Development and Utilization of Water Resources and Countermeasures:A Case Study of Yuan'an County of Yichang City in Hubei Province

[Objective] To study current development and utilization of water resources in Yuan'an County and countermeasures. [Method] On the basis of analyzing basic characteristics of water resources in Yuan'an County as well as its current development and utilization, problems in the development and utilization of water resources in the study area were pointed out, and feasible countermeasures were proposed correspondingly. [Result] The county is endowed with rich water resources, but the overall use efficiency is low. There are many problems in the development and utilization of local water resources, such as pollution of water source, water and soil loss and so on. [Conclusion] In view of the problems, feasible suggestions were given to provide scientific support for the reasonable development and utilization of water resources in Yuan'an County.

THE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCE AND THE OASIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ARID LAND—A CASE STUDY OF TURPAN BASIN

Turpan Basin is a unique geographic region in China. The topography of the Basin is closed and the climate is extremely dry. The shortage of water resource has been restricting the existence and development of the oasis in Turpan Basin. This paper briefly analyzes the characteristics of the basin's water resources, and expounds the processes of their utilization and regional development. It points out that the exploration of water resource is close to the limit and the utilization of water resource is unreasonable. So it is nonrealistic to follow the traditional exploration pattern. According to the transforming pattern between runoff and groundwater in the basin, an overall planning of the utilization of the water resource is advanced. Based on the relation between the maintenance of Aydingkol Lake and the existence of the oasis, the amount of water resource used must be controlled in order to guarantee the existence of the lake. The orientation of the utilization of water resource is to improve the management level of water resource, and to apply advanced water saving technology. Building up an economic system which can effectively use water resource is the orientation of the oasis sustainable economic development.

Interactions between water-land resources and oasis urban development at the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang,China

Urban development in arid and semi-arid regions is largely constrained by fragile physical environ- ments. The characteristics of an urban settlement are different from those in other regions of China. This paper analyses the coupling characteristics and spatio-temporal variations for oasis urban development and water-land resources at the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains by principal component analysis and a coupling degree model. The result shows that the degree and change in regional use of water and land resources are different among the studied cities/counties during their development. The built-up areas of these cities/counties have changed little with increasing populations and urbanization levels, which well reflects that the urban development in arid and semi-arid regions is limited by oasis areas. Per capita amount of water supplied, however, presented a trend of slowed growth with increasing levels of urbanization. Water consumption gradually increased with urban development and the improvement of people＇s living standards, accompanied by enhanced water use efficiency. The level of urbanization can be assessed through the coupling degree between oasis urban development and the use of water and land resources. A high coupling degree represents a high level of comprehensive urban devel- opment and use of water-land resources. Alternatively, a low coupling degree denotes a low level of urban devel- opment and water-land resource use.

STAGES AND POTENTIALITY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT INARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA

The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water rare (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progess. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 108 m3, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not ben fully develop. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91 %. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%.

Water Resources Development and Water Utilization in the Gavkhuni River Basin, Iran

Analysis of water supplies and demand over the past 50 years in the Gavkhuni River Basin（GRB） indicate that despite large investments in water resources development the basin remains just as vulnerable to drought as it always has been. During the period of analysis two transbasin diversions and a storage reservoir have been constructed which have more or less doubled the annual supply to water to the basin. But with each water resource development extractive capacity for irrigation, urban and industrial use has increased by the same amount, so that all new water is allocated as soon as it is available. The most recent developments, since 1980, have actually increased vulnerability to drought because extractive capacity is greater than average flow into the basin. Whenever demand exceeds supply all water is extracted from the basin and the tail end dries up. During the past 50 years flows into the salt pan at the downstream end of the basin have been negligible for more than half the time. Prospects for the future are bleak because once the current phase of water resources development is completed no further water supplies are likely, but demand continues to rise at a steady rate. Ultimately agriculture will have to concede water to urban, industrial and environmental demands.

