates andþ40%and-25%for materials with FR=50%.This model could help select good ag-gregates characteristics and adjust grain-size distribution for environments where significant moisture content variations can occur in the pavement system,such as in the Province of Quebec(Canada).As it is based on pa-rameters that can be easily determined or estimated,it also represents a valuable tool for detailed design and analysis that can consider material characteristics.

川南长宁地区奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩气储层低电阻率响应特征及主控因素

以川南长宁地区NX22井五峰组—龙马溪组低电阻率页岩气储层为例,利用岩心矿物组分、扫描电镜、总有机碳(TOC)含量、含水饱和度测试及测井曲线等资料,确立了低电阻率页岩气储层岩石体积物理模型,采用随机法构建了三维数字岩心模型,进而利用有限元数值模拟方法模拟计算各矿物组分含量、含水饱和度及有机质石墨化的电阻率响应特征,并分析其主控因素。研究结果表明:(1)长宁地区五峰组—龙马溪组低电阻率页岩气储层岩石体积物理模型由骨架(石英、长石、方解石和白云石等)、黏土矿物、黄铁矿、未石墨化有机质以及石墨化有机质、孔隙6个部分组成。(2)三维数字岩心模型的长、宽、高分别为100×100×100像素,融入了上述物理模型中的6个部分,并采用不同的颜色对导电组分进行标识,可以显示不同方向上的切片,表征低电阻率页岩气储层的组分特性。(3)黏土矿物含量、黄铁矿含量、含水饱和度以及有机质石墨化程度等4个参数增大都会造成页岩气储层的电阻率下降,而有机质的高石墨化程度(25%)和高含水饱和度(88.0%)使页岩气储层的电阻率从正常电阻率(大于15Ω·m)降到低阻甚至超低阻(小于5Ω·m),是导致研究区页岩气储层超低阻响应的2个核心因素。

辽西北不同沙化程度草地饱和导水率及其影响因素

辽西北地处干旱半干旱地区,降水量少而蒸发量大,容易导致土地沙化,产生水土流失和生态环境问题,制约当地社会经济和生态文明建设的可持续发展。[目的]本文分析不同沙化程度草地土壤饱和导水率特征及影响因素,揭示土地沙化过程中土壤水分入渗动态变化机制。[方法]以辽西北沙化草地为研究对象,基于室内环刀法、现场采样和室内分析相结合的方法,揭示4种不同沙化程度草地的土壤饱和导水率及影响因素。[结果]不同沙化程度草地土壤饱和导水率表现为未沙化(2.46 mm/min)<轻度沙化(5.57 mm/min)<中度沙化(8.72 mm/min)<重度沙化(9.04 mm/min),未沙化草地各土层土壤饱和导水率仅为重度沙化草地各深度土壤饱和导水率的27.21%;不同沙化程度草地饱和导水率随土层深度变化整体表现为增大的趋势。深度为0~30 cm土壤饱和导水率随沙化程度的加剧而增大,未沙化草地表层土壤饱和导水率仅为重度沙化草地的17%左右;深度为30~70 cm土壤饱和导水率同样表现为未沙化<轻度沙化<中度沙化<重度沙化,其中未沙化草地饱和导水率为重度沙化草地的30%左右;深层为70~100 cm土壤饱和导水率同样表现为未沙化<轻度沙化<重度沙化<中度沙化,其中未沙化草地饱和导水率为中度沙化草地的40%左右;磷酸酶与饱和导水率呈显著负相关关系,砂粒、体积质量、非毛管孔隙度与饱和导水率呈显著正相关关系;饱和导水率可以一定程度上代表其他指标变化规律,且与沙化程度呈线性关系,可解释98.70%的数据。[结论]辽西北沙化草地土壤饱和导水率表现为随着沙化程度的加重而升高;不同沙化程度草地土壤饱和导水率随土层深度增加整体表现为增大的趋势;植被恢复降低了土壤饱和导水率;沙化程度越高,土壤砂粒量、体积质量和非毛管孔隙度越高,土壤养分量、酶活性、粉黏粒量和毛管孔隙度随沙化程度增加而降低,植被通过增加土壤养分量和生物活性改变了土壤孔隙组成,增加了土壤持水能力,降低了土壤饱和导水率;砂粒、磷酸酶、体积质量、非毛管孔隙度为影响饱和导水率的主要因子;饱和导水率与沙化程度呈线性正相关关系,可作为评价辽西北草地沙化程度的指标。

马岭油田S区延10储层特征及水驱规律研究

马岭油田S区块已进入注水开发的中高含水期,研究其水驱规律对后续改善注水开发效果具有实际意义。以S区延10_(1)^(2-1)层段为研究对象,以区域构造背景及构造特征为基础,从岩心资料、测井数据着手,重点分析沉积微相与砂体平面展布特征,总结储层物性,分析储层非均质性特征。结合油田生产资料,从非均质性方面重点分析延10储层平面、纵向水驱规律。结果表明:受储层渗透率非均质的影响,纵向上的水驱呈现复合韵律的特点,高渗透率部位水洗程度高,剩余油含油饱和度较低;较低渗透率部位水洗程度较低,含油饱和度相对较高。油层在纵向上的产液量、产水量、含水率同样呈复合韵律特点。平面上的水驱呈现出沿砂体延伸方向推进较快,主流线方向上的油井见效快。位于负向构造部位的油井较早见水,进入水量多,油层水洗较为充分;位于正向构造部位的油井注入水进入较晚,进入水量较少,水洗程度相对较低。注入水优先沿高渗透带方向推进,该方向水推较快,吸水较多。