Hydraulic Energy Development of Changjiang Valley in First 5 Decades of 21st Century

The Changjiang River Valley is rich in hydraulic energy resources. A rough estimation of the technically developable volume and the economically developable volume for the Changjiang River Valley was drawn out on the basis of new data. According to the estimation, the developable water energy resources of the whole valley is 257 627.60 MW with an annual energy output of 1 195.142 billion kW·h - respectively amounting to 120.6% and 116.3% of the General Investigation result in 1980. The proportion of economically developable volume in the technically developable volume ranges the medium level in the world. According to the 3-step plan for the national economic and social development, the economic situation of our country will come up to the standard of medium-developed countries in the mid of the 21st century. Calculation reports from related departments show that the national electric power requirement in the Year 2050 will be 6 200 billion kW·h (basic scheme) ～11 600 billion kW·h (ideal scheme) while the electric power requirement of the South-west, Central and East areas of the nation within the Changjiang River Valley will amount to 44% ～ 50 %. In order to satisfy the electric power requirement of the national economic and social development, the development and utilization of the hydraulic energy in the Changjiang River Valley should be speeded up by stressing its strategic position and taking effective measures. The structure of the electric energy components of the three areas will be improved with the increasing proportion of the hydroelectricity. The hydroelectricity should be mainly developed in the South-west area; both the hydroelectric and fossil-fired power should be developed in the Central China; the fossil-fired power should be mainly developed in the combination of hydropower while nuclear power will be properly developed in the East China. In the Year 2050, the development of the economically developable hydraulic energy in the whole valley will be basically completed and the proportion of the hydropower in the electric energy components will be 40%.

我国江河演变新格局与系统保护治理

系统治理是我国新时期治水实践的根本遵循。近几十年来,受自然气候演变与强人类活动影响,我国江河“量-质-域-流-生”过程,特别是水沙通量及其过程发生了显著变化,导致河流水沙来源变化、河道冲淤转换、河床与河势形态演变、江湖关系变化及河口三角洲造陆减缓与蚀退等。我国江河演变呈现新的格局,给江河湖库防洪安全、生态安全和沿岸经济发展带来新的挑战。面对治水新形势,提出需从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发,科学认知江河水沙情势变化规律与发展趋势,统筹确定流域适宜治理度与水沙调控临界阈值体系,系统推进流域“量-质-域-流-生”协同修复,优化布局水土流失治理格局,持续提升水沙调控及优化配置利用体系整体合力,保护河口生境系统,保障江河长久安澜,筑牢国家水安全防线。

粤港澳大湾区广东省域城市水资源禀赋及开发利用分析

水资源是基础性的战略资源,开展粤港澳大湾区城市水资源研究对于促进大湾区稳定发展具有重要意义。从水资源开发利用角度,分析大湾区城市水资源自然禀赋、利用状况,分析水资源开发潜力,在此基础上进一步分析水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并提出相关对策与建议。结果表明:从水资源禀赋来看,肇庆、惠州、江门等城市地表水、地下水和水资源总量相对较高,中山、珠海、深圳和东莞相对较低;肇庆、惠州、江门人均水资源量较高,深圳最低;在水资源利用方面,广州用水量最多,珠海最低,人均用水量地区差异明显。用水结构中,大湾区已进入后工业化阶段,服务业比重有较大提升;水资源开发潜力分析发现,深圳、东莞水资源开发潜力较低,惠州、江门和肇庆水资源开发潜力较大;从香港地区、澳门地区和北京等城市经验得出,要实现社会经济可持续发展,要积极采用行业先进的技术,改善用水效率,提高居民的节水意识和养成节水习惯,建设节水型社会,有条件的地方可考虑把外流域调水作为保障供水安全的手段之一。

京津冀平原非常规水资源利用前景分析及其生态环境效应

[研究目的]京津冀平原水资源严重短缺,供需矛盾十分突出,加大非常规水资源利用力度,形成多元供水格局,可有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,对支撑京津冀协同发展区社会经济协调发展和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。[研究方法]文章系统开展非常规水资源供水方向、开发利用模式和供水规模分类数据统计,依据各省(直辖市)非常规水资源供水规划及配置目标,分析其开发利用前景及其生态环境效应。[研究结果]该区非常规水资源主要包括微咸水、再生水、淡化海水、雨洪水,其中微咸水主要分布于中东部平原的天津、沧州、衡水等地,供水前景为5.43×10^(8)m^(3);再生水利用以北京、天津等大中型及工业城市为主,供水前景为34.22×10^(8)m^(3);淡化海水利用以天津等滨海城市为主,供水前景为4.19×10^(8)m^(3);雨洪水利用较分散。[结论](1)微咸水用于农业灌溉存在土壤盐渍化风险,需加强水盐调控。(2)再生水用于河流生态补水,沿线地表水富营养化,地下水体未受到明显污染;地下水浅埋区开展再生水灌溉,会增加硝酸盐污染风险;建议将高风险的新兴污染物纳入再生水利用监控体系。(3)海水淡化尾液浓盐水、冷却热水可能改变天然海洋生态系统的分布、构成与多样性,应予以关注。(4)雨洪水利用可降低污水入河的水质风险,但过度利用可能影响区域生态系统的稳定性,建议城市区适度扩大利用。

河南省水资源集约利用与经济高质量发展耦合协调研究

研究河南省水资源集约利用与经济高质量发展的协调关系具有重要意义,在构建两者评价指标体系基础上,探讨了其发展趋势,分析了两者2005-2020年的耦合协调状况。结果表明:1)在水资源集约利用中,单位GDP用水量权重最高,单位灌溉面积粮食产量权重最低;在经济高质量发展体系中,第三产业占GDP比重权重最高,污水处理率权重最低。2)河南省水资源集约利用综合评价等级逐步提升,综合评价值呈波动增长态势。3)河南省经济高质量发展综合评价值稳步上升,综合评价等级逐步过渡为优秀。4)河南省两系统的耦合度与耦合协调度发展态势相似。耦合度类型大致处于高水平耦合,耦合协调类型不断优化。研究结果能较好反映河南省水资源集约利用与经济高质量发展的耦合协调关系,有助于积极推进河南省节水型城市建设,促进经济社会可持续发展。

广东省城市水资源禀赋及开发利用时空特征分析

水资源是基础性的战略资源,开展城市水资源禀赋及开发利用时空特征分析对于促进社会经济稳定发展具有重要意义。文章选取广东省21个城市的水资源禀赋与开发利用时空特征进行研究分析,结果表明:用水结构中,广东省大部分城市主要以农业用水为主,人均用水量地区差异明显。①从水资源禀赋来看,地表水、地下水和水资源总量均呈现“北部丰富,中部、东南部匮乏”的格局,人均水资源则呈现“东西两头和中部匮乏”的格局。②在水资源利用方面,呈现“中部多、东西部少”的格局,其中广州用水量最多。③在用水效率趋势方面,广东省人均综合用水量、万元地区生产总值用水量和万元工业增加值用水量都呈现了明显的减少趋势,用水效率不断提高。④水资源开发潜力方面,广东“北部高,东西部次之,中部低”,深圳和东莞水资源开发潜力较低,韶关、河源、梅州、阳江和清远水资源开发潜力较高。

黄河流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展脱钩关系研究

黄河流域最大的矛盾是水资源短缺,如何科学揭示大尺度缺水型流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展之间的脱钩关系,是黄河生态保护和高质量发展的重大战略管理需求,也是水科学与经济学交叉学科的研究难点.本文发展了基于三维水资源生态足迹和Tapio弹性指数的耦合脱钩模型方法,辨识黄河流域城市群2010-2020年水资源生态足迹时空变化格局及其水资源可持续利用水平,从广度和深度多个维度定量揭示了黄河流域城市群水资源利用与经济发展的脱钩状态.结果表明:(1)2010-2020年黄河流域兰西城市群具有最大的水资源生态足迹广度和最小的水资源生态足迹深度,平均值分别为570.73×10^(4)hm^(2)和1.25;宁夏沿黄城市群则具有最小的水资源生态足迹广度和最大的水资源生态足迹深度,平均值分别为2.01×10^(4)hm^(2)和567.05.(2)黄河流域水资源可持续利用水平最强的是山东半岛城市群,相对较低的是宁夏沿黄城市群.(3)水资源生态足迹广度与GDP发生强脱钩和扩张性负脱钩的比例分别为49.68%和36.13%,水资源生态足迹深度与GDP发生强脱钩和扩张性负脱钩的比例分别为41.29%和34.03%,二者均未达到最佳脱钩状态.研究显示,为提升黄河流域水资源可持续利用水平,水资源生态足迹广度与GDP弱脱钩、水资源生态足迹深度与GDP强脱钩是最佳状态.

南水北调中线工程水源区环境规制对经济高质量发展的影响

为研究南水北调中线工程水源区环境规制通过水资源利用对区域发展质效的影响,基于2005—2022年南水北调中线工程水源区12个城市的面板数据,构建基准回归模型、中介效应模型和门槛效应模型,实证分析了环境规制、水资源利用效率和经济高质量发展之间的关系。结果表明:环境规制对经济高质量发展具有正向促进效应,该促进效应在不同区域间存在异质性,环境规制的促进作用在用水量小的地区更加显著,而在用水量大的地区,丰富的水资源限制了环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进作用;在环境规制影响区域,水资源利用效率在经济高质量发展过程中发挥出显著的中介作用,水资源利用效率中介效应占环境规制总促进效应的比例为13.5%;水资源利用效率在环境规制对经济高质量发展影响中具有门槛效应,当水资源利用效率超过4.3后,环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进效应显著增强。

协同调控水-农业-生态的干旱区多水源优化配置

干旱区农业发展往往以挤占生态用水和超采地下水为代价,考虑水-农业-生态互馈关系的水资源优化配置有助于平衡利益冲突。该研究以地下水均衡、经济效益和生态用水满足度为调控目标,构建基于水-农业-生态协同调控的多水源优化配置模型,并推求协调发展度计算式,提出了结合NSGA-Ⅱ算法和协调发展度的协同优化算法,分析石羊河流域水、农业和生态之间的权衡和协同关系,确定水-农业-生态协同提升下的水资源配置方案以及适宜的农业和生态用水比例。结果表明,现状条件下,六河子系统的水资源优化配置方案的经济效益可提升1.9%,实现地下水正均衡0.59亿m^(3);全流域农业和生态用水比例为90%∶10%,渠井用水比为67%∶33%。平水年保障蔡旗来水为3.48亿m^(3)/a时,能够以牺牲中游1.6%的经济效益实现生态用水满足度和地下水均衡量分别较基准情景提升4.8%和18.6%。研究为协同调控复杂的水-农业-生态关系提供了一种有效方法,可为干旱区流域水资源规划与管理提供参考。

黄河流域九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展脱钩效应分析

为缓解黄河流域九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展之间的矛盾,明晰水资源利用与经济发展脱钩驱动因子,基于Tapio脱钩指数模型和Kaya-LMDI因素分解模型,分析了2001—2020年黄河流域九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展脱钩状态及其驱动因素。结果表明:1)黄河流域九省(区)总水足迹呈波动上升趋势,其中农业生产用水是水足迹的主体。2)九省(区)水资源利用与经济发展整体呈弱脱钩态势,脱钩状态较为良好;下游两省脱钩状态最好,其次为上游五省(区),中游两省脱钩状态最差。3)产业结构和技术水平为脱钩正向驱动因素,经济发展和人口规模则为脱钩负向驱动因素,各省(区)脱钩驱动因子存在明显的空间差异。

基于水足迹的水资源利用与经济高质量发展脱钩关系研究

以2000—2021年全国287个地级及以上城市为对象,基于生态足迹理论,运用TAPIO脱钩理论和对数平均迪氏指数法(LMDI)构建TAPIO-LMDI模型研究了水资源利用与经济高质量发展的脱钩关系。结果表明:我国不同地区间水足迹存在较大差异,但全国总用水足迹趋于稳定,且水资源生态盈亏在研究期内有所改善;整体上我国经济高质量发展指数逐渐提升,与水资源利用呈脱钩状况;脱钩驱动因素分解结果显示,促进脱钩的主要因素包括技术和结构因素,而抑制脱钩的因素主要为城镇化率和人口数量。提出要制定因地制宜的水资源管理政策、提高水资源利用效率、加强节水宣传与教育等优化建议。

流域水资源开发利用程度评价的若干问题探讨——以海河流域为例

针对1980年以来海河流域水资源及其开发利用状况,对水资源量系列进行代表性分析,评价海河流域水资源开发利用程度,结果显示海河流域1980—2016年系列水资源开发利用程度已高达105.7%,未来应遏制水资源过度开发的局面,统筹考虑当地水、外调水和非常规水源,调配供水体系,优化供水格局,以保障流域的供水安全。通过海河流域水资源开发利用率的分析过程,总结了水资源开发利用率计算过程中应注意的关键点,如时空范围的选取、区域水资源调入调出关系、山区地表水与地下水的转换关系、非常规用水的考量等,实际工作中应对这些关键点予以着重分析。

基于耦合协调性的区域洪水资源利用评价

为全面理解和优化区域水资源利用格局、提高区域水资源利用率,以南水北调东线工程江苏段主要涉及的徐州、宿迁、淮安3个城市为研究对象,以2010-2022年数据为基础从基于洪水资源开发利用的水资源利用、经济社会发展、生态环境保护3个维度,采用共23项指标在使用熵权法确定权重的基础上,构建基于洪水资源开发利用的水资源利用-经济社会-生态环境系统容量耦合协调发展模型,并结合匹配度模型进行比较分析,运用障碍度模型分析影响耦合协调发展的因素。结果表明:3个城市的综合系统发展水平均由初级阶段上升到良好阶段。徐州、宿迁和淮安市的耦合协调度变化分别为勉强协调到良好协调、初级协调到良好协调以及初级协调到中级协调,而3个城市耦合协调度在后期均超越匹配度,达到理想协调状态。影响协调度的主要障碍因子为洪水资源利用潜力、森林覆盖率以及洪水资源量,且对于3个系统的障碍度分析,3个城市各自有不同的主导影响因素,徐州市复合系统耦合协调度主要受水资源利用影响较大,宿迁市受经济社会影响较大,而淮安市则受生态环境影响较大,因此,各市应当合理利用水库及蓄滞洪区的削峰、调蓄能力,增加洪水资源可利用量,提高洪水资源利用效率,降低洪灾发生频率,在保证经济和生态用水效率的同时,减少因洪灾带来的经济及生态损失。

黄河流域抽水蓄能开发研究与思考

抽水蓄能作为新能源大范围开发的稳定器与助推剂,是促进黄河流域节水减排的关键,其大规模发展势在必行,但黄河流域水资源短缺,如何在碳排放与水资源双重约束下,实现能源结构绿色低碳转型,对黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。依据《抽水蓄能中长期发展规划(2021—2035年)》,系统梳理了黄河流域八省(区)(不包括四川)抽水蓄能已建、在建及拟开发项目规模,初步估算了抽水蓄能大规模开发对地表水资源指标的占用情况,从调节库容占用和综合利用效益发挥两个方面分析了抽水蓄能运行对既有水利工程的影响。结果表明:黄河流域已建、在建、规划、储备抽水蓄能站点共计100座,总装机规模126050 MW,累计耗水约2.521亿m^(3);依托已建水利工程加装可逆式机组对梯级水电功能进行再造时,应充分评估对原有水利枢纽综合利用任务与工程安全的影响。